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Ethical Theory and Business

Ethics 91 (3):525-530 (1981)

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  1. Business Meta-Ethics.F. Neil Brady & Craig P. Dunn - 1995 - Business Ethics Quarterly 5 (3):385-398.
    The main purpose of this paper is to defend traditional ethical theory (utilitarianism and deontology) for its application in business against a more recent model consisting of utility, rights, and justice. This is done in three parts: First, we provide a conceptual argument for the superiority of the traditional model; second, we demonstrate these points through an examination of three short cases; and third, we argue for the capability of the traditional model to account for universals and particulars in ethics.
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  • Business Ethics Assessment Criteria: Business v. Philosophy—Survey Results.Donald Morris - 2001 - Business Ethics Quarterly 11 (4):623-650.
    This paper presents the results of and conclusions from a survey of 2,830 college and university undergraduate business andphilosophy departments regarding their business ethics offerings. The impetus for this survey included seeking a better understandingof the problems for which business ethics courses are the solution. It was proposed that, if we knew what it is that professors teachingbusiness ethics believe they are teaching-not in terms of content or methods, but in terms of what criteria they are using to assessstudents' achievement (...)
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  • Integrating and Unifying Competing and Complementary Frameworks.Mark S. Schwartz & Archie B. Carroll - 2008 - Business and Society 47 (2):148-186.
    In the field of business and society, several complementary frameworks appear to be in competition for preeminence. Although debatable, the primary contenders appear to include (a) corporate social responsibility, (b) business ethics, (c) stakeholder management, (d) sustainability, and (e) corporate citizenship. Despite the prevalence of the five frameworks, difficulties remain in understanding what each construct really means, or should mean, and how each might relate to the others. To address the confusion, the authors propose three core concepts—value, balance, and accountability—that (...)
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  • Stakeholder Conceptions of the Corporation: Their Meaning and Influence in Accounting Research.Robin W. Roberts & Lois Mahoney - 2004 - Business Ethics Quarterly 14 (3):399-431.
    Abstract:In this paper we develop a categorization scheme for stakeholder research based on differences in studies’ primary level of analysis (managerial agency, organizational, or societal) and use this scheme to review and critique genres of stakeholder-based accounting research. We draw three primary conclusions: 1) stakeholder research in accounting should more clearly incorporate the business ethics stakeholder literature, 2) ethical issues are much less likely to be considered in stakeholder-based accounting research when a managerial agency level of analysis is adopted, and (...)
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  • Positive Economics and the Normativistic Fallacy: Bridging the Two Sides of CSR.Philipp Schreck, Dominik van Aaken & Thomas Donaldson - 2013 - Business Ethics Quarterly 23 (2):297-329.
    ABSTRACT:In response to criticism of empirical or “positive” approaches to corporate social responsibility (CSR), we defend the importance of these approaches for any CSR theory that seeks to have practical impact. Although we acknowledge limitations to positive approaches, we unpack the neglected but crucial relationships between positive knowledge on the one hand and normative knowledge on the other in the implementation of CSR principles. Using the structure of a practical syllogism, we construct a model that displays the key role of (...)
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  • The Origins of Business Ethics in American Universities, 1902–1936.Gabriel Abend - 2013 - Business Ethics Quarterly 23 (2):171-205.
    The history of the field of business ethics in the U.S. remains understudied and misunderstood. In this article I begin to remedy this oversight about the past, and I suggest how it can be beneficial in the present. Using both published and unpublished primary sources, I argue that the business ethics field emerged in the early twentieth century, against the backdrop of the establishment of business schools in major universities. I bring to light four important developments: business ethics lectures at (...)
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  • In Defense of a Utilitarian Business Ethic.Andrew Gustafson - 2013 - Business and Society Review 118 (3):325-360.
    In this article, I suggest and support a utilitarian approach to business ethics. Utilitarianism is already widely used as a business ethic approach, although it is not well developed in the literature. Utilitarianism provides a guiding framework of decision making rooted in social benefit which helps direct business toward more ethical behavior. It is the basis for much of our discussion regarding the failures of Enron, Worldcom, and even the subprime mess andWallStreetMeltdown. In short, the negative social consequences are constantly (...)
