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  1. Unconceived alternatives and conservatism in science: the impact of professionalization, peer-review, and Big Science.P. Kyle Stanford - 2015 - Synthese 196 (10):3915-3932.
    Scientific realists have suggested that changes in our scientific communities over the course of their history have rendered those communities progressively less vulnerable to the problem of unconcieved alternatives over time. I argue in response not only that the most fundamental historical transformations of the scientific enterprise have generated steadily mounting obstacles to revolutionary, transformative, or unorthodox scientific theorizing, but also that we have substantial independent evidence that the institutional apparatus of contemporary scientific inquiry fosters an exceedingly and increasingly theoretically (...)
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  • Foundations of social epistemics.Alvin I. Goldman - 1987 - Synthese 73 (1):109 - 144.
    A conception of social epistemology is articulated with links to studies of science and opinion in such disciplines as history, sociology, and political science. The conception is evaluative, though, rather than purely descriptive. Three types of evaluative approaches are examined but rejected: relativism, consensualism, and expertism. A fourth, truth-linked, approach to intellectual evaluation is then advocated: social procedures should be appraised by their propensity to foster true belief. Standards of evaluation in social epistemics would be much the same as those (...)
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  • The Place of Knowledge A Methodological Survey.Adi Ophir & Steven Shapin - 1991 - Science in Context 4 (1):3-22.
    A generation ago scientific ideas floated free in the air, as historians gazed up at them in wonder and admiration. From time to time, historians agreed, the ideas that made up the body of scientific truth became incarnate: they were embedded into the fleshly forms of human culture and attached to particular times and places. How this incarnation occurred was a great mystery. How could spirit be made flesh? How did the transcendent and the timeless enter the forms of the (...)
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  • International Handbook of Research in History, Philosophy and Science Teaching.Michael R. Matthews (ed.) - 2014 - Springer.
    This inaugural handbook documents the distinctive research field that utilizes history and philosophy in investigation of theoretical, curricular and pedagogical issues in the teaching of science and mathematics. It is contributed to by 130 researchers from 30 countries; it provides a logically structured, fully referenced guide to the ways in which science and mathematics education is, informed by the history and philosophy of these disciplines, as well as by the philosophy of education more generally. The first handbook to cover the (...)
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  • Catastrophism, Uniformitarianism, and a Scientific Realism Debate That Makes a Difference.P. Kyle Stanford - 2015 - Philosophy of Science 82 (5):867-878.
    Some scientific realists suggest that scientific communities have improved in their ability to discover alternative theoretical possibilities and that the problem of unconceived alternatives therefore poses a less significant threat to contemporary scientific communities than it did to their historical predecessors. I first argue that the most profound and fundamental historical transformations of the scientific enterprise have actually increased rather than decreased our vulnerability to the problem. I then argue that whether we are troubled by even the prospect of increasing (...)
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  • Understanding Interests and Causal Explanation.Petri Ylikoski - 2001 - Dissertation, University of Helsinki
    This work consists of two parts. Part I will be a contribution to a philo- sophical discussion of the nature of causal explanation. It will present my contrastive counterfactual theory of causal explanation and show how it can be used to deal with a number of problems facing theories of causal explanation. Part II is a contribution to a discussion of the na- ture of interest explanation in social studies of science. The aim is to help to resolve some controversies (...)
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  • Towards a Critical Philosophy of Science: Continental Beginnings and Bugbears, Whigs, and Waterbears.Babette Babich - 2010 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 24 (4):343-391.
    Continental philosophy of science has developed alongside mainstream analytic philosophy of science. But where continental approaches are inclusive, analytic philosophies of science are not–excluding not merely Nietzsche’s philosophy of science but Gödel’s philosophy of physics. As a radicalization of Kant, Nietzsche’s critical philosophy of science puts science in question and Nietzsche’s critique of the methodological foundations of classical philology bears on science, particularly evolution as well as style (in art and science). In addition to the critical (in Mach, Nietzsche, Heidegger (...)
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  • Epistemologically authentic inquiry in schools: A theoretical framework for evaluating inquiry tasks.Clark A. Chinn & Betina A. Malhotra - 2002 - Science Education 86 (2):175-218.
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  • Mediating Machines.M. Norton Wise - 1988 - Science in Context 2 (1):77-113.
