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  1. Clinical equipoise: Why still the gold standard for randomized clinical trials?Charlemagne Asonganyi Folefac & Hugh Desmond - 2024 - Clinical Ethics 19 (1):1-11.
    The principle of clinical equipoise has been variously characterized by ethicists and clinicians as fundamentally flawed, a myth, and even a moral balm. Yet, the principle continues to be treated as the de facto gold standard for conducting randomized control trials in an ethical manner. Why do we hold on to clinical equipoise, despite its shortcomings being widely known and well-advertised? This paper reviews the most important arguments criticizing clinical equipoise as well as what the most prominent proposed alternatives are. (...)
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  • For the Common Good: Philosophical Foundations of Research Ethics.Alex John London - 2021 - New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
    The foundations of research ethics are riven with fault lines emanating from a fear that if research is too closely connected to weighty social purposes an imperative to advance the common good through research will justify abrogating the rights and welfare of study participants. The result is an impoverished conception of the nature of research, an incomplete focus on actors who bear important moral responsibilities, and a system of ethics and oversight highly attuned to the dangers of research but largely (...)
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  • Taking the principle of the primacy of the human being seriously.Joanna Różyńska - 2021 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 24 (4):547-562.
    This paper targets an orphan topic in research ethics, namely the so called principle of the primacy of the human being, which states that the interests of the human subject should always take precedence over the interests of science and society. Although the principle occupies the central position in the majority of international ethical and legal standards for biomedical research, it has been commented in the literature mainly in passing. With a few notable exceptions, there is little in-depth discussion about (...)
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  • Ethics of HIV cure research: an unfinished agenda. [REVIEW]Jeremy Sugarman, John A. Sauceda, Brandon Brown, Parya Saberi, Mallory O. Johnson, Laney Henley, Samuel Ndukwe, Hursch Patel, Morénike Giwa Onaiwu, Danielle M. Campbell, David Palm, Orbit Clanton, David Kelly, Jan Kosmyna, Michael Louella, Laurie Sylla, Christopher Roebuck, Nora Jones, Lynda Dee, Jeff Taylor, John Kanazawa & Karine Dubé - 2021 - BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-14.
    BackgroundThe pursuit of a cure for HIV is a high priority for researchers, funding agencies, governments and people living with HIV (PLWH). To date, over 250 biomedical studies worldwide are or have been related to discovering a safe, effective, and scalable HIV cure, most of which are early translational research and experimental medicine. As HIV cure research increases, it is critical to identify and address the ethical challenges posed by this research.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review of the growing HIV cure (...)
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  • Delaying and withholding interventions: ethics and the stepped wedge trial.Ariella Binik - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (10):662-667.
    Ethics has been identified as a central reason for choosing the stepped wedge trial over other kinds of trial designs. The potential advantage of the stepped wedge design is that it provides all arms of the trial with the active intervention over the course of the study. Some groups receive it later than others, but the study intervention is not withheld from any group. This feature of the stepped wedge design seems particularly ethically advantageous in two instances: when the study (...)
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  • Can and should the research–therapy distinction be maintained? Reflections in the light of innovative last-resort treatment.Gert Helgesson - 2019 - Research Ethics 15 (2):1-14.
    It has been debated for quite some time among bioethicists and others whether or not the distinction between therapy and research in healthcare can and should be maintained. This paper tries to clarify what the disagreement is about, and argues that the distinction can be maintained in most, if not all, situations. However, even if it can be maintained, it does not necessarily follow that it should. It is argued here that there are good reasons to maintain the distinction both (...)
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  • Experimental Design: Ethics, Integrity and the Scientific Method.Jonathan Lewis - 2020 - In Ron Iphofen (ed.), Handbook of Research Ethics and Scientific Integrity. Springer. pp. 459-474.
    Experimental design is one aspect of a scientific method. A well-designed, properly conducted experiment aims to control variables in order to isolate and manipulate causal effects and thereby maximize internal validity, support causal inferences, and guarantee reliable results. Traditionally employed in the natural sciences, experimental design has become an important part of research in the social and behavioral sciences. Experimental methods are also endorsed as the most reliable guides to policy effectiveness. Through a discussion of some of the central concepts (...)
