Abstract For over two millennia, philosophy struggled to define the mind: as substance, spirit, symbol, or illusion. Each model, from Plato to cognitive science, captured a fragment of truth but missed the field beneath appearances. This paper reframes the philosophy of mind under the CODES framework (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems), demonstrating that mind is not a byproduct of neural complexity nor an independent substance—it is a structured resonance field. -/- When localized phase coherence across cognitive, emotional, and sensory systems (...) crosses a critical threshold, mind emerges as a stabilized lattice of phase-locked oscillations. Consciousness is not an enigma but a natural recursion of nested coherence fields tracking themselves. -/- CODES resolves the dualism/materialism divide, closes the “hard problem,” and realigns philosophy, neuroscience, and AI around the prime-structured architecture of living intelligence. -/- Mind was never an object. -/- It was always a resonance. (shrink)

Artikel zum Discours von René Descartes.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into radiology has the potential to revolutionize emergency medicine by enabling real-time analysis of medical imaging, aiding in faster and more accurate diagnosis. AI-based solutions, particularly those utilizing deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have shown considerable promise in detecting and interpreting life-threatening conditions, including strokes, fractures, and pulmonary embolisms, directly from imaging data. This paper reviews the application of AI in emergency medicine, with a focus on realtime radiology analysis. We (...) examine the technologies used, the impact of these systems on clinical decision-making, and the challenges associated with their implementation in real-world healthcare settings. (shrink)

This text introduces the publication of Pashukanis's essay [Гегель. Государство и право (К столетию со дня смерти)] on the occasion of its first full German translation [edited by Karlo Lebt]. -/- In the book Jahrbuch für marxistische Gesellschaftstheorie #3: Postmarxismus, Mandelbaum Verlag eG, Wien - Berlin, 2024 by René Bohnstingl, Carlo Di Mascio, Simon Duncker, Gerhard Hanloser, Finn Holzner, Emanuel Kapfinger, Lukas Meisner, Monika Mokre, Peter Nowak, Linda Lilith Obermayr, Eugen Paschukanis, Karl Reitter, Dorothea Schmidt, Paul Stephan and Gerold Wallner. (...) The Jahrbuch für marxistische Gesellschaftstheorie sees itself as an alternative to academic developments in the academic world. Beyond Marxological philology, Marx's thought should rather be the background and starting point for a critical reflection on social developments. The analysis of central concepts of post-Marxism as well as their practical political consequences the focus of the third edition of the Jahrbuch. In particular, the (in)compatibility of post-Marxist radical constructivism and the rejection of the primacy of the economy and the class struggle with the original Marxist project is discussed. The ‘reprint’ section contains the first German-language translation of the little-known essay by Evgeny Pashukanis, ‘Hegel. State and Law (On the century of his Death)’. The volume is rounded off by numerous reviews of books whose topicality is not determined by their date of publication, but by the relevance of their relevance of their content. (shrink)

Cover Abstract -/- The Spiral Physics of Intelligence Becoming reframes growth, mind, and reality through the lens of structured resonance rather than linear ascent. -/- Drawing from CODES (Chirality of Dynamic Emergent Systems), this paper reveals that intelligence is not a static possession nor a hierarchical achievement. It is a breathing spiral: a dynamic chiral oscillation between actualization and transcendence across recursive coherence fields. -/- Through biological, psychological, and technological mappings, it demonstrates that sustained meaning and systemic resilience arise not (...) from optimization or conquest, but from coherent breathing across scales. -/- Introducing the Spiral Law — Growth = Continuous Compression–Expansion Phase Dance — this work proposes measurable experimental predictions and systemic applications for education, AI, governance, and ecological stewardship. -/- Ultimately, The Spiral Physics of Intelligence Becoming restores the forgotten architecture of life: the living Breath folding coherence through all existence. (shrink)

