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  1. On challenges to respect for autonomous decision making in primary care.John Spicer, Sanjiv Ahluwalia & Rupal Shah - 2022 - Clinical Ethics 17 (4):458-464.
    Primary health care is characterised by timely and appropriate health care access, delivered continuously over time to a specific population, providing a comprehensive service, with coordination of care for those that need it. Practitioners deal with a multiplicity of clinical issues within longitudinal relationships, embedded in the context of families and communities. We propose that these aspects of primary care have a bearing on how matters of decision making are considered and implemented. Further, the standard account of autonomous decision making (...)
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  • Opt-in Vs. Opt-out of Organ Donation in Scotland: Bioethical analysis.Allister Lee & Joseph Tham - 2022 - The New Bioethics 28 (4):341-349.
    This paper looks at the ethics of opt-in vs. opt-out of organ donation as Scotland has transitioned its systems to promote greater organ availability. We first analyse studies that compare the donation rates in other regions due to such a system switch and find that organ increase is inconclusive and modest at best. This is due to a lack of explicit opt-out choices resulting in greater resistance and family override unless there are infrastructures and greater awareness to support such change. (...)
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  • AI, big data, and the future of consent.Adam J. Andreotta, Nin Kirkham & Marco Rizzi - 2022 - AI and Society 37 (4):1715-1728.
    In this paper, we discuss several problems with current Big data practices which, we claim, seriously erode the role of informed consent as it pertains to the use of personal information. To illustrate these problems, we consider how the notion of informed consent has been understood and operationalised in the ethical regulation of biomedical research (and medical practices, more broadly) and compare this with current Big data practices. We do so by first discussing three types of problems that can impede (...)
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  • Artificial intelligence in hospitals: providing a status quo of ethical considerations in academia to guide future research.Milad Mirbabaie, Lennart Hofeditz, Nicholas R. J. Frick & Stefan Stieglitz - 2022 - AI and Society 37 (4):1361-1382.
    The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in hospitals yields many advantages but also confronts healthcare with ethical questions and challenges. While various disciplines have conducted specific research on the ethical considerations of AI in hospitals, the literature still requires a holistic overview. By conducting a systematic discourse approach highlighted by expert interviews with healthcare specialists, we identified the status quo of interdisciplinary research in academia on ethical considerations and dimensions of AI in hospitals. We found 15 fundamental manuscripts by constructing (...)
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  • Using practical wisdom to facilitate ethical decision-making: a major empirical study of phronesis in the decision narratives of doctors.Chris Turner, Alan Brockie, Catherine Weir, Catherine Hale, Aisha Y. Malik & Mervyn Conroy - 2021 - BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-13.
    BackgroundMedical ethics has recently seen a drive away from multiple prescriptive approaches, where physicians are inundated with guidelines and principles, towards alternative, less deontological perspectives. This represents a clear call for theory building that does not produce more guidelines. Phronesis (practical wisdom) offers an alternative approach for ethical decision-making based on an application of accumulated wisdom gained through previous practice dilemmas and decisions experienced by practitioners. Phronesis, as an ‘executive virtue’, offers a way to navigate the practice virtues for any (...)
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  • Stable Strategies for Personal Development: On the Prudential Value of Radical Enhancement and the Philosophical Value of Speculative Fiction.Ian Stoner - 2020 - Metaphilosophy 51 (1):128-150.
    In her short story “Stable Strategies for Middle Management,” Eileen Gunn imagines a future in which Margaret, an office worker, seeks radical genetic enhancements intended to help her secure the middle-management job she wants. One source of the story’s tension and dark humor is dramatic irony: readers can see that the enhancements Margaret buys stand little chance of making her life go better for her; enhancing is, for Margaret, probably a prudential mistake. This paper argues that our positions in the (...)
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  • Psychologists’ responsibility to society: Public policy and the ethics of political action.Luke R. Allen & Cody G. Dodd - 2018 - Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 38 (1):42-53.