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  • A Normative Justification for Distinguishing the Ethics of Clinical Research from the Ethics of Medical Care.Paul Litton & Franklin G. Miller - 2005 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 33 (3):566-574.
    In the research ethics literature, there is strong disagreement about the ethical acceptability of placebo-controlled trials, particularly when a tested therapy aims to alleviate a condition for which standard treatment exists. Recently, this disagreement has given rise to debate over the moral appropriateness of the principle of clinical equipoise for medical research. Underlying these debates are two fundamentally different visions of the moral obligations that investigators owe their subjects.Some commentators and ethics documents claim that physicians, whether acting as care givers (...)
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  • (1 other version)Rescuing the Duty to Rescue.Tina Rulli & Joseph Millum - 2014 - Journal of Medical Ethics:1-5.
    Clinicians and health researchers frequently encounter opportunities to rescue people. Rescue cases can generate a moral duty to aid those in peril. As such, bioethicists have leveraged a duty to rescue for a variety of purposes. Yet, despite its broad application, the duty to rescue is under-analyzed. In this paper, we assess the state of theorizing about the duty to rescue. There are large gaps in bioethicists’ understanding of the force, scope, and justification of the two most cited duties to (...)
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  • Regulation of healthcare ethics committees in Europe.Norbert Steinkamp, Bert Gordijn, Ana Borovecki, Eugenijus Gefenas, Jozef Glasa, Marc Guerrier, Tom Meulenbergs, Joanna Różyńska & Anne Slowther - 2007 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 10 (4):461-475.
    In this article, the question is discussed if and how Healthcare Ethics Committees (HECs) should be regulated. The paper consists of two parts. First, authors from eight EC member countries describe the status quo in their respective countries, and give reasons as to the form of regulation they consider most adequate. In the second part, the country reports are analysed. It is suggested that regulation of HECs should be central and weak. Central regulation is argued to be apt to improve (...)
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  • Ethical challenges in integrating patient-care with clinical research in a resource-limited setting: perspectives from Papua New Guinea. [REVIEW]Moses Laman, William Pomat, Peter Siba & Inoni Betuela - 2013 - BMC Medical Ethics 14 (1):29.
    In resource-limited settings where healthcare services are limited and poverty is common, it is difficult to ethically conduct clinical research without providing patient-care. Therefore, integration of patient-care with clinical research appears as an attractive way of conducting research while providing patient-care. In this article, we discuss the ethical implications of such approach with perspectives from Papua New Guinea.
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  • Eschewing Definitions of the Therapeutic Misconception: A Family Resemblance Analysis.D. S. Goldberg - 2011 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 36 (3):296-320.
    Twenty-five years after the term "therapeutic misconception’ (TM) first entered the literature, most commentators agree that it remains widespread. However, the majority of scholarly attention has focused on the reasons why a patient cum human subject might confuse the goals of research with the goals of therapy. Although this paper addresses the social and cultural factors that seem to animate the TM among subjects, it also fills a niche in the literature by examining why investigators too might operate under a (...)
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  • Overinterpreting Equipoise.Jerry Menikoff - 2011 - American Journal of Bioethics 11 (2):13 - 14.
    The factual premise: A clinical trial takes place, with results suggesting that a new treatment is better than standard care for a particular medical problem. One large group of physicians—call the...
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  • Behavior Equipoise: Is It Ready for Prime Time?Katherine Wasson - 2011 - American Journal of Bioethics 11 (2):14 - 16.
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  • Behavioral Equipoise: A Way to Resolve Ethical Stalemates in Clinical Research.Robert Silbergleit & Peter A. Ubel - 2011 - American Journal of Bioethics 11 (2):1-8.
    Randomized trials depend on clinicians feeling that they are morally justified in allowing their patients to be randomized across treatment arms. Typically such justification rides on what has been called “clinical equipoise”—when there is disagreement of opinion among the community of experts about whether one treatment is better than another, then physicians can ethically enter their patients into a clinical trial, even if individual physicians are not at equipoise. Recent debates over prominent studies, however, illustrate that controversy can be easily (...)