    The ArgumentThe societal context within which science is pursued generally acts as a productive force in the generation of knowledge. To analyze this action it is helpful to consider particular modes of mediation through which societal concerns are projected into the very local and esoteric concerns of a particular domain of research. One such mode of mediation occurs through material systems. Here I treat two such systems – the steam engine and the electric telegraph – in the natural philosophy of (...)
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  • Error types.Douglas Allchin - 2001 - Perspectives on Science 9 (1):38-58.
    : Errors in science range along a spectrum from those relatively local to the phenomenon (usually easily remedied in the laboratory) to those more conceptually derived (involving theory or cultural factors, sometimes quite long-term). One may classify error types broadly as material, observational, conceptual or discoursive. This framework bridges philosophical and sociological perspectives, offering a basis for interfield discourse. A repertoire of error types also supports error analytics, a program for deepening reliability through strategies for regulating and probing error.
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  • Does the history of psychology have a subject?Roger Smith - 1988 - History of the Human Sciences 1 (2):147-177.
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  • The pasteurization of France.Simon Schaffer - 1991 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 22 (1):174-192.
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  • Observation Versus Experiment: An Adequate Framework for Analysing Scientific Experimentation?Saira Malik - 2017 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie 48 (1):71-95.
    Observation and experiment as categories for analysing scientific practice have a long pedigree in writings on science. There has, however, been little attempt to delineate observation and experiment with respect to analysing scientific practice; in particular, scientific experimentation, in a systematic manner. Someone who has presented a systematic account of observation and experiment as categories for analysing scientific experimentation is Ian Hacking. In this paper, I present a detailed analysis of Hacking’s observation versus experiment account. Using a range of cases (...)
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  • Introduction: Lay Participation in the History of Scientific Observation.Jeremy Vetter - 2011 - Science in Context 24 (2):127-141.
    Why and how have lay people participated in scientific observation? And on what terms have they collaborated with experts and professionals? We have become accustomed to the involvement of lay observers in the practice of many branches of science, including both the natural and human sciences, usually as subordinates to experts. The current surge of interest in this phenomenon, as well as in the closely related topic of how expertise has been constructed, suggests that historians of science can offer a (...)
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  • Pictorial representation in biology.Peter J. Taylor & Ann S. Blum - 1991 - Biology and Philosophy 6 (2):125-134.
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  • Science and selection.Kim Sterelny - 1994 - Biology and Philosophy 9 (1):45-62.
    In this paper I consider the view that scientific change is the result of a selection process which has the same structure as that which drives natural selection. I argue that there are important differences between organic evolution and scientific growth. First, natural selection is much more constrained than scientific change; for example it is hard to populations of organisms to escape local maxima. Science progresses; it may not even make sense to say that biological evolution is progressive. Second, natural (...)
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  • Discourse Studies of Scientific Popularization: Questioning the Boundaries.Greg Myers - 2003 - Discourse Studies 5 (2):265-279.
    This article critiques the `dominant view' of the popularization of science that takes it as a one-way process of simplification, one in which scientific articles are the originals of knowledge that is then debased by translation for a public that is ignorant of such matters, a blank slate. Recent work is surveyed in several disciplines that questions the boundaries of scientific discourse and genres of popularization: who the actors are, how the discourses interact, what modes are involved, and what is (...)
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  • What is armchair anthropology? Observational practices in 19 th -century British human sciences.Efram Sera-Shriar - 2014 - History of the Human Sciences 27 (2):26-40.
    The study of human diversity in the first half of the 19th century has traditionally been categorized as a type of armchair-based natural history. If we are to take seriously this characterization of the discipline it requires further unpacking. Armchair anthropology was not a passive pursuit, with minimal analytical reflection that simply synthesized the materials of other writers. Nor was it detached from the activities of informants who were collecting and recording data in the field. Practitioners in the 19th century (...)
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  • Creative Rationality: towards an Abductive Model of Scientific Change.David Gooding - 1996 - Philosophica 58 (2).
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  • Kuhn, Pedagogy, and Practice: A Local Reading of Structure.Lydia Patton - 2017 - In Moti Mizrahi (ed.), The Kuhnian Image of Science: Time for a Decisive Transformation? London: Rowman & Littlefield.
    Moti Mizrahi has argued that Thomas Kuhn does not have a good argument for the incommensurability of successive scientific paradigms. With Rouse, Andersen, and others, I defend a view on which Kuhn primarily was trying to explain scientific practice in Structure. Kuhn, like Hilary Putnam, incorporated sociological and psychological methods into his history of science. On Kuhn’s account, the education and initiation of scientists into a research tradition is a key element in scientific training and in his explanation of incommensurability (...)
