Results for 'PPP'

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  1. 經濟指標與經濟發展之關聯性初探.Jr-Jiun Lian & Huang Yun-Shaing - 2016 - 全國高級中等學校小論文寫作比賽(全國商業類首獎).
    本論文探討了經濟指標與經濟發展之間的相關性,著重於 GDP、購買力平 價(PPP)、經濟成長率、失業率等常見的經濟指標,並對台灣、日本、韓國、 美國和中國等國家的數據進行比較分析。研究發現,單一經濟指標無法全面反 映一國的經濟發展,需要結合多個指標來更準確地評估經濟狀況。論文也討論 了各國在經濟成長中的表現差異,以及貧富差距和失業率對經濟發展的影響, 並強調了購買力平價在跨國比較中的重要性。最後,文章指出在衡量經濟發展 時,除了 GDP,還應考慮收入分配及社會福祉等因素。 -/- 關鍵詞:經濟指標、國內生產毛額 (GDP)、購買力平價 (PPP)、經濟成長率、 失業率 .
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  2. Moral Responsibility for Climate Change Loss and Damage: A response to the Excusable Ignorance Objection.Laura Garcia-Portela - 2020 - Teorema: International Journal of Philosophy 1 (39):7-24.
    The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) states that polluters should bear the burdens as- sociated with their pollution. This principle has been highly contested because of the pu- tative impossibility of considering individuals morally responsible for an important amount of their emissions. For the PPP faces the so-called excusable ignorance objec- tion, which states that polluters were for a long time non-negligently ignorant about the negative consequences of greenhouse gas emissions and, thus, cannot be considered morally responsible for their negative consequences. (...)
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  3. Surrogate Perspectives on Patient Preference Predictors: Good Idea, but I Should Decide How They Are Used.Dana Howard, Allan Rivlin, Philip Candilis, Neal W. Dickert, Claire Drolen, Benjamin Krohmal, Mark Pavlick & David Wendler - 2022 - AJOB Empirical Bioethics 13 (2):125-135.
    Background: Current practice frequently fails to provide care consistent with the preferences of decisionally-incapacitated patients. It also imposes significant emotional burden on their surrogates. Algorithmic-based patient preference predictors (PPPs) have been proposed as a possible way to address these two concerns. While previous research found that patients strongly support the use of PPPs, the views of surrogates are unknown. The present study thus assessed the views of experienced surrogates regarding the possible use of PPPs as a means to help make (...)
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  4. Algorithms Advise, Humans Decide: the Evidential Role of the Patient Preference Predictor.Nicholas Makins - forthcoming - Journal of Medical Ethics.
    An AI-based “patient preference predictor” (PPP) is a proposed method for guiding healthcare decisions for patients who lack decision-making capacity. The proposal is to use correlations between sociodemographic data and known healthcare preferences to construct a model that predicts the unknown preferences of a particular patient. In this paper, I highlight a distinction that has been largely overlooked so far in debates about the PPP–that between algorithmic prediction and decision-making–and argue that much of the recent philosophical disagreement stems from this (...)
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  5. Allocating the Burdens of Climate Action: Consumption-Based Carbon Accounting and the Polluter-Pays Principle.Ross Mittiga - 2018 - In Beth Edmondson & Stuart Levy (eds.), Transformative Climates and Accountable Governance. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 157-194.
    Action must be taken to combat climate change. Yet, how the costs of climate action should be allocated among states remains a question. One popular answer—the polluter-pays principle (PPP)—stipulates that those responsible for causing the problem should pay to address it. While intuitively plausible, the PPP has been subjected to withering criticism in recent years. It is timely, following the Paris Agreement, to develop a new version: one that does not focus on historical production-based emissions but rather allocates climate burdens (...)
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  6. The Patient preference predictor and the objection from higher-order preferences.Jakob Thrane Mainz - 2023 - Journal of Medical Ethics 49 (3):221-222.
    Recently, Jardas _et al_ have convincingly defended the patient preference predictor (PPP) against a range of autonomy-based objections. In this response, I propose a new autonomy-based objection to the PPP that is not explicitly discussed by Jardas _et al_. I call it the ‘objection from higher-order preferences’. Even if this objection is not sufficient reason to reject the PPP, the objection constitutes a pro tanto reason that is at least as powerful as the ones discussed by Jardas _et al._.
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  7. Personalized Patient Preference Predictors Are Neither Technically Feasible nor Ethically Desirable.Nathaniel Sharadin - 2024 - American Journal of Bioethics 24 (7):62-65.
    Except in extraordinary circumstances, patients' clinical care should reflect their preferences. Incapacitated patients cannot report their preferences. This is a problem. Extant solutions to the problem are inadequate: surrogates are unreliable, and advance directives are uncommon. In response, some authors have suggested developing algorithmic "patient preference predictors" (PPPs) to inform care for incapacitated patients. In a recent paper, Earp et al. propose a new twist on PPPs. Earp et al. suggest we personalize PPPs using modern machine learning (ML) techniques. In (...)
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  8. Towards a Just Solar Radiation Management Compensation System: A Defense of the Polluter Pays Principle.Robert K. Garcia - 2014 - Ethics, Policy and Environment 17 (2):178-182.