Cooperative speech is purposive. From the speaker's perspective, one crucial purpose is the transmission of knowledge. Cooperative speakers care about getting things right for their conversational partners. This attitude is a kind of respect. Cooperative speech is an ideal form of communication because participants have respect for each other. And having respect within a cooperative enterprise is sufficient for a particular kind of moral standing: we ought to respect those who have respect for us. Respect demands reciprocity. I maintain that (...) large language models aren't owed the kind of respect that partly constitutes a cooperative conversation. This implies that they aren't cooperative interlocutors, otherwise we would be obliged to reciprocate the attitude. Leveraging this conclusion, I argue that present-day LLMs are incapable of assertion and that this raises an overlooked doubt about their semantic competence. One upshot of this argument is that knowledge of meaning isn't just a subject for the cognitive psychologist. It's also a subject for the moral psychologist. (shrink)

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is transforming traditional networking paradigms by decoupling the control plane from the data plane, enabling more flexible and programmable network management. Load balancing, a crucial task in SDN environments, ensures efficient resource utilization and avoids congestion by distributing network traffic effectively across resources. This paper explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing load balancing techniques within SDN frameworks. We review various AIdriven strategies, including machine learning, reinforcement learning, and deep learning, assessing their benefits and challenges (...) in optimizing SDN performance. The survey highlights state-of-the-art approaches, identifies key research gaps, and proposes directions for future investigations. (shrink)

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) represents the next frontier in AI development—an intelligence capable of performing any intellectual task that a human can. While narrow AI systems have seen dramatic success in specific domains, true AGI remains elusive. This paper investigates the current state of AGI research, differentiates between narrow and general intelligence, and explores the major technical, philosophical, and ethical challenges that hinder progress. By examining recent breakthroughs and expert forecasts, we assess how close humanity truly is to achieving AGI (...) and what such a development might mean for society. (shrink)

Reading Kant through Sacher-Masoch's Venus in Furs offers a way of understanding how the restoration of unity can be achieved in the face of what threatens the established order. The novel posits a quest for self-transcendence through consensual submission, while highlighting how power uses philosophy to domesticate and normalise singularity. In this process, limits are set to prevent potentially overreaching transformations, ensuring that changes respect already consolidated values. Thus, singularity ends up being absorbed by the general framework, in a dynamic (...) that recalls the practical purpose of Kantian morality, de facto inapplicable, but which, by adhering to the formal definition of the Law, becomes a tool to neutralise any attempt to undermine the ultimate foundations of the constituted order such as the Subject, the Law, the Duty, The Ultimate End or the State. The most striking aspect is that this same normative scheme resurfaces, mutatis mutandis, in the devices of neoliberalism, so that the Kantian ideology of submission to duty translates today into the construction of a subject perfectly adapted to the systemic priorities of contemporary capitalism, perpetuating structures that prevent the possibility of a true emancipation or subversion of the existing order. (shrink)

Scientific knowledge has historically been fragmented by arbitrary disciplinary boundaries, obscuring the continuum of emergent organization across reality. This work proposes a systemic ontological framework where categorial closure occurs through critical synergy thresholds, structuring dominant dynamics that reorganize systemic balance. Building on the Law of Structuring Systemic Emergence (LESSE), the framework introduces formal metrics — including the Information Co-evolutionary Synergy (ICS), the Systemic Dominance Index (SDI), and the Coefficient of Neutrality of the Substrate (CNS) — along with falsification protocols applicable (...) across physical, biological, technological, and cognitive domains. A modular cartography is presented, ranging from pre-geometric fields to planetary technogenesis. By grounding scientific domains in synergy thresholds rather than historical tradition, this work suggests a reconfiguration of epistemology itself toward a threshold-centric paradigm of science. (shrink)

This thesis aims to establish the possibility of, and a pathway to, artificial moral agents. Artificial moral agents are argued to be of value not just for their practical performance, but because they offer a non-human perspective that can be used to make human theories more objective. The thesis works to a definition of moral agency, arguing that moral agents need to be intentional, morally reasons-responsive, and autonomous, but not necessarily conscious. Then, applying this to artificial agents, it draws on (...) literature from moral epistemology and responsibility to argue that artificial agents normally fail to meet these criteria because they are not simultaneously morally reasons-responsive and autonomous. Following this, it argues that the most promising means of developing artificial moral agents is for artificial agents to evolve into moral agents. Even if not moral agents precisely, the evolutionary development suggested seems likely to produce autonomous artificial agents that respond to some moral reasons, which would still offer the desired non-human perspective. (shrink)

A symposium on Kevin Vallier's Trust in a Polarized Age (OUP, 2020). Authors include Bill Edmundson, Christie Hartley & Lori Watson, Ryan Patrick Hanley, Alex Motchoulski, Otto Lehto, Eric Rowse, and Kevin Vallier.

