Since it appeared in 1971, John Rawls's A Theory of Justice has become a classic. The author has now revised the original edition to clear up a number of difficulties he and others have found in the original book. Rawls aims to express an essential part of the common core of the democratic tradition--justice as fairness--and to provide an alternative to utilitarianism, which had dominated the Anglo-Saxon tradition of political thought since the nineteenth century. Rawls substitutes the ideal of the (...) social contract as a more satisfactory account of the basic rights and liberties of citizens as free and equal persons. "Each person," writes Rawls, "possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override." Advancing the ideas of Rousseau, Kant, Emerson, and Lincoln, Rawls's theory is as powerful today as it was when first published. (shrink)

Though the revised edition of A Theory of Justice, published in 1999, is the definitive statement of Rawls's view, so much of the extensive literature on Rawls's theory refers to the first edition.

Many poor and oppressed people wish to leave their countries of origin in the third world to come to affluent Western societies. This essay argues that there is little justification for keeping them out. The essay draws on three contemporary approaches to political theory - the Rawlsian,the Nozickean, and the utilitarian - to construct arguments for open borders. The fact that all three theories converge upon the same results on this issue, despite their significant disagreements on others, strengthens the case (...) for open borders and reveals its roots in our deep commitment to respect all human beings as free and equal moral persons. The final part of the essay considers communitarian objections to this conclusion, especially those of Michael Walzer. (shrink)

This is the text of The Lindley Lecture for 1984, given by Alasdair Maclntyre, a Scottish philosopher.

"Malaise dans la culture. Car la culture, c'est la vie avec la pensée. Et on constate aujourd'hui qu'il est courant de baptiser culturelles des activités où la pensée n'a aucune part. Des gestes élémentaires aux grandes créations de l'esprit, tout devient ainsi prétendument culturel. Pourquoi alors choisir la vraie culture, au lien de s'abandonner aux délices de la consommation et de la publicité, ou à tous les automatismes enracinés dans l'histoire? Certes, nul ne sort plus son revolver quand il entend (...) le mot " culture ". Mais, champions de la modernité ou apôtres de la différence, ils sont de plus en plus nombreux ceux qui, lorsqu'ils entendent le mot " pensée ", sortent leur culture. Une question simple est à l'origine de ce livre : comment en est-on arrivé là?". (shrink)