Отмечается большое влияние некоторых идей Платона на философские основания современной космологии. Но одни исследователи прибегают к платоновской идее божественного Демиурга, другие – нет. Объединяющей чертой для них является убеждение в объективности математических форм и структур, образующих свой особый мир гдето «по ту сторону» мира физического. Считается, что этим и обусловлена эффективность метода математической гипотезы в космологии. Кроме того, в статье рассматривается космологическая концепция Дж. Мантзоса.

Внастоящей статьемыставим перед собой задачу продемонстрировать, что из истинности детерминистской или компатибилистской позиции в разрешении вопроса о свободе воли и из принятия утилитаристской этики, рассматривающей натуралистически или конвенционалистски понимаемое благо отдельного индивида как базовую этическую ценность, следует, что научно обоснованная оптимизация социальной жизни приведет к этическому парадоксу. Этот парадокс мы называем парадоксом «социальной инженерии». Его сущность заключается в том, что рационально действующие социальные инженеры, профессионально ответственные за оптимальное внедрение этических норм в жизнь общества, не смогут сами следовать тем нормам поведения, (...) разработку и осуществление которых они будут контролировать. (shrink)

У статті на основі аналізу широкого кола джерел та літератури, досліджено процес становлення та розвитку як дослідника античної філософської думки мовознавця та педагога з Полтавщини І. Я. Чаленка, талановитого вченого, непересічної особистості, що потрапила в жорна історичних подій першої половини ХХ століття. Його життя, праця та наукова спадщина надають можливість наочно побачити, що становило підґрунтя для розвитку тогочасної філософської думки в Україні, як формувалися та на що спрямовувалися філософські погляди в умовах безперервних ідеологічних змін та що в такій ситуації визначало (...) збереження базових основ української філософії. Наукові праці І. Я. Чаленка, які за радянських часів з ідеологічних міркувань вилучалися з книгосховищ і знищувалися, містять багато шарів інформації та оригінальних наукових висновків, що надає можливість не лише зарахувати І. Я. Чаленка до кола відомих свого часу на Полтавщині та за її межами фахівців у галузі філософії та її історії, але й наголосити на необхідності приділення більш пильної уваги до наукового доробку діячів освіти (філософів, істориків, філологів та ін.), які мешкали та працювали не у великих університетських центрах, таких, як Харків, Київ, Одеса, а в невеликих містах, де тоді також розвивалися освіта і наука. Звернено увагу на те, що в 1918 р. І. Я. Чаленко, який тоді обіймав посаду директора учительської семінарії, водночас брав активну участь у створенні Українського університету в Полтаві, читав лекції з філософії студентам його історико-філологічного факультету. До 1927 р. він викладав курси філософії, новітньої філософії, філософії історії, загальнонаукової методології, логіки, історії педагогіки в різних навчальних закладах міста. У 1921 р. його було обрано секретарем новоутвореного Полтавського інституту народної освіти. З 1920 р. він – голова педради Полтавської педагогічної школи імені М. Драгоманова. У 1925 р., коли, внаслідок тогочасних освітніх реформ педагогічну школу було реорганізовано й перетворено на Полтавський педтехнікум, І. Я. Чаленко став його директором. За різноманітні «компрометуючі», з точки зору радянського режиму, зв’язки та проукраїнські настрої з початком процесів переслідування української інтелігенції в 1927 р. І. Я. Чаленка було в адміністративному порядку вислано з Полтавщини, а в 1937 р. – фізично знищено. Наголошено, що доля вченого склалася так само, як і доля багатьох представників національної інтелігенції, які в умовах ідеологічного тиску з боку тоталітарної держави зберігали та примножували загальнолюдські та національні культурні надбання. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to put forward the hypothesis that the author of ‘Herodes περ πολιτας is Kritias. The speech bears Herodes’ name: did Herodes' well-known interest in Kritias amount to the transcription of a whole speech? The speech concerns Thessalian affairs at approximately the time when Kritias was in Thessaly: is it exactly the time? and is the tone what we would expect Kritias' tone to be? We have much description of Kritias' prose style, and a few (...) verbatim fragments: does the style of this speech correspond? (shrink)

This essay explores the treatment of the relation between nature (phusis) and norm or convention (nomos) in Democritus and in certain Platonic dialogues. In his physical theory Democritus draws a sharp contrast between the real nature of things and their representation via human conventions, but in his political and ethical theory he maintains that moral conventions are grounded in the reality of human nature. Plato builds on that insight in the account of the nature of morality in the myth in (...) the Protagoras. That provides material for a defense of morality against the attacks by Callicles in the Gorgias and Thrasymachus and Glaucon in the Republic, all of whom seek to use the nature-convention contrast to devalue morality. (shrink)

In this article, both Anaxagoras' theory of multiple worlds and the principles of his theory of matter are examined. It is argued that the five principles, which are set out explicitly in the extant fragments, (No Becoming, Indefinite Types, Universal Mixture, Predominance, and Infinite Divisibility) form a consistent set. Further, it is argued that the principle of Homoeomereity, which Anaxagoras attributes to Anaxagoras, is consistent with Anaxagoras' other principles and is likely to be a genuine principle of Anaxagoras' physics.