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  • A Single Framework for Strategic and Ethical Behavior in the International Context.Scott J. Reynolds - 2003 - Business Ethics Quarterly 13 (3):361-379.
    Abstract:Scholars have developed many theories of international strategy and many theories of international ethics. Separating strategy and ethics in this way, though, perpetuates a perception that profit and ethics are mutually exclusive. Accordingly, I offer a framework that links international strategy and international ethics. I suggest that at an abstract level the strategic concepts of integration and responsiveness and the ethical concepts of justice and caring are concerned with the same theoretical quandaries. Therefore, in any situation there are behaviors that (...)
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  • Moral Decision Making in Business: A Phase-Model.Aviva Geva - 2000 - Business Ethics Quarterly 10 (4):773-803.
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  • Perceptions of business purpose and responsibility in the context of radical political and economic development: The case of estonia.Mari Kooskora - 2006 - Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 15 (2):183–199.
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  • Ethical Theories in Business Ethics: A Critical Review.Domènec Melé - 2024 - Journal of Human Values 30 (1):15-25.
    Numerous ethical theories have been proposed as a foundation of business ethics, and this often brings about appreciable perplexity. This article seeks to identify specific problems for a sound foundation of this discipline. A first problem is this multiplicity of ethical theories, each with its own metaethics, often accepted without a serious discussion of their philosophical grounds. A second problem is the fragmentation of theories; some centred on duties or obligations, others on consequences, virtues, or moral sentiments. In addition, some (...)
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  • Moral Pragmatism as a Bridge Between Duty, Utility, and Virtue in Managers’ Ethical Decision-Making.Matej Drašček, Adriana Rejc Buhovac & Dana Mesner Andolšek - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 172 (4):803-819.
    The decline of empirical research on ethical decision-making based on ethical theories might imply a tacit consensus has been reached. However, the exclusion of virtue ethics, one of the three main normative ethical theories, from this stream of literature calls this potential consensus into question. This article investigates the role of all three normative ethical theories—deontology, utilitarianism and virtue ethics—in ethical decision-making of corporate executives. It uses virtue ethics as a dependent variable thus studying the interconnectivity of all three normative (...)
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  • Obedience and Disobedience in the Context of Whistleblowing: An Attempt at Conceptual Clarification.Jovan Babić - 2022 - Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 64 (6):9-33.
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  • The Peaceful Coexistence of Ethics and Quantitative Research.Jeffrey R. Edwards - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 167 (1):31-40.
    This essay concerns the extent to which quantitative research in management and organizational studies is divorced from ethics, as alleged in a recent JBE editorial by Zyphur and Pierides. After carefully examining the criticisms set forth by Zyphur and Pierides and the merits of the alternative they propose, I conclude that the problems with QR and the researchers who conduct it are arguably much less extreme that Zyphur and Pierides claim. This conclusion is informed by a sampling of QR studies (...)
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  • Ranking Rank Behaviors.Elizabeth D. Scott & Karen A. Jehn - 1999 - Business and Society 38 (3):296-325.
    Using ethical theory often applied by business ethicists, this article develops a threshold definition of honesty that incorporates specific situational factors (act, actor, person affected, intention, and result) in the definition: Dishonesty occurs when a responsible actor voluntarily and intentionally violates some convention of the transfer of information or of property, and, in so doing, potentially harms a valued being. The article then further refines this definition to differentiate among various categories of dishonesty, such as theft and deceit. Ways to (...)
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  • Why be Moral in Business? A Rawlsian Approach to Moral Motivation.Richard H. Toenjes - 2002 - Business Ethics Quarterly 12 (1):57-72.
    Abstract:This article puts forth the thesis that the contractualist account of moral justification affords a powerful reply in business contexts to the question why a business person should put ethics above immediate business interests. A brief survey of traditional theories of business ethics and their approaches to moral motivation is presented. These approaches are criticized. A contractualist conception of ethics in the business world is developed, based on the work of John Rawls and Thomas Scanlon. The desire to justify our (...)
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  • (1 other version)Collaborative economy, a society service? Involvement with ethics and the common good.María Peana Chivite Cebolla, Javier Jorge Vázquez & Carmen Mª Chivite Cebolla - 2021 - Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 30 (4):657-674.
