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  1. Requesting an Autopsy of the Dead Donor Rule: Improving, Not Abandoning, the Guiding Rule in Organ Donation.Tamar Schiff & Arthur Caplan - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (6):48-50.
    Use of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) for organ recovery in donation after circulatory death (DCD) raises two crucial, and intertwined, ethical questions. The first is whether the use of NRP...
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  • Organ Donation by the Imminently Dead: Addressing the Organ Shortage and the Dead Donor Rule.Sarah Chen, Robert M. Sade & John W. Entwistle - 2024 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 49 (5):458-469.
    The dead donor rule (DDR) has facilitated the saving of hundreds of thousands of lives. Recent advances in heart donation, however, have exposed how DDR has limited donation of all organs. We propose advancing the moment in the dying process at which death can be determined to increase substantially the supply of organs for transplantation. We justify this approach by identifying certain flaws in the Uniform Determination of Death Act and proposing a modification of that law that permits earlier procurement (...)
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  • The conceptual injustice of the brain death standard.William Choi - 2024 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 45 (4):261-276.
    Family disputes over the diagnosis of brain death have caused much controversy in the bioethics literature over the conceptual validity of the brain death standard. Given the tenuous status of brain death as death, it is pragmatically fruitful to reframe intractable debates about the metaphysical nature of brain death as metalinguistic disputes about its conceptual deployment. This new framework leaves the metaphysical debate open and brings into focus the social functions that are served by deploying the concept of brain death. (...)
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  • A scoping review of the perceptions of death in the context of organ donation and transplantation.Ian Kerridge, Cameron Stewart, Linda Sheahan, Lisa O’Reilly, Michael J. O’Leary, Cynthia Forlini, Dianne Walton-Sonda, Anil Ramnani & George Skowronski - 2021 - BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-20.
    BackgroundSocio-cultural perceptions surrounding death have profoundly changed since the 1950s with development of modern intensive care and progress in solid organ transplantation. Despite broad support for organ transplantation, many fundamental concepts and practices including brain death, organ donation after circulatory death, and some antemortem interventions to prepare for transplantation continue to be challenged. Attitudes toward the ethical issues surrounding death and organ donation may influence support for and participation in organ donation but differences between and among diverse populations have not (...)
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  • It Is Time to Abandon the Dogma That Brain Death Is Biological Death.Franklin G. Miller, Michael Nair-Collins & Robert D. Truog - 2021 - Hastings Center Report 51 (4):18-21.
    Drawing on a recent case report of a pregnant, brain‐dead woman who gave birth to a healthy child after over seven months of intensive care treatment, this essay rejects the established doctrine in medicine that brain death constitutes the biological death of the human being. The essay describes three policy options with respect to determination of death and vital organ transplantation in the case of patients who are irreversibly comatose but remain biologically alive.
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  • In defense of a pluralistic policy on the determination of death.Ivars Neiders & Vilius Dranseika - 2018 - Ethics and Bioethics (in Central Europe) 8 (3-4):179-188.
    In his paper “The challenge of brain death for the sanctity of life ethic”, Peter Singer advocates two options for dealing with death criteria in a way that is compatible with efficient organ transplantation policy. He suggests that we should either redefine death as cortical death or go back to the old cardiopulmonary criterion and scrap the Dead Donor Rule. We welcome Singer’s line of argument but raise some concerns about the practicability of the two alternatives advocated by him. We (...)
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  • Brain death as irreversible loss of a human’s moral status.Piotr Grzegorz Nowak - 2018 - Ethics and Bioethics (in Central Europe) 8 (3-4):167-178.
    Singer claims that there are two ways of challenging the fact that brain-dead patients, from whom organs are usually retrieved, are in fact biologically alive. By means of the first, the so called dead donor rule may be abandoned, opening the way to lethal organ donation. In the second, it might be posited that terms such as “life” and “death” do not have any primary biological meaning and are applicable to persons instead of organisms. This second possibility permits one to (...)