In this article, it is argued that, although there is significant debate over the nature of Anaxagoras' response to Parmenides, it is likely that Anaxagoras advances his physical theory in opposition to Parmenides' Numerical Monism. It is unlikely that Anaxagoras aims to develop a theory that harmonizes with the Predicational Monism that is sometimes ascribed to Parmenides. In addition, it is argued that, although some modern scholars suggest that Anaxagoras posits nous as a planning cause, no compelling argument has yet (...) been advanced against Plato's interpretation, according to which Anaxagoras is not a proponent of teleological explanation. (shrink)

Aristotle holds that individual substances are ontologically independent from nonsubstances and universal substances but that non-substances and universal substances are ontologically dependent on substances. There is then an asymmetry between individual substances and other kinds of beings with respect to ontological dependence. Under what could plausibly be called the standard interpretation, the ontological independence ascribed to individual substances and denied of non-substances and universal substances is a capacity for independent existence. There is, however, a tension between this interpretation and the (...) asymmetry between individual substances and the other kinds of entities with respect to ontological independence. I will propose an alternative interpretation: to weaken the relevant notion of ontological independence from a capacity for independent existence to the independent possession of a certain ontological status. (shrink)

Democritus is generally understood to have anticipated the seventeenthcentury distinction between primary and secondary qualities. I argue that this is not the case, and that instead for Democritus all sensible qualities are conventional.

This article discusses Xenophanes' “cloud astro-physics”. It analyses and explains all heavenly and meteorological phenomena in terms of clouds. It provides a view of this newer Xenophanes, who is now being recognized as an important philosopher-scientist in his own right and a crucial figure in the development of critical thought about human knowledge and its objects in the next generation of Presocratic thinkers. Xenophanes' account has been preserved in Aëtius, the doxographic compendium reconstructed by Hermann Diels late in the nineteenth (...) century mainly from two sources that show extensive parallelism: pseudo-Plutarch Placita Philosophorum or Epitome of Physical Opinions ; and Ioannes Stobaeus' Eclogae Physicae or Physical Extracts. In the Stobaeus version, which is also the one printed in the standard edition of the Pre-socratics. (shrink)

This article questions whether, once the conception of metaphysics as grounded in the philosophy of language has been jettisoned, Dummett's arguments against semantic realism can retain any relevance to the realist/antirealist debate. By focussing on realism about the external world as an example, it reaches the conclusion that even without Dummett's conception of philosophy as grounded in the theory of meaning, his arguments against semantic realism do retain a limited but nevertheless genuine significance for the metaphysical debate. It emerges, though, (...) that a certain key assumption, connecting the notions of linguistic understanding and knowledge, and necessary if Dummett's arguments are to have even this limited significance, is both underexplained and underdefended. The article concludes with some brief remarks on the cogency of the manifestation argument against semantic realism. (shrink)

Recently, the Pythagoreans have received rather more attention, both in their own right and as part of the developing picture of Presocratic thought, than they received for much of the twentieth century. Thanks to these studies, a new and more complicated picture is emerging. This article refines this picture critically examining Aristotle's claims about Pythagorean influence on Plato, along with the related question of who among early Greek thinkers actually counts as a Pythagorean. It provides a reminder that Aristotle's account (...) of the history of earlier thought is always a history of just a part of the philosophy of his predecessors, and makes clear that the eagerness with which some present-day scholars find Pythagorean influence on later thought may be misplaced. (shrink)

It has been widely noted that Humean supervenience , according to which everything supervenes on intrinsic properties of point-sized things and the spatiotemporal relations between them, is at odds with the nonlocal character of quantum mechanics, according to which not everything supervenes on intrinsic properties of point-sized things and the spatiotemporal relations between them. In particular, a standard view is that the parts of a composite quantum system instantiate further relations which are not accounted for in Lewis's Humean mosaic. But (...) that suggests a simple solution: Why couldn't Lewis simply add these new relations to the supervenience basis? The aim of this article is to use Humean supervenience as a foil to spell out a feature of entanglement of general metaphysical interest: The way in which the metaphysical lessons drawn for two-party systems ramify when systems of many parties are considered. The main conclusion is that the proposed simple fix in fact results in a supervenience thesis different in kind from Lewis's, by making the relations in the supervenience basis global in a certain sense. (shrink)

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae proposed a theory of everything. Like other Presocratics, Anaxagoras addressed topics that could now be placed outside the sphere of philosophical inquiry: not only did he explore metaphysics and the nature of human understanding but he also offered explanations in physics, meteorology, astronomy, physiology, and biology. His aim seems to have been to explain as completely as possible the world in which human beings live, and one's knowledge of that world; thus he seeks to investigate the universe (...) from top to bottom. This article explores Anaxagoras's world from its basic foundations. It undertakes to show the connections among the metaphysical, epistemological, and cosmological parts of Anaxagoras's theory. The discovery and publication of new material has also enhanced the understanding of Presocratic thought. A spectacular example is the new material from Empedocles of Acragas that has become available. (shrink)