    The company at the service of today's society is reinventing itself to satisfy people's needs in a more efficient and adapted way. Globalization and digitization promote increasing interaction and new forms of economic organization such as collaborative economy. However, can it be understood that this new business model, more than others, has as its raison d'être in the search for the “common good”? A first approach suggests the presence of values related to collaboration between equals aiming at a common good. (...)
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  • Balancing Ethical Responsibility among Multiple Organizational Stakeholders: The Islamic Perspective.Rafik I. Beekun & Jamal A. Badawi - 2005 - Journal of Business Ethics 60 (2):131-145.
    In spite of a renewed interest in the relationship between spirituality and managerial thinking, the literature covering the link between Islam and management has been sparse – especially in the area of ethics. One potential reason may be the cultural diversity of nearly 1.3 billion Muslims globally. Yet, one common element binding Muslim individuals and countries is normative Islam. Using all four sources of this religion’s teachings, we outline the parameters of an Islamic model of normative business ethics. We explain (...)
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  • Moral values fit: Do applicants really care?Elizabeth D. Scott - 2000 - Teaching Business Ethics 4 (4):405-435.
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  • Toward a New Understanding of Moral Pluralism.Sandra B. Rosenthal - 1996 - Business Ethics Quarterly 6 (3):263-275.
    The current literature in business ethics is tending toward an unacknowledged moral pluralism, with all the problems this position entails. An adequate moral pluralism cannot be achieved by a synthesis of existing theoretical alternatives for moral action. Rather, what is needed is a radical reconstruction of the understanding of the moral situation that undercuts some of the traditional dichotomies, provides a solid philosophical grounding which is inherently pluralistic, and offers a new understanding of what it is to think morally. The (...)
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  • Downsizing and ethics of personnel dismissals — the case of finnish managers.Anna-Maija Lämsä & Tuomo Takala - 2000 - Journal of Business Ethics 23 (4):389 - 399.
    The purpose of our article is to present a qualitative empirical study from the ethical viewpoint. It aims at the theoretical conceptualization concerning the managers' decision-making of personnel dismissals in downsizing organizations. First we present and seek to motivate our research task. The importance of real business ethical issues as a starting point of business ethics research is emphasized. Second the main normative ethical theories and ethical decision-making models are presented. These form the loose framework for describing and interpreting research (...)
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  • Stakeholder theory and media management: Ethical framework for news company executives.Reuben J. Stern - 2008 - Journal of Mass Media Ethics 23 (1):51 – 65.
    Contrary to stockholder theories that place the interests of profit-seeking owners above all else, stakeholder theorists argue that corporate executives have moral and ethical obligations to consider equally the interests of a wide range of stakeholders affected by the actions of a corporation. This paper argues that the stakeholder approach is particularly appropriate for the governance of news media companies and outlines an ethical framework to guide news company executives.
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  • How do Expatriate Managers Draw the Boundaries of Moral Free Space in the Case of Guanxi?Tolga Ulusemre & Xin Fang - 2021 - Journal of Business Ethics 176 (2):311-324.
    This paper explores expatriates’ ethical evaluations of and responses to guanxi in China through the lens of integrative social contracts theory. We conducted in-depth interviews with 14 expatriate managers who had spent, on average, 6.5 years working and living in China. Based on the content analysis of these interviews, we identified two different uses of guanxi: defensive and competitive. In general, the respondents found defensive guanxi moral in the Chinese context, while they considered competitive guanxi immoral. Based on our findings, (...)
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  • Convergence in International Business Ethics? A Comparative Study of Ethical Philosophies, Thinking Style, and Ethical Decision-Making Between US and Korean Managers.Yong Suhk Pak, Jong Min Lee & Yongsun Paik - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 156 (3):839-855.
    This study investigates the relationship among ethical philosophy, thinking style, and managerial ethical decision-making. Based on the premise that business ethics is a function of culture and time, we attempt to explore two important questions as to whether the national differences in managerial ethical philosophies remain over time and whether the relationship between thinking style and ethical decision-making is consistent across different national contexts. We conducted a survey on Korean managers’ ethical decision-making and thinking style and made a cross-cultural, cross-temporal (...)