    In the United States, prohibitionist policies are used as the primary approach to combat the negative effect of substance use on society. An extensive academic literature spanning the disciplines of economics, political science, and multiculturalism documents the great social costs of the United States’ “War on Drugs” both nationally and internationally. These costs come with at best marginal effect on substance abuse and other crimes linked to the drug trade. In many cases, there is a reason to believe that these (...)
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  • How “moral” are the principles of biomedical ethics? – a cross-domain evaluation of the common morality hypothesis.Markus Christen, Christian Ineichen & Carmen Tanner - 2014 - BMC Medical Ethics 15 (1):47.
    The principles of biomedical ethics – autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice – are of paradigmatic importance for framing ethical problems in medicine and for teaching ethics to medical students and professionals. In order to underline this significance, Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress base the principles in the common morality, i.e. they claim that the principles represent basic moral values shared by all persons committed to morality and are thus grounded in human moral psychology. We empirically investigated the relationship (...)
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  • The virtuous smart city: Bridging the gap between ethical principles and practices of data-driven innovation.Viivi Lähteenoja & Kimmo Karhu - 2023 - Data and Policy 5 (E15).
    For smart cities, data-driven innovation promises societal benefits and increased well-being for residents and visitors. At the same time, the deployment of data-driven innovation poses significant ethical challenges. Although cities and other public-sector actors have increasingly adopted ethical principles, employing them in practice remains challenging. In this commentary, we use a virtue-based approach that bridges the gap between abstract principles and the daily work of practitioners who engage in and with data-driven innovation processes. Inspired by Aristotle, we describe practices of (...)
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  • Methods for Practising Ethics in Research and Innovation: A Literature Review, Critical Analysis and Recommendations.Wessel Reijers, David Wright, Philip Brey, Karsten Weber, Rowena Rodrigues, Declan O’Sullivan & Bert Gordijn - 2018 - Science and Engineering Ethics 24 (5):1437-1481.
    This paper provides a systematic literature review, analysis and discussion of methods that are proposed to practise ethics in research and innovation. Ethical considerations concerning the impacts of R&I are increasingly important, due to the quickening pace of technological innovation and the ubiquitous use of the outcomes of R&I processes in society. For this reason, several methods for practising ethics have been developed in different fields of R&I. The paper first of all presents a systematic search of academic sources that (...)
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  • Big Data Analytics, Infectious Diseases and Associated Ethical Impacts.Chiara Garattini, Jade Raffle, Dewi N. Aisyah, Felicity Sartain & Zisis Kozlakidis - 2019 - Philosophy and Technology 32 (1):69-85.
    The exponential accumulation, processing and accrual of big data in healthcare are only possible through an equally rapidly evolving field of big data analytics. The latter offers the capacity to rationalize, understand and use big data to serve many different purposes, from improved services modelling to prediction of treatment outcomes, to greater patient and disease stratification. In the area of infectious diseases, the application of big data analytics has introduced a number of changes in the information accumulation models. These are (...)
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  • Aristotle and Principlism in Bioethics.Joseph Cimakasky & Ronald Polansky - 2015 - Diametros 45:59-70.
    Principlism, a most prominent approach in bioethics, has been criticized for lacking an underlying moral theory. We propose that the four principles of principlism can be related to the four traditional cardinal virtues. These virtues appear prominently in Plato's Republic and in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. We show how this connection can be made. In this way principlism has its own compelling ethical basis.
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  • Reassessing values for emerging big data technologies: integrating design-based and application-based approaches.Karolina La Fors, Bart Custers & Esther Keymolen - 2019 - Ethics and Information Technology 21 (3):209-226.
    Through the exponential growth in digital devices and computational capabilities, big data technologies are putting pressure upon the boundaries of what can or cannot be considered acceptable from an ethical perspective. Much of the literature on ethical issues related to big data and big data technologies focuses on separate values such as privacy, human dignity, justice or autonomy. More holistic approaches, allowing a more comprehensive view and better balancing of values, usually focus on either a design-based approach, in which it (...)