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  • Imminent Death Donation: Ethical and Practical Policy Considerations.Jordan Potter - 2018 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 46 (2):524-537.
    While the practice of organ donation after cardiac death has long been trending upwards in acceptance and use, it is still a highly controversial and practically inefficient method of organ procurement. One policy that has recently been proposed to try and alleviate some of the ethical and practical concerns with organ donation after cardiac death is the practice of imminent death organ donation. This type of live organ donation comes in patients at the end of their life who have decided (...)
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  • Clinical and ethical perspectives on brain death.Michael Nair-Collins - 2015 - Medicolegal and Bioethics 5:69-80.
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  • Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Addressing Consent Issues in Donation After Circulatory Determination of Death”.Kim J. Overby, Michael S. Weinstein & Autumn Fiester - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics 15 (9):3-5.
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  • Public Opinion of DDR and Public Trust.Lynette Cederquist & Gabriel Schnickel - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (6):89-91.
    While much of the debate around the practice of normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) is focused on the potential violation of the dead donor rule (DDR), another concern is whether allowing this pr...
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  • Death pluralism: a proposal.Gonzalo Díaz-Cobacho, Alberto Molina-Pérez & David Rodríguez-Arias - 2023 - Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 18 (1):1-12.
    The debate over the determination of death has been raging for more than fifty years. Since then, objections against the diagnosis of brain death from family members of those diagnosed as dead-have been increasing and are causing some countries to take novel steps to accommodate people’s beliefs and preferences in the determination of death. This, coupled with criticism by some academics of the brain death criterion, raises some questions about the issues surrounding the determination of death. In this paper, we (...)
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  • Death, unity and the brain.David S. Oderberg - 2019 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 40 (5):359-379.
    The Dead Donor Rule holds that removing organs from a living human being without their consent is wrongful killing. The rule still prevails in most countries, and I assume it without argument in order to pose the question: is it possible to have a metaphysically correct, clinically relevant analysis of human death that makes organ donation possible? I argue that the two dominant criteria of death, brain death and circulatory death, are both empirically and metaphysically inadequate as definitions of human (...)
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  • The challenge of death and ethics of social consequences: Death of moral agency.Ján Kalajtzidis - 2018 - Ethics and Bioethics (in Central Europe) 8 (3-4):209-218.
    The present paper focuses on the issue of death from the perspective of ethics of social consequences. To begin with, the paper summarizes Peter Singer’s position on the issue of brain death and on organ procurement related to the definition of death. For better understanding of the issue, an example from real life is used. There are at least three prominent sets of views on what it takes to be called dead. All those views are shortly presented and analysed. Later, (...)
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  • The Public's Right to Accurate and Transparent Information about Brain Death and Organ Transplantation.Michael Nair-Collins - 2018 - Hastings Center Report 48 (S4):43-45.
    The organ transplantation enterprise is morally flawed. “Brain‐dead” donors are the primary source of solid vital organs, and the transplantation enterprise emphasizes that such donors are dead before organs are removed—or in other words that the dead donor rule is followed. However, individuals meeting standard diagnostic criteria for brain death—unresponsiveness, brainstem areflexia, and apnea—are still living, from a physiological perspective. Therefore, removing vital organs from a heart‐beating, mechanically ventilated donor is lethal. But neither donors nor surrogates nor the public in (...)
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  • Death as the Cessation of an Organism and the Moral Status Alternative.Piotr Grzegorz Nowak - 2023 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 48 (5):504-518.
    The mainstream concept of death—the biological one—identifies death with the cessation of an organism. In this article, I challenge the mainstream position, showing that there is no single well-established concept of an organism and no universal concept of death in biological terms. Moreover, some of the biological views on death, if applied in the context of bedside decisions, might imply unacceptable consequences. I argue the moral concept of death—one similar to that of Robert Veatch—overcomes such difficulties. The moral view identifies (...)
