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  1. Looking for images of memory.Narinder Kapur - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):364-365.
    This is an excellent book but it lacks a detailed presentation and formulation of images of memory. Positron emission tomography (PET) findings sometimes raise more enigmatic questions than they answer, with differences between studies and differences with established lesion evidence. Perhaps the book could have been more critical in its analysis of these enigmas, covering more of the basic issues and assumptions underlying PET research.
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  • Synergy versus schema.P. C. Kainen - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):212-212.
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  • Redefining cognitive psychology.John Jonides & Patricia Reuter-Lorenz - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):363-364.
    Posner & Raichle illustrate how neuroimaging blends profitably with neuropsychology and electrophysiology to advance cognitive theory. Recognizing that there are limitations to each of these techniques, we nonetheless argue that their confluence has fundamentally changed the way cognitive psychologists think about problems of the mind.
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  • Issues in neo- and paleoneurology of language.Harry J. Jerison - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):195-196.
    Wilkins and Wakefield's hypothesis that language is fundamentally a cognitive rather than cominunicational adaptation is reasonable, but there are flaws in their anatomical and fossil evidence. Their analysis of reorganization also needs clarification. Finally, the origin of language ability must have occurred with australopithecine rather than habiline adaptations on entry into the novel hominid adaptive zone.
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  • The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery.Marc Jeannerod - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):187-202.
    This paper concerns how motor actions are neurally represented and coded. Action planning and motor preparation can be studied using a specific type of representational activity, motor imagery. A close functional equivalence between motor imagery and motor preparation is suggested by the positive effects of imagining movements on motor learning, the similarity between the neural structures involved, and the similar physiological correlates observed in both imaging and preparing. The content of motor representations can be inferred from motor images at a (...)
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  • Motor representations and reality.M. Jeannerod - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):229-245.
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  • What is coded in parietal representations?Ray Jackendoff & Barbara Landau - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):211-212.
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  • Mind mappers and cognitive modelers: Toward cross-fertilization.Arthur M. Jacobs & Thomas H. Carr - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):362-363.
    It is argued that current neuroimaging studies can provide useful constraints for the construction of models of cognition, and that these studies should be guided by cognitive models. A numberof challenges for a successful cross-fertilization between “mind mappers” and cognitive modelers are discussed in the light of current research on word recognition.
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  • Language as a multimodal sensory enhancement system.Bob Jacobs & John M. Horner - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):194-195.
    Several claims made by Wilkins & Wakefield require qualification. First, the proposed delineation of the parietal-occipital-temporal junction (POT) is overly restrictive. Second, focusing exclusively on the evolutionary importance of manual manipulation oversimplifies interacting evolutionary preconditions for language. Finally, Wilkins and Wakefield's perspective adheres to a homocentric, formal, linguistic definition of language instead of viewing language as a multimodal sensory enhancement system unique to each species.
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  • Motor memory – a memory of the future.David H. Ingvar - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):210-211.
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  • Multiple scales of brain-mind interactions.Lester Ingber - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):360-362.
    Posner & Raichle'sImages of mindis an excellent educational book and very well written. Some flaws as a scientific publication are: (a) the accuracy of the linear subtraction method used in PET is subject to scrutiny by further research at finer spatial-temporal resolutions; (b) lack of accuracy of the experimental paradigm used for EEG complementary studies.
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  • Neural preconditions for proto-language.James R. Hurford & Simon Kirby - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):193-194.
    Representation must be prior to communication in evolution. Wilkins & Wakefield's target article gives the impression that communicative pressures play a secondary role. We suggest that their evolutionary precursor is compatible with protolanguage rather than language itself. The difference between these two communicative systems should not be underestimated: only the former can be trivially reappropriated from a representational system.
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  • Regions, networks: Interpreting functional neuroimaging data.Barry Horwitz - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):360-360.
    The subtraction and covariance paradigms are two analytic techniques used with functional neuroimaging data. The first assumes that a brain region participating in a task should show altered neural activity (relative to a control task). The second assumes that tasks are mediated by networks of interacting regions.Images of mindattempts to link results from the subtraction paradigm with a network interpretation that could have been more explicitly done using the covariance paradigm.
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  • Evidence for POT expansion in early Homo: A pretty theory with ugly (or no) paleoneurological facts.Ralph L. Holloway - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):191-193.