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  • (1 other version)Managers' moral perceptions: change in Finland during the 1990s.Johanna Kujala - 2004 - Business Ethics 13 (2-3):143-165.
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  • A Framework for Discussing Normative Theories of Business Ethics.Bishop John Douglas - 2000 - Business Ethics Quarterly 10 (3):563-591.
    This paper carries forward the conceptual clarification of normative theories of business ethics ably begun by Hasnas in the January 1998 issue of BEQ. This paper proposes a normatively neutral framework for discussing and assessing such normative theories. Every normative theory needs to address these seven issues: it needs to specify a moral principle that identifies (1) recommended values and (2) the grounds for accepting those values. It also must specify (3) a decision principle that business people who accept the (...)
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  • Moral Problems of Employing Foreign Workers.Aviva Geva - 1999 - Business Ethics Quarterly 9 (3):381-403.
    The employment of foreign workers is one of the most crucial problems today in the domain of work relations. Absorbing workersfrom abroad poses serious questions concerning the moral obligations of the employers as well as the government authorities in the migrantreceiving country. Unfortunately, the moral dilemmas of foreign labor have been largely neglected by business ethics researchers. This paper develops a conceptual framework based on the multinational corporation (MNC) ethical research to help examine the moral obligations of employers and states (...)
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  • Ethical behavior of marketing managers.David J. Fritzsche & Helmut Becker - 1983 - Journal of Business Ethics 2 (4):291 - 299.
    The ethical behavior of marketing managers was examined by analyzing their responses to a series of different types of ethical dilemmas presented in vignette form. The ethical dilemmas addressed dealt with the issues of (1) coercion and control, (2) conflict of interest, (3) the physical environment, (4) paternalism, and (5) personal integrity. Responses were analyzed to discover whether managers' behavior varied by type of issue faced or whether there is some continuity to ethical behavior which transcends the type of ethical (...)
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  • Morality and marketing human organs.Shaheen Borna - 1987 - Journal of Business Ethics 6 (1):37 - 44.
    Recent break-throughs in surgery and the discovery of an effective immunosupressive drug called cyclosporin, have brought a Renaissance in organ transplants. These medical advances have also heightened concern over the already critical shortage of body organs. Several alternatives have been suggested which may help alleviate the organ shortage. One such alternative is to allow commerce in human organs. This article discusses the morality of commercialization of human organs within the framework of several ethical theories.
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  • A crisis that changed the banking scenario in India: exploring the role of ethics in business.Sushma Nayak & Jyoti Chandiramani - 2022 - Asian Journal of Business Ethics 11 (1):7-32.
    Digital business has marked an era of transformation, but also an unprecedented growth of cyber threats. While digital explosion witnessed by the banking sector since the COVID-19 pandemic has been significant, the level and frequency of cybercrimes have gone up as well. Cybercrime officials attribute it to remote working—people using home computers or laptops with vulnerable online security than office systems; malicious actors relentlessly developing their tactics to find new ways to break into enterprise networks and grasping defence evasion; persons (...)
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  • Can Utilitarianism Be Distributive? Maximization and Distribution as Criteria in Managerial Decisions.Robert Audi - 2007 - Business Ethics Quarterly 17 (4):593-611.
    ABSTRACT:Utilitarianism is commonly defined in very different ways, sometimes in a single text. There is wide agreement that it mandates maximizing some kind of good, but many formulations also require a pattern of distribution. The most common of these take utilitarianism to characterize right acts as those that achieve “the greatest good for the greatest number.” This paper shows important ambiguities in this formulation and contrasts it (on any plausible interpretation of it) with the kinds of utilitarian views actually defended (...)
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  • The end of history, specters of Marx and business ethics.Michael J. Kerlin - 1998 - Journal of Business Ethics 17 (15):1717 - 1725.
    More often than not, business ethics textbooks have included sections on "the great economic debate," that is, the discussion of capitalism as a total system, of the criticisms against it and of the proposed alternatives. The reason for such sections is fairly obvious: at some point one has to consider whether or not all the particular problems of employment, of product quality, of environment, of regulation and so on prove beyond solution without a radical change in the basic institutions of (...)