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  • Beyond informed consent: the therapeutic misconception and trust.Inmaculada de Melo-Martin & A. Ho - 2008 - Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (3):202-205.
    The therapeutic misconception has been seen as presenting an ethical problem because failure to distinguish the aims of research participation from those receiving ordinary treatment may seriously undermine the informed consent of research subjects. Hence, most theoretical and empirical work on the problems of the therapeutic misconception has been directed to evaluate whether, and to what degree, this confusion invalidates the consent of subjects. We argue here that this focus on the understanding component of informed consent, while important, might be (...)
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  • Trust based obligations of the state and physician-researchers to patient-subjects.Paul B. Miller & Charles Weijer - 2006 - Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (9):542-547.
    When may a physician enroll a patient in clinical research? An adequate answer to this question requires clarification of trust-based obligations of the state and the physician-researcher respectively to the patient-subject. The state relies on the voluntarism of patient-subjects to advance the public interest in science. Accordingly, it is obligated to protect the agent-neutral interests of patient-subjects through promulgating standards that secure these interests. Component analysis is the only comprehensive and systematic specification of regulatory standards for benefit-harm evaluation by research (...)
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  • To study, perchance to treat.Howard Trachtman - 2009 - American Journal of Bioethics 9 (2):11 – 12.
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  • The ethical anatomy of payment for research participants.Joanna Różyńska - 2022 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 25 (3):449-464.
    In contrast to most publications on the ethics of paying research subjects, which start by identifying and analyzing major ethical concerns raised by the practice (in particular, risks of undue inducement and exploitation) and end with a set of—more or less well-justified—ethical recommendations for using payment schemes immune to these problems, this paper offers a systematic, principle-based ethical analysis of the practice. It argues that researchers have aprima faciemoral obligation to offer payment to research subjects, which stems from the principle (...)
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  • Introduction: Case Studies in the Ethics of Mental Health Research.J. Millum - 2012 - Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200:230-35.
    This collection presents six case studies on the ethics of mental health research, written by scientific researchers and ethicists from around the world. We publish them here as a resource for teachers of research ethics and as a contribution to several ongoing ethical debates. Each consists of a description of a research study that was proposed or carried out and an in-depth analysis of the ethics of the study.
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  • Hierarchies of evidence in evidence-based medicine.Christopher Blunt - 2015 - Dissertation, London School of Economics
    Hierarchies of evidence are an important and influential tool for appraising evidence in medicine. In recent years, hierarchies have been formally adopted by organizations including the Cochrane Collaboration [1], NICE [2,3], the WHO [4], the US Preventive Services Task Force [5], and the Australian NHMRC [6,7]. The development of such hierarchies has been regarded as a central part of Evidence-Based Medicine, a movement within healthcare which prioritises the use of epidemiological evidence such as that provided by Randomised Controlled Trials. Philosophical (...)
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  • Fiduciary Obligation in Clinical Research.Paul B. Miller & Charles Weijer - 2006 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 34 (2):424-440.
    Bioethics is currently witnessing unprecedented debate over the moral and legal norms governing the conduct of clinical research. At the center of this debate is the duty of care in clinical research, and its most widely accepted specification, clinical equipoise. In recent work, we have argued that equipoise and cognate concepts central to the ethics of clinical research have been left unnecessarily vulnerable to criticism. We have suggested that the vulnerability lies in the conspicuous absence of an articulated foundation in (...)
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  • Research ethics in social sciences: TheSeverina's Storydocumentary.Debora Diniz - 2008 - International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 1 (2):23-35.
    In Brazil, social science research ethics is a field still under construction and subject to intense dispute. The aim of this paper is to discuss how accepted principles of biomedical research ethics can be incorporated into the ethical review of social sciences, particularly open interviews, ethnographic research, and participant observation. The paper uses a case study—the ethnographic documentary "Severina's Story"—as the basis for analysis of the methodological and ethical issues raised in social science research. To promote ethical social science research, (...)
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  • A framework for risk-benefit evaluations in biomedical research.Annette Rid & David Wendler - 2011 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 21 (2):141-179.