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  • Death Determination and Clinicians’ Epistemic Authority.Alberto Molina-Pérez & Gonzalo Díaz-Cobacho - 2020 - American Journal of Bioethics 20 (6):44-47.
    Requiring family authorization for apnea testing subtracts health professionals control over death determination, a procedure that has traditionally been considered a matter of clinical expertise alone. In this commentary, we first provide evidence showing that health professionals’ (HPs) disposition to act on death determination without family’s prior consent could be much lower than that referred to by Berkowitz and Garrett (2020). We hypothesize that HPs may have reservations about their own expertise as regards death, and may thus hesitate to impose (...)
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  • Minds, brains, and hearts: an empirical study on pluralism concerning death determination.Vilius Dranseika & Ivars Neiders - 2020 - Monash Bioethics Review 38 (1):35-48.
    Several authors in bioethics literature have expressed the view that a whole brain conception of death is philosophically indefensible. If they are right, what are the alternatives? Some authors have suggested that we should go back to the old cardiopulmonary criterion of death and abandon the so-called Dead Donor Rule. Others argue for a pluralist solution. For example, Robert Veatch has defended a view that competent persons should be free to decide which criterion of death should be used to determine (...)
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  • Brain Death and Organ Donation: A Crisis of Public Trust.Melissa Moschella - 2018 - Christian Bioethics 24 (2):133-150.
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  • The price of our illusions and myths about the dead donor rule.Robert Truog - 2016 - Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (5):318-319.
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  • Living Organ Donation Near and at the End of Life: Drawing and Re-Drawing the Boundaries Around Permissible Practices in Organ Donation.Ana S. Iltis - 2019 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):123-125.
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  • Is heart transplantation after circulatory death compatible with the dead donor rule?Michael Nair-Collins & Franklin G. Miller - 2016 - Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (5):319-320.
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  • How Can You Be Transparent About Labeling the Living as Dead?David Rodríguez-Arias, Dominic Wilkinson & Stuart Youngner - 2017 - American Journal of Bioethics 17 (5):24-25.
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  • Talking about death is not the same as communicating about death.Stuart J. Youngner - 2015 - Journal of Medical Ethics 41 (4):303-303.
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  • Organ Donation Beyond Brain Death: Donors as Ends and Maximal Utility.Christos Lazaridis & J. S. Blumenthal-Barby - 2015 - American Journal of Bioethics 15 (8):17-19.
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  • Change the Law to Optimize Organ Donation.John W. Entwistle & Robert M. Sade - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (6):76-79.
    Several facts about organ donation and transplantation are not in dispute: (1) there is a shortage of available organs; (2) many potential organ donors die after authorized withdrawal of life-susta...
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  • When are you dead enough to be a donor? Can any feasible protocol for the determination of death on circulatory criteria respect the dead donor rule?Govert den Hartogh - 2019 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 40 (4):299-319.
    The basic question concerning the compatibility of donation after circulatory death protocols with the dead donor rule is whether such protocols can guarantee that the loss of relevant biological functions is truly irreversible. Which functions are the relevant ones? I argue that the answer to this question can be derived neither from a proper understanding of the meaning of the term “death” nor from a proper understanding of the nature of death as a biological phenomenon. The concept of death can (...)
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  • Defending a choice-based system for the determination of death.William Choi - forthcoming - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics:1-4.
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  • Ambiguity, death determination, and the dead donor rule.Will Lyon - 2018 - Clinical Ethics 13 (4):165-171.
    The dead donor rule states that organ donors must be declared dead before any vital organs are removed. Recently, scholars and physicians have argued for the abandonment of the dead donor rule, based on the rule’s supposed connection with the concept of brain death, which they view as a conceptually unreliable definition of death. In this essay, I distinguish between methods of death determination and the question of whether or not the dead donor rule should be a guiding principle of (...)
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