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  1. Work Engagement and Machiavellianism in the Ethical Leadership Process.Deanne N. Hartog & Frank D. Belschak - 2012 - Journal of Business Ethics 107 (1):35-47.
    Leaders who express an ethical identity are proposed to affect followers’ attitudes and work behaviors. In two multi-source studies, we first test a model suggesting that work engagement acts as a mediator in the relationships between ethical leadership and employee initiative (a form of organizational citizenship behavior) as well as counterproductive work behavior. Next, we focus on whether ethical leadership always forms an authentic expression of an ethical identity, thus in the second study, we add leader Machiavellianism to the model. (...)
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  • In Search of Individual Responsibility: The Dark Side of Organizations in the Light of Jansenist Ethics.Ghislain Deslandes - 2011 - Journal of Business Ethics 101 (S1):61-70.
    In showing how the bureaucratic space negatively influences the moral conscience of managers, Robert Jackall’s sociological writings have pointed up one of the darkest sides of organizations. In fact, in the business ethics literature there is much to support Jackall’s pessimistic contentions, suggesting that bureaucracy can rob individual managers of their sense of responsibility. How then can this space for individual freedom, so essential in re-establishing responsible management, be recreated? In order to answer this question, we propose to interpret Jackall’s (...)
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  • Measuring the ethical propensities of accounting students: Mach IV versus DIT. [REVIEW]Kelly Richmond Pope - 2005 - Journal of Academic Ethics 3 (2-4):89-111.
    This study responds to Bay and Greenberg's (Bay, D.D. and Greenberg, R.R. (2001). The relationship of the DIT and behavior: A replication. Issues in Accounting Education 10(3): 367–380) call to investigate alternative psychometric instruments to measure ethical behavior other than the heavily relied upon Defining Issues Test. The Mach IV scale (Christie, 1970) has been cited in more than 500 published psychological studies; however, it has not been used extensively in the accounting ethics research. This study provides some preliminary evidence (...)
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  • Angels and Demons: The Effect of Ethical Leadership on Machiavellian Employees’ Work Behaviors.Frank D. Belschak, Deanne N. Den Hartog & Annebel H. B. De Hoogh - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • The Joint Effects of Machiavellianism and Ethical Environment on Whistle-Blowing.Derek Dalton & Robin R. Radtke - 2013 - Journal of Business Ethics 117 (1):153-172.
    Given the importance of the Machiavellianism construct on informing a wide range of ethics research, we focus on gaining a better understanding of Machiavellianism within the whistle-blower context. In this regard, we examine the effect of Machiavellianism on whistle-blowing, focusing on the underlying mechanisms through which Machiavellianism affects whistle-blowing. Further, because individuals who are higher in Machiavellianism (high Machs) are expected to be less likely to report wrongdoing, we examine the ability of an organization’s ethical environment to increase whistle-blowing intentions (...)
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  • Authoritarian leadership: Is democracy in peril?Spencer Shaw - 2022 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 48 (9):1247-1276.
    Classical leadership models have insistently reinforced the notion of leader-centric rule. Business models focus on strong leadership, definitive decision-making and charismatic figures. Authoritarian leadership is the foundation upon which other models are based. However, the adoption of Charismatic Leadership and Great Man theory puts into relief the tendency within democratic rule towards fascist and populist ideology. Many leading philosophers and political scientists lend support to authoritarian rule. This tendency is not always apparent in democratic theory, indeed it is counter-intuitive, but (...)
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  • Authoritarian leadership: Is democracy in peril?Spencer Shaw - 2022 - Philosophy and Social Criticism 48 (9):1247-1276.
    Classical leadership models have insistently reinforced the notion of leader-centric rule. Business models focus on strong leadership, definitive decision-making and charismatic figures. Authoritarian leadership is the foundation upon which other models are based. However, the adoption of Charismatic Leadership and Great Man theory puts into relief the tendency within democratic rule towards fascist and populist ideology. Many leading philosophers and political scientists lend support to authoritarian rule. This tendency is not always apparent in democratic theory, indeed it is counter-intuitive, but (...)
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  • Entrepreneurial Intentions of Teams: Sub-Dimensions of Machiavellianism Interact With Team Resilience.Michaéla C. Schippers, Andreas Rauch, Frank D. Belschak & Willem Hulsink - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
    Machiavellians are often seen as manipulative people who contribute negatively to teams and ventures. However, recent work has shown that Machiavellians can also cooperate and act in pro-social ways in a team context. Thus, some aspects of Machiavellianism might be conducive for teams and team members’ intentions to start a business venture. Most studies in this area have failed to (a) assess the effect of Machiavellianism at the team level, (b) take into account the dimensional nature of Machiavellianism, and (c) (...)