    If POT (parieto-occipital-temporal junction) reorganization came earlier in australopithecines than in Homo, it is likely that the selective pressures were different, and not necessarily directed toward language. The brain endocast evidence for the POT in A. afarensis is actually better than it is for early Homo.
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  • Human language: Are nonhuman precursors lacking?Marc D. Hauser & Nathan D. Wolfea - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):190-191.
    Contra Wilkins & Wakefield, we argue that an evolutionarily inspired approach to language must consider different facets of language (i.e., more than syntax and semantics), and must explore the possibility of nonhuman precursors. Several examples are discussed, illustrating the power of the comparative approach in illuminating our understanding of language evolution.
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  • Human language: Are nonhuman precursors lacking?Marc D. Hauser & Nathan D. Wolfea - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):190-191.
    Contra Wilkins & Wakefield, we argue that an evolutionarily inspired approach to language must consider different facets of language (i.e., more than syntax and semantics), and must explore the possibility of nonhuman precursors. Several examples are discussed, illustrating the power of the comparative approach in illuminating our understanding of language evolution.
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  • Tracking brain functions in space and time.Riitta Hari - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):359-360.
    The authors ofImages of mindhave been highly successful in unravelling the neural basis of complex brain functions. Their emphasis on top-down processingin experimental neuroscience is especially important and, it is hoped, influential. Tracking brain activation accurately botli in space and in time would benefit from studiesofindividual subjects without relying on grand average data.
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  • PET may image the gates of awareness, not its center.Eric Halgren - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):358-359.
    PET detects changes in metabolism between task periods and is thus insensitive to areas that are activated during all or most of cognition. Depth-recorded, evokedpotentials indicate that many multimodal and limbic cortical areas may be activated during most cognitive tasks. Thus, PET may be insensitive to some core processes of awareness that are difficult to eliminate from the control periods.
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  • Involvement of primary motor cortex in motor imagery and mental practice.Mark Hallett, Jordan Fieldman, Leonardo G. Cohen, Norihiro Sadato & Alvaro Pascual-Leone - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):210-210.
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  • Motor models as steps to higher cognition.Rick Grush - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):209-210.
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  • Fables of the prefrontal cortex.Jordan Grafman, Arnaud Partiot & Caroline Hollnagel - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):349-358.
    On the basis of neuroiinaging studies, Posner & Raichle summarily report that the prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functioning and attention. In contrast to that superficial view, we briefly describe a testable model of the kinds of representations that are stored in prefrontal cortex, which, when activated, are expressed via plans, actions, thematic knowledge, and schemas.
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  • The neurodynamics of heavy PETing, at/intention, learning, functional recovery, and rehabilitation.Gary Goldberg & Nathaniel H. Mayer - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):348-349.
    Research reported by Posner & Raichle may be usefully applied to the rehabilitation of persons with brain damage. Their findings are related to the “dual premotorsystems hypothesis” that reciprocally interactive medial and lateral brain systems are involved in attention and learning. Recent studies show that “brain healing” occurs through dynamic reorganization involving attentional networks postulated by Posner & Raichle.
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  • Images in search of a theory.Ben Goertzel - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):347-348.
    Images of mindis an exciting book, well-written and wellorganized, but many of the connections the authors draw between PET scan results and more general psychological issues are somewhat strained.
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  • Solving the language origins puzzle: Collecting and assembling all pertinent pieces.Kathleen R. Gibson - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):189-190.
    Wilkins & Wakefield fall short of solving the language origin puzzle because they underestimate the cognitive and linguistic capacities of great apes. A focus on ape capacities leads to the recognition of varied levels of cognition and language and to a gradualistic model of language emergence in which early hominid language skills exceed those of the apes but fall far short of those of modern humans or later fossil hominid groups.
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  • Peripheral and central correlates of attempted voluntary movements.S. C. Gandevia - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):208-209.
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  • Call it what it is: Motor memory.Joaquin M. Fuster - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):208-208.
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  • Brain imaging the psychoses.C. D. Frith & R. J. Dolan - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):346-347.