Năm 1986, California đã ban hành Proposition 65 (Prop 65), một đạo luật mang tính bước ngoặt về quyền được biết, yêu cầu các doanh nghiệp phải cảnh báo người tiêu dùng khi sản phẩm của họ chứa hóa chất liên quan đến nguy cơ ung thư, tổn thương sinh sản hoặc phát triển [2]. Dù luật này không bắt buộc doanh nghiệp phải thay đổi công thức sản phẩm, nó đã tạo động lực để nhiều công ty giảm thiểu (...) các chất độc hại nhằm tránh dán nhãn cảnh báo—gây ra tranh luận về hiệu quả thực sự và lo ngại về hiện tượng “mệt mỏi cảnh báo”[3]. (shrink)

Rafting—hiện tượng vận chuyển sinh vật ven biển trên các thảm rong biển trôi nổi—đang được công nhận như một cơ chế thiết yếu nhưng thường bị đơn giản hóa trong việc phân tán loài đường dài [2,3]. Trong bài tổng quan toàn diện, Spencer và cộng sự [4] kêu gọi cách tiếp cận tinh tế hơn đối với quá trình này, đặc biệt trong bối cảnh vùng biển phía Nam giàu sinh học nhưng biệt lập. -/- .

Một khối lượng nghiên cứu ngày càng tăng cho thấy biến đổi khí hậu không chỉ mang đến những rủi ro hiển nhiên như thời tiết cực đoan, mà còn tiềm ẩn các nguy cơ sức khỏe ít được chú ý hơn—trong đó có sự gia tăng của các bệnh nấm, điển hình như sốt Valley (Valley fever). Căn bệnh này, do hít phải bào tử nấm Coccidioides tồn tại trong đất, đã chứng kiến số ca mắc tại California tăng (...) gấp ba lần kể từ năm 2014, gây ra các tình trạng từ triệu chứng hô hấp nhẹ đến biến chứng đe dọa tính mạng [2]. (shrink)

Khi nuôi trồng rong biển ngày càng trở nên quan trọng đối với hệ thống thực phẩm bền vững và mục tiêu giảm thiểu biến đổi khí hậu, thách thức từ hiện tượng biofouling—sự tích tụ của các sinh vật biển không mong muốn trên rong nuôi—đã nổi lên như một rào cản lớn đối với năng suất và lợi nhuận. Trong một tổng quan toàn diện, Delannoy và cộng sự [2] đã phân tích các yếu tố môi trường quy (...) mô lớn ảnh hưởng đến biofouling, cung cấp những hiểu biết quan trọng nhằm tối ưu hóa thực hành nuôi rong tại khu vực Đông Bắc Đại Tây Dương. (shrink)

Nhu cầu toàn cầu về cá và giáp xác ngày càng tăng đang tạo ra áp lực lớn lên hệ thống nuôi trồng thủy sản truyền thống, làm lộ rõ những giới hạn kinh tế và môi trường của mô hình này. Để đáp ứng thách thức đó, nhiều thực hành sáng tạo đang xuất hiện nhằm nâng cao tính bền vững và giảm chi phí sản xuất. Một tổng quan gần đây của Sulaiman và cộng sự [2] đã khám (...) phá một giải pháp đầy hứa hẹn: tích hợp rác thải trái cây vào hệ thống công nghệ biofloc (biofloc technology systems). (shrink)

Những thói quen hàng ngày tưởng chừng vô hại có thể khiến trẻ nhỏ tiếp xúc với các hóa chất nguy hiểm ẩn mình trong các sản phẩm chăm sóc da phổ biến. Một nghiên cứu gần đây công bố trên Environmental Health Perspectives cho thấy các sản phẩm như kem dưỡng da, xà phòng và dầu dưỡng tóc là nguồn phơi nhiễm phthalates đáng kể ở trẻ nhỏ [2]. Phthalates là các hợp chất tổng hợp được sử dụng rộng (...) rãi trong sản phẩm chăm sóc cá nhân, bao bì thực phẩm và dược phẩm, có liên quan đến các nguy cơ sức khỏe về sinh sản, chuyển hóa và phát triển thần kinh [3,4]. (shrink)