    One of the key ethical requirements for biomedical research is that it have an acceptable risk-benefit profile (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000). The International Conference of Harmonization guidelines mandate that clinical trials should be initiated and continued only if “the anticipated benefits justify the risks” (1996). Guidelines from the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences state that biomedical research is acceptable only if the “potential benefits and risks are reasonably balanced” (2002). U.S. federal regulations require that the “risks to (...)
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  • Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research Revisited.Franklin G. Miller - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (4):59-61.
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  • Limits to research risks.F. G. Miller & S. Jofe - 2009 - Journal of Medical Ethics 35 (7):445-449.
    Risk–benefit assessment is a routine requirement for research ethics committees that review and oversee biomedical research with human subjects. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how to weigh and balance risks to research participants against the social benefits that flow from generating biomedical knowledge. In this article, we address the question of whether there are any reasonable criteria for defining the limit of permissible risks to individuals who provide informed consent for research participation. We argue against any a priori limit to permissible (...)
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  • When is deception in research ethical?Nafsika Athanassoulis & James Wilson - 2009 - Clinical Ethics 4 (1):44-49.
    This article examines when deceptive withholding of information is ethically acceptable in research. The first half analyses the concept of deception. We argue that there are two types of accounts of deception: normative and non-normative, and argue that non-normative accounts are preferable. The second half of the article argues that the relevant ethical question which ethics committees should focus on is not whether the person from whom the information is withheld will be deceived, but rather on the reasonableness of withholding (...)
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  • Contextualizing clinical research: The epistemological role of clinical equipoise.James A. Anderson - 2009 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 30 (4):269-288.
    Since its introduction in 1987, Benjamin Freedman’s principle of clinical equipoise has enjoyed widespread uptake in bioethics discourse. Recent years, however, have witnessed a growing consensus that the principle is fundamentally flawed. One of the most vocal critics has undoubtedly been Franklin Miller. In a 2008 paper, Steven Joffe and Miller build on this critical work, offering a new conception of clinical research ethics based on science, taking what they call a “scientific orientation” toward the ethics of clinical research. Though (...)
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  • Race, science and a novel: An interdisciplinary dialogue.Lawrence Burns, Monique Lanoix, Ryan M. Melnychuk & Bernie Pauly - 2007 - Developing World Bioethics 8 (3):226-234.
    We discuss how a novel can illuminate the moral dimensions of science and healthcare. The critical distance afforded by the novel pro.
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  • Uninformed refusals: objections to enrolment in clinical trials conducted under an Exception from Informed Consent for emergency research.Victoria Vorholt & Neal W. Dickert - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (1):18-21.
    Clinical trials in emergency situations present unique challenges, because they involve enrolling individuals who lack capacity to consent in the context of acute illness or injury. The US Department of Health and Human Services and Food and Drug Administration regulations allowing an Exception from Informed Consent in these circumstances contain requirements for community consultation, public disclosure and restrictions on study risks and benefits. In this paper, we analyse an issue raised in the regulations that has received little attention or analysis (...)
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  • Ethical issues at the interface of clinical care and research practice in pediatric oncology: a narrative review of parents' and physicians' experiences.C. de Vries Martine, Houtlosser Mirjam, M. Wit Jan, P. Engberts Dirk, Bresters Dorine, J. L. Kaspers Gertjan & van Leeuwen Evert - 2011 - BMC Medical Ethics 12 (1):18.
    Background Pediatric oncology has a strong research culture. Most pediatric oncologists are investigators, involved in clinical care as well as research. As a result, a remarkable proportion of children with cancer enrolls in a trial during treatment. This paper discusses the ethical consequences of the unprecedented integration of research and care in pediatric oncology from the perspective of parents and physicians. Methodology An empirical ethical approach, combining a narrative review of qualitative studies on parents' and physicians' experiences of the pediatric (...)
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  • Ethical issues at the interface of clinical care and research practice in pediatric oncology: a narrative review of parents' and physicians' experiences.Martine C. de Vries, Mirjam Houtlosser, Jan M. Wit, Dirk P. Engberts, Dorine Bresters, Gertjan Jl Kaspers & Evert van Leeuwen - 2011 - BMC Medical Ethics 12 (1):1-11.