    The approach adopted by Posner & Raichle in this book, with its strong emphasis on the cognitive level of description, is ideally suited to the study of psychotic illnesses. However, their discussion of depression and schizophrenia is based on a very small number of studies and involves ad hoc arguments derived largely from neuroanatomy. Their conclusions are almost certainly wrong.
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  • A major advance in neuropsychology.David Freides - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):345-346.
    Posner & Raichle's book presents methods and data that increase support for mind-brain unity and provide a method for studying and verifying brain dysfunction objectively. Their incorporation into the assessment technology of neuropsychology should accordingly constitute a major advance. In addition, these techniques may help clarify longstanding controversies in cognitive psychology such as whether perception is multimodal or amodal.
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  • Broca's area: Motor encoding in somatic space.Peter T. Fox - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):344-345.
    Encoding articulate speech is widely accepted as the principal (or sole) role of the frontal operculum. Clinical observations of speech apraxia have been confirmed by brain-imaging studies of speech production. We present evidence that the frontal operculum also programs limb movements. We argue that this area is a ventral counterpart of the dorsal premotor area. The two are functionally distinguished by specialization for somatic and visual space, respectively.
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  • A case for auditory temporal processing as an evolutionary precursor to speech processing and language function.Roslyn Holly Fitch & Paula Tallal - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):189-189.
    Wilkins & Wakefield suggest that changes in the hominid brain made it uniquely “preadaptive” for language, yet no precursor functions served as adaptive substrates to the emergence of language. We present contrary evidence that the ability to discriminate and process rapid and complex auditory information is a cross-species function subserving communication processes including, but not limited to, human speech perception. We suggest that auditory temporal processing served as an evolutionary precursor to speech processing and consequent language development in humans.
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  • Neuroscience and the multiple realization of cognitive functions.Carrie Figdor - 2010 - Philosophy of Science 77 (3):419-456.
    Many empirically minded philosophers have used neuroscientific data to argue against the multiple realization of cognitive functions in existing biological organisms. I argue that neuroscientists themselves have proposed a biologically based concept of multiple realization as an alternative to interpreting empirical findings in terms of one‐to‐one structure‐function mappings. I introduce this concept and its associated research framework and also how some of the main neuroscience‐based arguments against multiple realization go wrong. *Received October 2009; revised December 2009. †To contact the author, (...)
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  • The three attentional networks and the two hemispheric mechanisms.Uri Fidelman - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):343-344.
    A methodological problem may distort the implications derived from the metabolism scans of the brain, but Posner & Raichle may have found neural networks which underlie the analytical and synthetical hemispheric data processing mechanism. This methodological problem is that a large regional consumption of energy, detected by the PET technique, is not necessarily related to more data processing. It may be related to the inefficiency of the neural system at this region.
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  • Attention metaphors: How metaphors guide the cognitive psychology of attention.Diego Fernandez-Duque & Mark L. Johnson - 1999 - Cognitive Science 23 (1):83-116.
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  • A Multi‐Factor Account of Degrees of Awareness.Peter Fazekas & Morten Overgaard - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (6):1833-1859.
    In this paper we argue that awareness comes in degrees, and we propose a novel multi-factor account that spans both subjective experiences and perceptual representations. At the subjective level, we argue that conscious experiences can be degraded by being fragmented, less salient, too generic, or flash-like. At the representational level, we identify corresponding features of perceptual representations—their availability for working memory, intensity, precision, and stability—and argue that the mechanisms that affect these features are what ultimately modulate the degree of awareness. (...)
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  • Visual-spatial movement goals.Digby Elliott & Brian K. V. Maraj - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):207-207.
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  • Moving beyond imagination.Robert Dufour, Martin H. Fischer & David A. Rosenbaum - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):206-207.
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  • Tough times for dualists.Merlin Donald - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):342-343.
    Images of mindmarks a new era in human cognitive neuroscience. Despite the difficult conceptual problems associated with using group-averaged data and paired subtractions, human PET images converge well with existing data from other areas of cognitive neuroscience while opening up new theoretical and experimental possibilities. However, greater attention to individual differences might prove necessary in the study of culturally driven adaptations such as literacy.
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  • Neurolinguistic models and fossil reconstructions.Merlin Donald - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):188-189.
    Hominid-like morphology in habiline cranial endocasts does not necessarily imply the presence of language capacity. The cortical zone in question is not associated exclusively with language in humans, and its emergence in habilines might indicate the evolution of other cognitive functions special to humans that were preconditions for the later evolution of language.