According to Existence Monism, there is only one concrete object in existence—the world. This view is to be contrasted with Existence Pluralism, which posits multiple concrete objects. In a recent Analysis paper, Sider (Analysis 2007; 67:1–7) presents arguments against Existence Monism claiming that there are evident features of statespace, which the monist is at a loss to explain. Given that the pluralist can give plausible and satisfying explanations of these features, we have good reason to favor pluralism over monism, or (...) so Sider supposes. This article constitutes a response to Sider’s claims. I will show how, by appealing to the world’s properties as opposed to the world’s parts, the monist is able to explain these features of statespace perfectly well. (shrink)

As a first stab, call a property recurrent if it can be possessed by more than one object, and nonrecurrent if it can be possessed by at most one object. The question whether Aristotle holds that there are nonrecurrent properties has spawned a lively and ongoing debate among commentators over the last forty-five years. One source of textual evidence in the Categories, drawn on in this debate, is Aristotle’s claim that certain properties are inseparable from what they are in. Here (...) the point of contention is whether this commits Aristotle to holding that these properties are inseparable from individuals, since it is commonly held that a property is nonrecurrent, if it is inseparable from an individual. I argue that this evidence is neutral on the question whether there are nonrecurrent properties in Aristotle. One of my aims here is to disentangle the question of recurrence from local issues of individuality and universality in the Categories. But another aim is to turn from the textual considerations, which have dominated the debate, to broader methodological considerations. It is a shared assumption among all those who look to textual evidence from the Categories, so to decide whether Aristotle believes there are nonrecurrent properties, that in this work Aristotle is engaged in a project where the question of recurrence is relevant. I argue that Aristotle’s concerns in the Categories are disjoint from the question of recurrence, and so this shared assumption is false. (shrink)

I address the question whether Dummetts manifestation challenge to semantic realism can be disarmed by reflection on the compositionality of meaning. Building on work of Dummett and Wright, I develop in §§12 what I argue to be the most formidable version of the manifestation challenge. Along the way I review attempts by previous authors to deploy considerations about compositionality in realisms favour, and argue that they are unsuccessful. The formulation of the challenge I develop renders explicit something which I argue (...) to be implicit in Dummetts and Wrights presentations: that the challenge depends on a contention about the constitution of speakers states of declarative sentence understanding: i.e., that many such states incorporate abilities to recognize whether the associated sentences truth conditions are satisfied. In §3 I argue that reflection on the compositionality of meaning reveals, first, that this contention must be rejected by the realist, and second, that it is unmotivated. This result does not settle the debate over the manifestation challenge, but it implies that the onus of argument does not currently rest with the realist. (shrink)

У статті проводиться аналіз ґендерної проблематики, що є визначальною й актуальною для сучасного суспільства. Подається історичний огляд феміністично-філософських концепцій і робиться акцент на необхідності переосмислення ролі жінки в культурі та суспільстві. Розкривається поняття ґендер у соціокультурному та персонологічному контекстах як особливий метод впорядкування соціальної практики. Висвітлюється різноманітні підходи до розуміння ґендерної проблематики у сучасній західній парадигмі науки.

Результаты недавних кросс-лингвистических исследований инпута предоставили новые ар-гументы к неутихающей дискуссии о ведущих факторах речевого онтогенеза. Анализ различных способов реагирования взрослого на детскую речевую продукцию, интерпретируемых как позитивные / негативные свидетельства, показы-вает, что инпут помогает ребенку обнаружить и запомнить правильное / ошибочное. Полученные данные способны существенно ослабить тезис о «лингвистической бедности» обращенной к ребенку речи взрослого, а значит – и о ключевой роли «врожденных языковых структур» в про-цессе освоения языка. Предполагается также, что взрослый довольно чувствителен к детским аграмматизмам. Однако остается (...) неизвестным, ошибки каких типов провоцируют негативный инпут в большей степени, поскольку практически отсутствуют исследования, выполненные на ма-териале морфологически богатых языков. Кроме того, обнаружение предпочтительных тактик реагирования взрослых – носителей разных язы-ков – ставит вопрос о факторах, обусловливающих качественное своеобразие их «реактивного репер-туара». В статье обсуждаются прагматические, коммуникативные и структурные характеристики реплик-реакций русскоязычного взрослого на ошибочные и «неполные» глагольные выска-зывания ребенка раннего возраста. Результаты сопоставляются с аналогичными данными, полученными при анализе инпута языков, разли-чающихся с точки зрения богатства флективной системы, – литовского, французского и немецкого. (shrink)

The article concerns one of the most important issues of our time – the problem of the quality of modern leaders’ thinking. Under conditions of historical challenges previously not observed, in terms of fundamental changes in the economy, socio-political, informational and other spheres, incommensurably with the circumstances of past ages, the dependence of all people from leaders’ decisions has increased. One of the reasons for the deficit of leaders, who think profoundly, are truly educated and are comprehensively developed, is narrowness (...) of thinking, poor philosophical culture, ignoring of the knowledge, verified by life, that philosophy has accumulated over the millennia of its existence in the context of various cultures and civilizations. (shrink)