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  • Cultural History of Science: An Overview with Reflections.Peter Dear - 1995 - Science, Technology and Human Values 20 (2):150-170.
    The increased popularity of the label "cultural" within science studies, especially in relation to "cultural studies, " invites consideration of how it is and can be used in historical work. A lot more seems now to be invested in the notion of "cultural history. " This article examines some recent historiography of science as a means of considering what counts as cultural history in that domain and attempts to coordinate it with the sociologically informed studies of the past ten orfifteen (...)
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  • The Law-Set: The Legal-Scientific Production of Medical Propriety.Gary Edmond - 2001 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 26 (2):191-226.
    This article examines some of the interactions between law, science, and society taking place during a trial. By focusing on a restricted set of scientific and nonscientific actors engaged in negotiating the meaning, relevance, and reliability of scientific evidence, the article illustrates how the categories—law, science, and society—are inextricably interrelated in the legal negotiations and outcome. The introduction of scientific evidence into adversarial legal settings produces strategies, opinions, and claims that are not shaped solely by scientists, lawyers, or legal processes. (...)
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  • Why are graphs so central in science?Roger Krohn - 1991 - Biology and Philosophy 6 (2):181-203.
    This paper raises the question of the prominence and use of statistical graphs in science, and argues that their use in problem solving analysis can best be understood in an ‘interactionist’ frame of analysis, including bio-emotion, culture, social organization, and environment as elements. The frame contrasts both with philosophical realism and with social constructivism, which posit two variables and one way causal flows. We next posit basic differences between visual, verbal, and numerical media of perception and communication. Graphs are thus (...)
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  • The whig interpretation of geology.Peter J. Bowler - 1988 - Biology and Philosophy 3 (1):99-103.
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  • Hidden Entities and Experimental Practice: Renewing the Dialogue Between History and Philosophy of Science.Theodore Arabatzis - 2011 - Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 263:125-139.
    In this chapter I investigate the prospects of integrated history and philosophy of science, by examining how philosophical issues raised by “hidden entities”, entities that are not accessible to unmediated observation, can enrich the historical investigation of their careers. Conversely, I suggest that the history of those entities has important lessons to teach to the philosophy of science. Hidden entities have played a crucial role in the development of the natural sciences. Despite their centrality to past scientific practice, however, several (...)
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  • (1 other version)Paleontology: Outrunning Time.John E. Huss - 2017 - Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 326:211-235.
    In this paper, I discuss several temporal aspects of paleontology from a philosophical perspective. I begin by presenting the general problem of “taming” deep time to make it comprehensible at a human scale, starting with the traditional geologic time scale: an event-based, relative time scale consisting of a hierarchy of chronological units. Not only does the relative timescale provide a basis for reconstructing many of the general features of the history of life, but it is also consonant with the cognitive (...)
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  • John Herschel and Charles Darwin: A study in parallel lives.S. S. Schweber - 1989 - Journal of the History of Biology 22 (1):1 - 71.
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  • The meaning of graduate education for bioethics.David Magnus - 2002 - American Journal of Bioethics 2 (4):10 – 12.
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  • Paleobiology and philosophy.Adrian Currie - 2019 - Biology and Philosophy 34 (2):31.
    I offer four ways of distinguishing paleobiology from neontology, and from this develop a sketch of the philosophy of paleobiology. I then situate and describe the papers in the special issue Paleobiology and Philosophy, and reflect on the value and prospects of paleontology-focused philosophy.
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  • The devil is in the (historical) details: Continental drift as a case of normatively appropriate consensus?Naomi Oreskes - 2008 - Perspectives on Science 16 (3):pp. 253-264.
    In Social Empiricism, Miriam Solomon proposes a via media between traditional philosophical realism and social construction of scientific knowledge, but ignores a large body of historical literature that has attempted to plough just that path. She also proposes a standard for normatively appropriate consensus that, arguably, no theory in the history of science has ever achieved, including her own ideal type—plate tectonics. And while valorizing dissent, she fails to consider how dissent has been used in recent decades as a political (...)
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  • Continental Philosophy of Science.Babette Babich - 2007 - In Constantin V. Boundas (ed.), The Edinburgh Companion to the Twentieth Century Philosophies. Edinburgh. University of Edinburgh Press. pp. 545--558.