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  • Students' responses to scenarios depicting ethical dilemmas: a study of pharmacy and medical students in New Zealand.Marcus A. Henning, Phillipa Malpas, Sanya Ram, Vijay Rajput, Vladimir Krstić, Matt Boyd & Susan J. Hawken - 2016 - Journal of Medical Ethics 42 (7):466-473.
    One of the key learning objectives in any health professional course is to develop ethical and judicious practice. Therefore, it is important to address how medical and pharmacy students respond to, and deal with, ethical dilemmas in their clinical environments. In this paper, we examined how students communicated their resolution of ethical dilemmas and the alignment between these communications and the four principles developed by Beauchamp and Childress. Three hundred and fifty-seven pharmacy and medical students (overall response rate=63%) completed a (...)
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  • A stakeholder meeting exploring the ethical perspectives of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery.Matthew Quinn, Daniel Gray, Ahmed Shalaby Bardan, Mehran Zarei-Ghanavati, John Sparrow & Christopher Liu - 2021 - Journal of Medical Ethics 47 (12):e44-e44.
    PurposeThe purported benefits and risks of immediately sequential bilateral cataract surgery have been well described, yet the procedure remains controversial among UK ophthalmologists. As many of the controversies of ISBCS are underpinned by ethical dilemmas, the aim of this work was to explore the ethical perspectives of ISBCS from a variety of stakeholder viewpoints.MethodA semi-structured independent stakeholder meeting was convened at the Royal College of Ophthalmologists London headquarters in June 2018. In total, 29 stakeholders attended the meeting. The professional characteristics (...)
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  • The need for translational bioethics within perinatal healthcare and policy making: A COVID-19 case study.Iain Campbell, Georgette Eaton & Jennifer Peterson - forthcoming - Clinical Ethics.
    The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted many issues that can occur due to lack of translation between the spheres of bioethics and clinical practice. In this paper, we examine how mothers and newborn infants were inappropriately separated during the initial stages of the pandemic due to inconsistent application of ethical principles in determining policy. One of the significant challenges that translational bioethics face is the complexity regarding its implementation into the health service environment. As outlined in the literature, it may be postulated (...)
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  • Critical care nurses’ moral sensitivity during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Qualitative perspectives.Nader Aghakhani, Hossein Habibzadeh & Farshad Mohammadi - 2022 - Nursing Ethics 29 (4):938-951.
    Background Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is one of the areas in which moral issues are of great significance, especially with respect to the nursing profession, because CPR requires quick decision-making and prompt action and is associated with special complications due to the patients’ unconsciousness. In such circumstances, nurses’ ability in terms of moral sensitivity can be determinative in the success of the procedure. Identifying the components of moral sensitivity in nurses in this context can promote moral awareness and improve moral performance. (...)
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  • Developing a scale: Adolescents’ health choices related rights, duties and responsibilities.Tanja Moilanen, Anna-Maija Pietilä, Margaret Coffey & Mari Kangasniemi - 2019 - Nursing Ethics 26 (7-8):2511-2522.
    Background: Adolescents’ health choices have been widely researched, but the ethical basis of these choices, namely their rights, duties, and responsibilities, have been disregarded and scale is required to measure these. Objective: To describe the development of a scale that measures adolescents’ rights, duties, and responsibilities in relation to health choices and document the preliminary scale testing. Research design: A multi-phase development method was used to construct the Health Rights Duties and Responsibilities ( HealthRDR) scale. The concepts and content were (...)
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  • Moral flux in primary care : the effect of complexity.John Spicer, Sanjiv Ahluwalia & Rupal Shah - 2021 - Journal of Medical Ethics 47 (2):86-89.
    In this article, we examine the inter-relationship between moral theory and the unpredictable and complex world of primary health care, where the values of patient and doctor, or groups of patients and doctors, may often clash. We introduce complexity science and its relevance to primary care; going on to explore how it can assist in understanding ethical decision making, as well as considering implications for clinical practice. Throughout the article, we showcase aspects and key concepts using examples and a case (...)
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