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  • To Flatter or To Assert? Gendered Reactions to Machiavellian Leaders.Alessandra Capezio, Lu Wang, Simon L. D. Restubog, Patrick R. J. M. Garcia & Vinh N. Lu - 2017 - Journal of Business Ethics 141 (1):1-11.
    Integrating power dependence and gender role theories, we investigate the interactive effects of followers’ gender and leaders’ Machiavellian orientation in predicting followers’ usage of upward influence tactics. Using a sample of 156 matched leader–follower dyads, we found that followers’ gender moderated the relationship between Time 1 leaders’ Machiavellian orientation and followers’ use of upward influence tactics at Time 2. Specifically, the relationship between Time 1 leaders’ Machiavellianism and Time 2 followers’ ingratiation was significant and positive for women followers and non-significant (...)
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  • Work Engagement and Machiavellianism in the Ethical Leadership Process.Deanne N. Den Hartog & Frank D. Belschak - 2012 - Journal of Business Ethics 107 (1):35-47.
    Leaders who express an ethical identity are proposed to affect followers’ attitudes and work behaviors. In two multi-source studies, we first test a model suggesting that work engagement acts as a mediator in the relationships between ethical leadership and employee initiative (a form of organizational citizenship behavior) as well as counterproductive work behavior. Next, we focus on whether ethical leadership always forms an authentic expression of an ethical identity, thus in the second study, we add leader Machiavellianism to the model. (...)
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  • Is Machiavellianism Dead or Dormant? The Perils of Researching a Secretive Construct.Daniel N. Jones & Steven M. Mueller - 2021 - Journal of Business Ethics 176 (3):535-549.
    Machiavellianism is a popular construct in research on ethics and organizational behavior. This research has demonstrated that Machiavellianism predicts a host of counterproductive, deviant, and unethical behaviors. However, individuals high in Machiavellianism also adapt to their organizational surroundings, engaging in unethical behavior only in certain situations. Nevertheless, the utility of Machiavellianism has been questioned. Meta-analyses have demonstrated that psychopathy out-predicts Machiavellianism for most antisocial outcomes. Thus, many researchers assume Machiavellianism is a derivative and redundant construct. However, researchers examining the utility (...)
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  • Machiavellianism, stakeholder orientation, and support for sustainability reporting.William E. Shafer & Lorenzo Lucianetti - 2018 - Business Ethics: A European Review 27 (3):272-285.
    This study investigates the relations among Machiavellianism, the stakeholder orientation, and Italian managers' support for corporate social and environmental reporting (SER). These relationships have not previously been investigated among a sample of experienced managers but have important implications. As anticipated, Machiavellianism had a strong negative association with the support for SER. Machiavellianism was also negatively related to the stakeholder orientation, which in turn was positively correlated with the support for SER. Support for the stakeholder orientation partially mediated the association between (...)
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  • Reflections on the Misrepresentation of Machiavelli in Management: The Mysterious case of the MACH IV Personality Construct.Damian Grace & Michael Jackson - 2014 - Philosophy of Management 13 (3):51-72.
    Niccolò Machiavelli is credited with inspiring the MACH IV personality assessment instrument, which has been adopted widely in management, both public and private. The personality this instrument maps is manipulative, deceitful, immoral, and self-centred. The instrument emerged in 1970 and created a minor industry. There are at least eighty empirical studies in management that involved more than 14,000 subjects. Richard Christie, who created the scale, has said that it is derived from the works of Machiavelli. In a standard debriefing after (...)
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  • Validation of a Digital Work Simulation to Assess Machiavellianism and Compliant Behavior.Lonneke Dubbelt, Janneke K. Oostrom, Annemarie M. F. Hiemstra & Joost P. L. Modderman - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 130 (3):619-637.
    ”This paper describes a new and innovative measure that is developed to predict workplace deviance through the measurement of Machiavellianism and Compliant Behavior. Two field studies were conducted to study the validity of the digital work simulation. In Study 1, support was found for the construct validity of the simulation. The constructs as measured with the simulation correlated significantly with self-reported measures of the constructs and were related to personality and self-esteem. Study 2 examined the criterion-related validity of the simulation (...)
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  • Birds of a Feather can Butt Heads: When Machiavellian Employees Work with Machiavellian Leaders.Frank D. Belschak, Rabiah S. Muhammad & Deanne N. Den Hartog - 2018 - Journal of Business Ethics 151 (3):613-626.
    Machiavellians are manipulative and deceitful individuals willing to utilize any strategy or behavior needed to attain their goals. This study explores what occurs when Machiavellian employees have a Machiavellian leader with the same negative, manipulative disposition. We argue that Machiavellian employees have a negative worldview and are likely to trust their leaders less. This reduced trust likely results in these employees experiencing higher stress and engaging in more unethical behavior. In addition, we expect these negative relationships to be exacerbated when (...)
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