    Continental philosophies of science tend to exemplify holistic themes connecting order and contingency, questions and answers, writers and readers, speakers and hearers. Such philosophies of science also tend to feature a fundamental emphasis on the historical and cultural situatedness of discourse as significant; relevance of mutual attunement of speaker and hearer; necessity of pre-linguistic cognition based in human engagement with a common socio-cultural historical world; role of narrative and metaphor as explanatory; sustained emphasis on understanding questioning; truth seen as horizonal, (...)
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  • Science and the fortunes of natural theology: Some historical perspectives.John Hedley Brooke - 1989 - Zygon 24 (1):3-22.
    . The object is to examine strategies commonly used to heighten a sense of the sacred in nature. It is argued that moves designed to reinforce a concept of Providence have been the very ones to release new opportunities for secular readings. Several case studies reveal this fluidity across a sacred‐secular divide. The irony whereby sacred readings of nature would graduate into the secular is also shown to operate in reverse as anti‐providentialist strategies invited their own refutation. The analysis is (...)
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  • Are there scientific goals?Gary Hardcastle - 1999 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 30 (3):297-311.
    This paper argues that, as all available accounts of how scientific and non-scientific goals might be distinguished rely upon distinctions as much in need of explication as the notion of scientific goals itself, naturalized accounts of science should reject the notion that there are characteristically scientific goals for a given time and place and instead countenance only the goals which happen to be had by individual scientists or their communities. This argument and the recommendation that follows from it are illustrated (...)
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  • Understanding as integration of heterogeneous representations.Sergio F. Martinez - 2013 - In J. I. Galparsoro and A. Cordero (ed.), Reflections on naturalism. Sense publishers. pp. 138-147.
    The search for understanding is a major aim of science. Traditionally, understanding has been undervalued in the philosophy of science because of its psychological underpinnings; nowadays, however, it is widely recognized that epistemology cannot be divorced from psychology as sharp as traditional epistemology required. This eliminates the main obstacle to give scientific understanding due attention in philosophy of science. My aim in this paper is to describe an account of scientific understanding as an emergent feature of our mastering of different (...)
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  • La paléontologie: distancer le temps.John Huss - 2018 - In Christophe Bouton & Philippe Huneman (eds.), Temps de la nature, nature du temps: Etudes philosophiques sur le temps dans les sciences naturelles. CNRS Editions. pp. 239-266.
    Dans La Paléontologie : distancer le temps, John Huss examine les défis de la compréhension des échelles de temps géologiques en paléontologie. Les profondeurs du temps, comparables aux vastes distances spatiales, nécessitent des heuristiques uniques pour être conceptualisées. Huss explore la "spatialisation du temps", où les fossiles et les strates géologiques servent d'archives physiques de processus s'étendant sur des millions d'années. Cette approche permet aux paléontologues de reconstruire l'histoire de la Terre et de comprendre les changements évolutifs. -/- L'article aborde (...)
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  • Truth in Evidence and Truth in Arguments without Logical Omniscience.Gregor Betz - 2016 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 67 (4):1117-1137.
    Science advances by means of argument and debate. Based on a formal model of complex argumentation, this article assesses the interplay between evidential and inferential drivers in scientific controversy, and explains, in particular, why both evidence accumulation and argumentation are veritistically valuable. By improving the conditions for applying veritistic indicators , novel evidence and arguments allow us to distinguish true from false hypotheses more reliably. Because such veritistic indicators also underpin inductive reasoning, evidence accumulation and argumentation enhance the reliability of (...)
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  • Recent biographies of Darwin: The complexity of context.Marjorie Grene - 1993 - Perspectives on Science 1 (4):659-675.
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  • Observing Science in Early Victorian England: Recent Scholarship on William Whewell.Joan L. Richards - 1996 - Perspectives on Science 4 (2):231-247.
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  • Essay review: The Correspondence of the young Darwin.Silvan S. Schweber - 1988 - Journal of the History of Biology 21 (3):501-519.
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  • Why be my colleague’s keeper? Moral justifications for peer review.Joe Cain - 1999 - Science and Engineering Ethics 5 (4):531-540.
    Justifying ethical practices is no easy task. This paper considers moral justifications for peer review so as to persuade even the sceptical individualist. Two avenues provide a foundation for that justification: self-interest and social contract theory. A wider notion of “interest” permits the self-interest approach to justify not only submitting one’s own work to peer review but also removing oneself momentarily from the production of primary knowledge to serve as a rigorous, independent, and honest referee. The contract approach offers a (...)