    Pediatric oncology has a strong research culture. Most pediatric oncologists are investigators, involved in clinical care as well as research. As a result, a remarkable proportion of children with cancer enrolls in a trial during treatment. This paper discusses the ethical consequences of the unprecedented integration of research and care in pediatric oncology from the perspective of parents and physicians. An empirical ethical approach, combining (1) a narrative review of (primarily) qualitative studies on parents' and physicians' experiences of the pediatric (...)
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  • Response to Commentators on “The Real Problem with Equipoise”.Winston Chiong - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (4):W42-W45.
    I am glad to have this opportunity to continue a conversation with authors from whom I have learned so much. In the interest of space I will focus my own remarks on points where I disagree with the...
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  • Splitting the Difference Position.Abraham P. Schwab - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (4):74-76.
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  • Unconscious emotional reasoning and the therapeutic misconception.A. Charuvastra & S. R. Marder - 2008 - Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (3):193-197.
    The “therapeutic misconception” describes a process whereby research volunteers misinterpret the intentions of researchers and the nature of clinical research. This misinterpretation leads research volunteers to falsely attribute a therapeutic potential to clinical research, and compromises informed decision making, therefore compromising the ethical integrity of a clinical experiment. We review recent evidence from the neurobiology of social cognition to provide a novel framework for thinking about the therapeutic misconception. We argue that the neurobiology of social cognition should be considered in (...)
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  • (1 other version)Assuring adequate protections in international health research: A principled justification and practical recommendations for the role of community oversight.Sibusiso Sifunda David Buchanan, Shamagonam James Nasheen Naidoo & Priscilla Reddy - 2008 - Public Health Ethics 1 (3):246-257.
    Medical Research Council, Capetown, South Africa Nasheen Naidoo Medical Research Council, Capetown, South Africa Shamagonam James Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa Priscilla Reddy Medical Research Council, Capetown, South Africa * Corresponding author: 306 Arnold House, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Tel.: (413) 545 1005; Email: Buchanan{at}schoolph.umass.edu ' + u + '@' + d + ' '//--> . Abstract The analysis presented here lays out the ethical warrants for requiring community oversight (...)
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  • The dirty little truth: We want them to understand, but not really….Haavi Morreim - 2009 - American Journal of Bioethics 9 (2):9 – 11.
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  • Why researchers cannot establish equipoise.Robert M. Veatch - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (4):55 – 57.
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  • The welcome reassessment of research ethics: Is "undue inducement" suspect?Howard Brody - 2005 - American Journal of Bioethics 5 (5):15 – 16.
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  • A Review of: “Ezekiel J. Emanuel, Robert A. Crouch, John D. Arras, et al., eds. 2004. Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Research: Readings and Commentary”: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 490 pp. $39.95, paperback. [REVIEW]Howard Mann - 2005 - American Journal of Bioethics 5 (3):72-74.
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  • Placebo Groups in Research on the Effectiveness of ABA Therapeutic Techniques.Przemysław Bąbel, Elżbieta Anita Bajcar, Katarzyna Marchewka & Katarzyna Sikora - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • Reconceiving the Therapeutic Obligation.D. Merli & J. A. Smith - 2014 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 39 (1):55-74.
    The “therapeutic obligation” is a physician’s duty to provide his patients with what he believes is the best available treatment. We begin by discussing some prominent formulations of the obligation before raising two related considerations against those formulations. First, they do not make sense of cases where doctors are permitted to provide suboptimal care. Second, they give incorrect results in cases where doctors are choosing treatments in challenging epistemic environments. We then propose and defend an account of the therapeutic obligation (...)
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  • (1 other version)Consenting of the vulnerable: the informed consent procedure in advanced cancer patients in Mexico. [REVIEW]Emma L. Verástegui - 2006 - BMC Medical Ethics 7 (1):1-12.
    Background A topic of great concern in bioethics is the medical research conducted in poor countries sponsored by wealthy nations. Western drug companies increasingly view Latin America as a proper place for clinical research trials. The region combines a large population, modern medical facilities, and low per capita incomes. Participants from developing countries may have little or non alternative means of treatment other than that offered through clinical trials. Therefore, the provision of a valid informed consent is important. Methods To (...)