    In their ‘Ethical and Technical Challenges in Compensating for Harm Due to Solar Radiation Management Geoengineering’ (2014), Toby Svoboda and Peter Irvine (S&I) argue that there are significant technical and ethical challenges that stand in the way of crafting a just solar radiation management (SRM) compensation system. My aim in this article is to contribute to the project of addressing these problems. I do so by focusing on one of S&I’s important ethical challenges, their claim that the polluter pays principle (...)
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  9. Pattern Ontologies at Work.Holly K. Andersen - forthcoming - In Roberto Gronda (ed.), Pragmatism and Philosophy of Science. Routledge Studies in the Philosophy of Science series.
    Patterns and pattern ontologies are a powerful way for pragmatists to address metaphysical issues by rejecting a false dichotomy between pluralism and realism. However, there is a common misconception about patterns that I call the philosophically perverse patterns (PPP) problem. Here, critics of patterns invent perverse examples that meet the metaphysical criteria to count as patterns. I defuse this concern by showing how PPP misunderstands what the pragmatist metaphysics of patterns is supposed to accomplish: the bare definition should not rule (...)
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  10.  66
    A Preliminary Study on the Correlation Between Economic Indicators and Economic Development.Jr-Jiun Lian & Huang Yun-Shiang - 2016 - The National High School Essay Writing Competition(National First Prize in Business Category).
    This paper explores the correlation between economic indicators and economic development, focusing on common economic indicators such as GDP, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), economic growth rate, and unemployment rate. It compares and analyzes data from Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and China. The study finds that a single economic indicator cannot fully reflect a country's economic development and that multiple indicators must be considered to assess the economic situation more accurately. The paper also discusses differences in economic growth (...)
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  11.  40
    A Gestão Democrática Participativa Do Projeto Político -Pedagógico da Escola.Aparecido Freire Tiago - manuscript
    O presente artigo possui o objetivo geral de investigar a prática da gestão democrática participativa do Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP) sob perspectivas bibliográficas. O objetivo específico é analisar a figura do gestor democrático, como formador de decisões, a partir da escuta e diálogo com conselhos, coletivos e comunidade. A inserção do gestor nesse ambiente é fundamental para elaborar e executar o PPP. A prática democrática participativa passa pela escuta, diálogo e inclusão da pluralidade do plano, como representante maior, do lugar (...)
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  12.  19
    A Gestão Democrática Participativa do Projeto Político Pedagógico da Escola.Tiago Aparecido Freire - unknown
    O presente artigo possui o objetivo geral de investigar a prática da gestão democrática participativa do Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP) sob perspectivas bibliográficas. O objetivo específico é analisar a figura do gestor democrático, como formador de decisões, a partir da escuta e diálogo com conselhos, coletivos e comunidade. A inserção do gestor nesse ambiente é fundamental para elaborar e executar o PPP. A prática democrática participativa passa pela escuta, diálogo e inclusão da pluralidade do plano, como representante maior, do lugar (...)
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  13. The Humanistic Paradigm and Bio-Psyhco-Social Approach as a Basis of Social Support for People with Mental Health Problems.Nataliia Bondarenko - 2018 - Psychology and Psychosocial Interventions 1:8-14.
    The article discusses the actual problem of social support for people with mental health problems, which has an important place in the study field of social psychology and social work.The article also deals with the definition of the concept of “mental health”, the problem of introducing the term “mental health problems” as a way to avoid stigmatization, and the spread of a humanistic attitude to persons with a psychiatric diagnosis. It also discussed modern theoretical approaches that offer an understanding of (...)
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  14. Embodied Cognition and Emotional Intelligence. A brief discussion.David Tomasi - manuscript
    This brief essay examines the basic parameters of the neuroscientific and philosophical understanding at the basis of emotional and cognitive processes in the broader context of Embodied cognition. More in detail, the discussion follows a series of areas of investigation, structured via responses to basic questions, namely: A) Impact of mind-body dualism in everyday life, B) Possible Preferred Perspective (PPP) under the lenses of Emotional Intelligence, C) Simulation-Theory vs. Theory-Theory D) Neuropsychological paired-deficits vs. Physiological Investigations E) Influence of social distancing (...)
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  15. Predicting and Preferring.Nathaniel Sharadin - forthcoming - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy.
    The use of machine learning, or “artificial intelligence” (AI) in medicine is widespread and growing. In this paper, I focus on a specific proposed clinical application of AI: using models to predict incapacitated patients’ treatment preferences. Drawing on results from machine learning, I argue this proposal faces a special moral problem. Machine learning researchers owe us assurance on this front before experimental research can proceed. In my conclusion I connect this concern to broader issues in AI safety.
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  16. The policy failures of central governments during east bengal crisis, 1947-71.Kashif Iqbal - 2019 - Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 58 (2):107-119.
    The incident of 1971 is a historical concern. Both wings of Pakistan were united at the time of the creation of Pakistan but some policies that were adopted after the creation of Pakistan were inadequate to resolve the growing differences between the both wings. Writers are divided regarding the causes of the Fall of Dhaka. Indian involvement has been highlighted frequently and it is also said that East Bengal was on the distance of 1000 km from West Pakistan. Apart from (...)
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