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  • Complex behaviors: Evolution and the brain.William O. Dingwall - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):186-188.
    Three issues are addressed in this commentary. (1) Wilkins & Wakefield are commended for placing the complex behavior they discuss within an evolutionary matrix. (2) They err on a number of points in regard to their treatment of this complex behavior. These involve (a) their emphasis on the evolution of conceptual structure rather than language, (b) their equation of meaning with reference, (c) their minimalist view of learning theory, and (d) their separation of the evolution of speech from that of (...)
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  • Is attention an appropriate concept for explaining brain processes?G. J. Dalenoort - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):341-342.
    In interpreting measurements of brain processes it is necessary to make the model used explicit. A concept such as attention cannot be used in the description of brain activities without a model of the relation of mental and neural processes.
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  • Mindwatching.Rodney M. J. Cotterill - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):340-341.
    This book delivers much more than its title appears to promise; it is not merely a description of current methods for remotely monitoring brain activity. It primarily concentrates on just one such method: positron emission tomography, but it demonstrates beautifully how far that technique can now take us in the quest to discover the mechanisms underlying thought.
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  • Temporal representation in the control of movement.Daniel M. Corcos - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):206-206.
    Theories of the representation of specific kinetic and spatiotem-poral features of movement range from the explicit assertion that temporal aspects of movement are not represented to the idea that they are represented and that they have neurophysiological correlates. Jeannerod's thesis is that mental and visual images have common mechanisms and that there is a link between the image to move and the mechanisms involved with movement. The target article takes the position that certain parameters are coded in motor representations but (...)
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  • Lending a hand.Michael C. Corballis - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):185-186.
    The precise manner in which language serves its communicative function suggests that natural selection, rather than exaptation or reappropriation, played the major role in its evolution. Natural selection is more readily invoked, I suggest, if it is assumed that language originated as a system of manual gestures, and later switched to an oral mode.
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  • The creative brain: Symmetry breaking in motor imagery.José L. Contreras-Vidal, Jean P. Banquet, Jany Brebion & Mark J. Smith - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):204-205.
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  • Cognitive and motor implications of mental imagery.Romeo Chua & Daniel J. Weeks - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):203-204.
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  • Extending, changing, and explaining the brain.Mazviita Chirimuuta - 2013 - Biology and Philosophy 28 (4):613-638.
    This paper addresses concerns raised recently by Datteri (Biol Philos 24:301–324, 2009) and Craver (Philos Sci 77(5):840–851, 2010) about the use of brain-extending prosthetics in experimental neuroscience. Since the operation of the implant induces plastic changes in neural circuits, it is reasonable to worry that operational knowledge of the hybrid system will not be an accurate basis for generalisation when modelling the unextended brain. I argue, however, that Datteri’s no-plasticity constraint unwittingly rules out numerous experimental paradigms in behavioural and systems (...)
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  • Single words, multiple words, and the functions of language.A. Charles Catania - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (1):184-185.
    Wilkins & Wakefield assign importance to motor systems but skip from anatomy to cognitive structure with little attention to behavior. Organisms, no matter how sophisticated, that do not behave in accord with what they know will fall by the evolutionary wayside. Facts about behavior can supplement the authors' theory, whose hierarchical structures can accommodate an evolutionary scenario in which a million years or more of functionally varied utterances mainly limited to single words is followed by an explosion of linguistic diversity (...)
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  • Architectures for numerical cognition.Jamie I. D. Campbell - 1994 - Cognition 53 (1):1-44.
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  • Brain imaging, ethology, and the nonhuman mind.Gordon M. Burghardt - 1995 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (2):339-340.
    Posner & Raichle's (1994) exciting, wonderfully illustrated book describes the past successes and future potential of the relatively noninvasive imaging of the nervous systems of living people. The focus has been on cognitive processes but there is no reason why emotional and motivational systems cannot also be tapped. Although the authors do not formally address such contentious issues as consciousness and the private experience of other species, imaging methods may hold promise for helping us to understand these phenomena, as well (...)
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  • On the limitations of imaging imagining.Christopher A. Buneo & Martha Flanders - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (2):202-203.
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