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  • Determinants of ethical behavior: A study of autosalespeople. [REVIEW]Earl D. Honeycutt, Myron Glassman, Michael T. Zugelder & Kiran Karande - 2001 - Journal of Business Ethics 32 (1):69 - 79.
    This study proposes a model that explains the ethical behavior of automobile salespeople in terms of their ethical perception, legal perception, method of compensation (commission-based or salary-based), age, and education. The model is estimated by using five scenarios that involve ethical issues commonly found in the automobile industry and responses from 184 automobile salespeople in a mid-Atlantic metropolitan area. The findings suggest that ethical perception is the most important determinant of ethical behavior. Also, method of compensation is a major determinant (...)
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  • Suggested management responses to ethical issues raised by technological change.William P. Cordeiro - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (12-13):1393-1400.
    The development of technology raises an array of ethical issues related to work. Many of these ethical issues are old issues surfacing under new guises. Technology has not changed the issues, but technology makes the issues' analysis and application more complex. This paper identifies several new ethical issues raised by technological change: computer crime, an over-reliance on computer controlled systems, bio-technical developments, degradation of quality-of-life at work and new categories of work-related injuries. These issues are discussed in the context of (...)
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  • The Ethics of Online Retailing: A Scale Development and Validation from the Consumers’ Perspective.Sergio Roman - 2007 - Journal of Business Ethics 72 (2):131-148.
    While e-commerce has witnessed extensive growth in recent years, so has consumers' concerns regarding ethical issues surrounding online shopping. The vast majority of earlier research on this area is conceptual in nature, and limited in scope by focusing on consumers' privacy issues. This study develops a reliable and valid scale to measure consumers' perceptions regarding the ethics of online retailers. Findings indicate that the four factors of the scale - security, privacy, non-deception and fulfillment/reliability - are strongly predictive of online (...)
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  • Moral Intensity, Issue Characteristics, and Ethical Issue Recognition in Sales Situations.Evelyne Rousselet, Bérangère Brial, Romain Cadario & Amina Béji-Bécheur - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 163 (2):347-363.
    Researchers have considered individual and organizational factors of ethical decision making. However, they have little interest in situational factors :101–125, 2013) which is surprising given the many situations sales persons face. We address this issue using two pilot qualitative studies successively and a 2 by 2 within-subject experiment with sales scenarios. Qualitative and quantitative data are obtained from front-line employees of the main French retail banks that serve low-income customers. We show that the recognition of an ethical issue differs depending (...)
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  • Moral Values: Situationally Defined Individual Differences.Elizabeth D. Scott - 2000 - Business Ethics Quarterly 10 (2):497-520.
    Abstract:This article suggests that there are individual differences in how people define important moral values, and that these differences are made manifest in differences in the situations. It identifies five dimensions along which individuals can differ in their understandings of values: 1)value category(where the value lies in the hierarchy), 2)agent(how voluntary the action is and whether it is morally required of the agent), 3)object(how close the self is to the object of the action; whether the action offends God) 4)effect(whether the (...)
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  • Organizational Moral Values.Elizabeth D. Scott - 2002 - Business Ethics Quarterly 12 (1):33-55.
    Abstract:This article argues that the important organizational values to study are organizational moral values. It identifies five moral values (honest communication, respect for property, respect for life, respect for religion, and justice), which allow parallel constructs at individual and organizational levels of analysis. It also identifies dimensions used in differentiating organizations’ moral values. These are the act, actor, person affected, intention, and expected result. Finally, the article addresses measurement issues associated with organizational moral values, proposing that content analysis is the (...)
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  • Issues management and organizational accounts: An analysis of corporate responses to accusations of unethical business practices. [REVIEW]Dennis E. Garrett, Jeffrey L. Bradford, Renee A. Meyers & Joy Becker - 1989 - Journal of Business Ethics 8 (7):507 - 520.
    When external groups accuse a business organization of unethical practices, managers of the accused organization usually offer a communicative response to attempt to protect their organization's public image. Even though many researchers readily concur that analysis of these communicative responses is important to our understanding of business and society conflict, few investigations have focused on developing a theoretical framework for analyzing these communicative strategies used by managers. In addition, research in this area has suffered from a lack of empirical investigation. (...)
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  • Myth and Ethics in Business.Aviva Geva - 2001 - Business Ethics Quarterly 11 (4):575-597.