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  • Roderick Murchison and the structure of Africa: A geological prediction and its consequences for British expansion.Robert A. Stafford - 1988 - Annals of Science 45 (1):1-40.
    Sir Roderick Murchison's Humboldtian belief in a close linkage between the sciences of geology and physical geography finds its best illustration in his prediction of the three-dimensional structure of Africa in 1852 from explorers' reports, fossil discoveries, and a theory of crustal uplift and fracturing elaborated by the Cambridge mathematician William Hopkins. From this remarkably accurate hypothesis and other theories which he had developed concerning the occurrence of coal and gold, Murchison concluded that exploitable deposits of economic minerals which might (...)
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  • Interests, folk psychology and the sociology of scientific knowledge.Petri Ylikoski - 2004 - Philosophical Explorations 7 (3):265 – 279.
    This paper provides a conceptual analysis of the notion of interests as it is used in the social studies of science. After describing the theoretical background behind the Strong Program's adoption of the concept of interest, the paper outlines a reconstruction of the everyday notion of interest and argues that this same notion is used also by the sociologists of scientific knowledge. However, there are a couple of important differences between the everyday use of this notion and the way in (...)
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  • From Rorty to Gaia.Jan Golinski - 2023 - Common Knowledge 29 (1):59-71.
    This contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium “Whatever Happened to Richard Rorty?” endorses Nicholas Gaskill's analysis of Rorty's limited legacy in the field of science and technology studies. It shows how, rather than engaging with scientific practice in a substantial way, Rorty relied heavily on the ideas of Thomas Kuhn. The article surveys the development of science studies since Kuhn's day, sketching an intellectual genealogy for Bruno Latour and Isabelle Stengers, whose work addresses—much more directly than Rorty's—current concerns with the (...)
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  • Philosophy of Science and History of Science: A Productive Engagement.Eric Palmer - 1991 - Dissertation, University of California, San Diego
    Philosophy of science and history of science both have a significant relation to science itself; but what is their relation to each other? That question has been a focal point of philosophical and historical work throughout the second half of this century. An analysis and review of the progress made in dealing with this question, and especially that made in philosophy, is the focus of this thesis. Chapter one concerns logical positivist and empiricist approaches to philosophy of science, and the (...)
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  • Las musas de Darwin tras el diagrama de 1859.Erica Torrens & Ana Barahona - 2013 - Arbor 189 (763):a072.
    En este artículo queremos mostrar mediante una revisión de algunos diagramas en forma de árbol, que el hecho de que Darwin escogiera la metáfora de un árbol para representar relaciones evolutivas entre los organismos no resulta enteramente sorpresivo, ya que la figura arbórea ya guardaba una posición importante en la tradición iconográfica europea. En la revisión de algunos usos del “árbol” para representar diferentes clases de relaciones en la época pre-darwiniana, queremos ilustrar dos cuestiones fundamentales. Una particularmente importante es que (...)
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  • Darwin's legacy.Michael Bradie - 1992 - Biology and Philosophy 7 (1):111-126.
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  • Editorial introduction.Richard M. Burian & Joseph C. Pitt - 1992 - Synthese 92 (1):3-7.
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  • The Geohistorical Revolution.Steven French - 2007 - Metascience 16 (3):359-395.
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  • The Veritistic Merit of Doxastic Conservatism in Belief Revision.Gregor Betz - unknown
    There are different varieties of conservatism concerning belief formation and revision. We assesses the veritistic effects of a particular kind of conservatism commonly attributed to Quine: the so-called maxim of minimum mutiliation, which states that agents should give up as few beliefs as possible when facing recalcitrant evidence. Based on a formal bounded rationality model of belief revision, which parametrizes degree of conservatism, and corresponding multi-agent simulations, we eventually argue against doxastic conservatism from the vantage point of veritistic social epistemology.
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  • La Naissance Posthume D’Évariste Galois.Caroline Ehrhardt - 2010 - Revue de Synthèse 131 (4):543-568.
    La publication des travaux de Galois dans le Journal de Liouville (1846) a été annoncée lors d’un débat entre les académiciens Libri et Liouville, dès 1843. Plutôt que de restreindre cette publication à une étude de controverse, nous voudrions montrer qu’elle s’inscrit dans un contexte plus large de redéfinition de l’algèbre, dont ce débat est un révélateur. Pour comprendre la redécouverte de Galois, il faut l’inscrire dans le temps médian des pratiques et des usages mathématiques.
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