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  • When "Minimal Risk" Research Yields Clinically-Significant Data, Maybe the Risks Aren't So Minimal.Helen M. Sharp & Robert D. Orr - 2004 - American Journal of Bioethics 4 (2):32-36.
    Surveys and routine clinical procedures applied in research protocols are typically considered only minimally risky to participants. The apparent benign nature of "minimal risk" tasks increases the chance that investigators and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) will overlook the probability that clinical tools will identify signs, symptoms, or definitive test results that are clinically-relevant to subjects' welfare. "Minimal risk" procedures may also pose a particular hazard to participants in clinical research by increasing the therapeutic misconception because the tasks mimic clinical care (...)
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  • Unique ethical concerns in clinical trials comparing psychosocial and psychopharmalogical interventions.Lisa R. Stines & Norah C. Feeny - 2008 - Ethics and Behavior 18 (2-3):234 – 246.
    In recent years, there has been a particular emphasis placed on conducting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the relative efficacy of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions. This article addresses relevant ethical considerations in the conduct of these treatment trials, with a focus on RCTs with children. Ethical concerns, including therapeutic misconception, treatment preference, therapeutic equipoise, structure of treatments, and balancing risks versus benefits, are introduced through a clinical scenario and discussed as they relate to psychotherapy versus medication RCTs. In each (...)
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  • The real problem with equipoise.Winston Chiong - 2006 - American Journal of Bioethics 6 (4):37 – 47.
    The equipoise requirement in clinical research demands that, if patients are to be randomly assigned to one of two interventions in a clinical trial, there must be genuine doubt about which is better. This reflects the traditional view that physicians must never knowingly compromise the care of their patients, even for the sake of future patients. Equipoise has proven to be deeply problematic, especially in the Third World. Some recent critics have argued against equipoise on the grounds that clinical research (...)
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  • The Ethics and Science of Placebo-Controlled Trials: Assay Sensitivity and the Duhem–Quine Thesis.James Anderson - 2006 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 31 (1):65 – 81.
    The principle of clinical equipoise requires that, aside from certain exceptional cases, second generation treatments ought to be tested against standard therapy. In violation of this principle, placebo-controlled trials (PCTs) continue to be used extensively in the development and licensure of second-generation treatments. This practice is typically justified by appeal to methodological arguments that purport to demonstrate that active-controlled trials (ACTs) are methodologically flawed. Foremost among these arguments is the so called assay sensitivity argument. In this paper, I take a (...)
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  • Motivation to participate and experiences of the informed consent process for randomized clinical trials in emergency obstetric care in Uganda.Dan Kabonge Kaye - 2021 - BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-12.
    BackgroundInformed consent, whose goal is to assure that participants enter research voluntarily after disclosure of potential risks and benefits, may be impossible or impractical in emergency research. In low resource settings, there is limited information on the experiences of the informed consent process for randomized clinical trials in the emergency care context. The objective of this study was to explore the experiences of the informed consent process and factors that motivated participation in two obstetrics and newborn care randomized clinical trials (...)
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  • Spheres of Morality: The Ethical Codes of the Medical Profession.Samuel Doernberg & Robert Truog - 2023 - American Journal of Bioethics 23 (12):8-22.
    The medical profession contains five “spheres of morality”: clinical care, clinical research, scientific knowledge, population health, and the market. These distinct sets of normative commitments require physicians to act in different ways depending on the ends of the activity in question. For example, a physician-scientist emphasizes patients’ well-being in clinic, prioritizes the scientific method in lab, and seeks to maximize shareholder returns as a board member of a pharmaceutical firm. Physicians increasingly occupy multiple roles in healthcare and move between them (...)
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  • Ethical challenges in clinical studies with adaptive design in oncology.Norbert W. Paul & Hamideh Mahdiani - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (2):148-154.
    Novel immune therapies are increasingly based on the molecular differentiation of disease patterns. The related clinical studies are thus more often characterized by the so-called adaptive study designs (umbrella or basket studies including platform studies), which are continuously adjusted based on novel results. This paper analyses new study designs beyond the often-postulated need for regulation in order to identify ethical problems based on typical structural features and to—whenever possible—suggest solutions. To do so, it addresses the following topics: the relationship between (...)
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