    Business myth is generally treated in business ethics literature as a mental obstacle that must be removed in order to prepare the ground for rational thinking on the ethical aspect of business conduct. This approach, which focuses on the content of myth, does not explicate the nature and function of myth. Based on the study of myth in the fields of humanities and social sciences, this paper develops a theoretical framework and analytical tool-the revolving-door model-for researching myth in business. The (...)
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  • (1 other version)Effects of justice and utilitarianism on ethical decision making: a cross-cultural examination of gender similarities and differences.Rafik I. Beekun, Yvonne Stedham, James W. Westerman & Jeanne H. Yamamura - 2010 - Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 19 (4):309-325.
    This study investigates the relationship between intention to behave ethically and gender within the context of national culture. Using Reidenbach and Robin's measures of the ethical dimensions of justice and utilitarianism in a sample of business students from three different countries, we found that gender is significantly related to the respondents' intention to behave ethically. Women relied on both justice as well as utilitarianism when making moral decisions. By contrast, men relied only on justice, and did not rely on utilitarianism (...)
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  • Personal and professional values underlying the ethical judgments of marketers.Anusorn Singhapakdi & Scott J. Vitell - 1993 - Journal of Business Ethics 12 (7):525 - 533.
    This study explores the relative influences of two levels of value orientations, personal values and professional values, underlying the ethical judgments of marketing practitioners. The data were obtained from a mail survey of the American Marketing Association''s professional members. The results generally indicate that a marketer''s ethical judgments can be partially explained by his/her personal and professional values.
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  • An Ethical Analysis of the Second Amendment: The Right to Pack Heat at Work.William M. Martin, Helen LaVan, Yvette P. Lopez, Charles E. Naquin & Marsha Katz - 2014 - Business and Society Review 119 (1):1-36.
    We examine the issues concerning the legality and ethicality of the Second Amendment right to bear arms balanced by the employer's duty to provide a safe workplace for its employees. Two court rulings highlight this balancing act: McDonald et al. v. City of Chicago et al. and District of Columbia v. Heller. “Stand Your Ground” and “Castle Doctrine” laws in the recent Trayvon Martin shooting on February 26, 2012 are also applicable. Various ethical frameworks examine the firearms debate by viewing (...)
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  • Social capital: a review from an ethics perspective.Angela Ayios, Ronald Jeurissen, Paul Manning & Laura J. Spence - 2013 - Business Ethics: A European Review 23 (1):108-124.
    Social capital has as its key element the value of social relationships to generate positive outcomes, both for the key parties involved and for wider society. Some authors have noted that social capital nevertheless has a dark side. There is a moral element to such a conceptualisation, yet there is scarce discussion of ethics within the social capital literature. In this paper ethical theory is applied to four traditions or approaches to economic social capital: neo-capitalism; network/reputation; neo-Tocquevellian; and development. Each (...)
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  • Consumers’ ethical orientation and pro-firm behavioral response to CSR.KyuJin Shim & Soojin Kim - 2019 - Asian Journal of Business Ethics 8 (2):127-154.
    This study identifies the roles of consumers’ ethical orientations and CSR motives and the dynamics of these two variables on the subsequent consumers’ attitudinal and behavioral responses to CSR—perceived corporate authenticity and pro-firm behavioral intentions. To examine the impact of individual consumers’ ethical orientations, the authors measured consumers’ ethical orientations such as deontology and consequentialism through a Web-based survey conducted in Korea and in the USA. Further, to investigate the role of perceived CSR motives, the authors measured the perception of (...)
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  • Ideology and the Economic Social Contract in a Downsizing Environment.George W. Watson, Jon M. Shepard, Carroll U. Stephens & John C. Christman - 1999 - Business Ethics Quarterly 9 (4):659-672.
    Abstract:By combining normative philosophy and empirical social science, we craft a research framework for assessing differential expectations embodied in normative conceptions of the economic social contract in the United States. We argue that there are distinct views of such a contract grounded in individualist and communitarian philosophical ideologies. We apply this framework to organizational downsizing, postulating that certain human resource practices, in combination with the respective ideological orientations, will affect perceptions of the justice of downsizing policies.
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