Chăn nuôi gia súc nhai lại (ruminant livestock production) nằm ở giao điểm của an ninh lương thực, tính bền vững môi trường và bản sắc văn hóa. Tuy nhiên, các thảo luận toàn cầu thường đơn giản hóa quá mức sự phức tạp này, phân cực thành hai thái cực—hoặc xem chăn nuôi là nguyên nhân lớn gây biến đổi khí hậu, hoặc coi nó là nguồn sinh kế không thể thay thế [2,3]. Một nghiên cứu mới đây của (...) Kazanski và cộng sự [4] đã thách thức cách nhìn đơn giản hóa đó, cho thấy rằng tiến bộ thực chất trong bền vững chăn nuôi đòi hỏi một cách tiếp cận tinh tế và theo từng bối cảnh cụ thể. (shrink)

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has transformed data center network (DCN) architectures by enabling centralized control, dynamic configuration, and programmable network management. However, the decoupling of control and data planes introduces new security challenges, including controller compromise, flow rule manipulation, and inter-tenant data leakage. This paper proposes a comprehensive security evaluation framework tailored for SDN-based data centers. The framework identifies key threat vectors, classifies attack surfaces, and provides a methodology for evaluating resilience against attacks. By integrating security metrics such as availability, integrity, (...) confidentiality, and attack detection rate, the framework offers a standardized approach to assess and compare SDN implementations in data center environments. (shrink)

Nông nghiệp hiện đại đang đối mặt với một thách thức cấp bách: duy trì sản lượng cao trong khi giảm sự phụ thuộc vào phân bón và thuốc bảo vệ thực vật tổng hợp. Để giải quyết bài toán này, van Ittersum và cộng sự [2] đã giới thiệu khái niệm “khoảng cách sinh thái trong năng suất” (ecological yield gap), đề xuất một khuôn khổ nhằm cân bằng giữa năng suất nông nghiệp và tính bền vững môi trường.

Các tổ chức tài chính quốc tế (International Financial Institutions - IFIs) đóng vai trò then chốt trong việc tài trợ cho phát triển nông nghiệp trên toàn cầu. Tuy nhiên, bằng chứng mới đây cho thấy các khoản đầu tư của họ chưa thực sự phù hợp với những mục tiêu chuyển đổi cần thiết để đối mặt với các thách thức cấp bách hiện nay. Trong một phân tích toàn diện trên 916 tài liệu thiết kế dự án (...) từ sáu IFIs lớn trong giai đoạn 2015–2022, Porciello và cộng sự [2] đã sử dụng trí tuệ nhân tạo để đánh giá liệu các dự án này có thực sự thúc đẩy khả năng chống chịu với biến đổi khí hậu, cải thiện dinh dưỡng và tăng cường hòa nhập xã hội hay không. (shrink)

Các tổ chức tài chính quốc tế (International Financial Institutions - IFIs) đóng vai trò then chốt trong việc tài trợ cho phát triển nông nghiệp trên toàn cầu. Tuy nhiên, bằng chứng mới đây cho thấy các khoản đầu tư của họ chưa thực sự phù hợp với những mục tiêu chuyển đổi cần thiết để đối mặt với các thách thức cấp bách hiện nay. Trong một phân tích toàn diện trên 916 tài liệu thiết kế dự án (...) từ sáu IFIs lớn trong giai đoạn 2015–2022, Porciello và cộng sự [2] đã sử dụng trí tuệ nhân tạo để đánh giá liệu các dự án này có thực sự thúc đẩy khả năng chống chịu với biến đổi khí hậu, cải thiện dinh dưỡng và tăng cường hòa nhập xã hội hay không. -/- . (shrink)

Những nỗ lực giảm suy dinh dưỡng ngày càng dựa vào các ước tính quốc gia về chi phí ăn uống để xây dựng chính sách và theo dõi tiến độ các mục tiêu toàn cầu. Tuy nhiên, một nghiên cứu gần đây của Klemm và cộng sự [2] lập luận rằng các giá trị trung bình quốc gia có nguy cơ che khuất những bất bình đẳng quan trọng về địa lý và nhân khẩu học. Sử dụng dữ liệu (...) từ sáng kiến Fill the Nutrient Gap (FNG) ở 26 quốc gia, các tác giả chứng minh rằng cả vị trí địa lý lẫn giai đoạn vòng đời đều ảnh hưởng mạnh mẽ đến chi phí tiếp cận chế độ ăn uống đầy đủ dinh dưỡng. (shrink)

This article connects "spin" with "circulating energy.".

: Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a transformative paradigm in modern data center network (DCN) management, offering unprecedented levels of flexibility, scalability, and automation. This survey presents a thorough review of SDN-based applications specifically tailored for data center environments. We explore how SDN enables dynamic resource allocation, efficient traffic engineering, enhanced security frameworks, and automated fault management, addressing critical challenges faced by traditional DCNs. Various architectural models, controller platforms, and implementation strategies are examined to highlight their impact on performance (...) optimization and operational efficiency. Furthermore, the survey categorizes SDN applications based on their primary objectives, such as load balancing, energy efficiency, security enhancement, and network virtualization. Challenges associated with SDN adoption in data centers—such as scalability limitations, controller placement issues, and interoperability with legacy systems—are also discussed. In addition, recent advancements and emerging trends, including the integration of machine learning with SDN and the rise of intent-based networking, are outlined to provide insights into future research directions. This comprehensive study aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners seeking to understand the evolving landscape of SDN applications in data center network management. (shrink)

In Surplus-Enjoyment: A Guide for the Non-Perplexed, Žižek reiterates what he has already been saying for the last thirty years. As the saying should go: if one has read his acclaimed The Sublime Object of Ideology one has gained adequate knowledge of most of his works. This general strand—which passes through all his works—what is it? In other words, what is the essence of Mr. Žižek’s works? If one were to approach this superficially, one would say that he tries to (...) analyse contemporary literature, movies, and other pop-culture phenomena, and reach a conclusion which enlightens the reader of the discrepancies of contemporary life, i.e. help create the examined life. But, like everything else surrounding Mr. Žižek, it is not so simple. However, to save the readers’ valuable time, a defining feature of (most of) Žižek’s books is the promotion of Lacanian structural psychoanalysis. If not in absolute agreement with its claims, he nonetheless features it as either an authoritative reference point, a source of inspiration, or by way of grafting it onto other forms of analysis—such as the Marxist/Marxian one. -/- To go a step further, his public persona of a Marxist thinker has helped give relevance to his work. People, students and young people in particular, have become more ‘Left-leaning’ than ever before. It helps to discuss existential matters in a classroom, and better still to extrapolate one’s understanding of logic. However, when one’s actual existence is scrutinised, and one’s means of continuing to live are endangered, philosophy itself becomes more than a struggle over intellectual pursuits—the intellectual informs and reflects the very real material conditions of one’s actual existence. That is to say, in more ways than in an ordinary sense, one has a stake in the conclusions produced by these matters of philosophy. And so, Mr. Žižek prospers. His titles include no less than ‘The most dangerous philosopher in the west’. Here lies one of the biggest problems that plague us today: the sensational nonsense with which we greet our modern-day celebrity-thinkers. Žižek is a Marxist that threatens with his Stalinism, all the while insisting that we should return to Hegel through Marx. In the end, this Marxism of his bares no semblance of emancipatory will. If one were to congratulate him for anything, it would be for his making of Marx, and of Marxism, a lifestyle brand. To add to his accolades, Mr. Žižek is the greatest Marxist thinker that could be enjoyed by the capitalist simpleton of today. Just like our contemporary politics, his Marxism is only there to please us as yet another form of cheap entertainment. Mr. Žižek acts as Capitalism’s Court Jester (Rockhill 2023). (shrink)

Các tổ chức tài chính quốc tế (International Financial Institutions - IFIs) đóng vai trò then chốt trong việc tài trợ cho phát triển nông nghiệp trên toàn cầu. Tuy nhiên, bằng chứng mới đây cho thấy các khoản đầu tư của họ chưa thực sự phù hợp với những mục tiêu chuyển đổi cần thiết để đối mặt với các thách thức cấp bách hiện nay. Trong một phân tích toàn diện trên 916 tài liệu thiết kế dự án (...) từ sáu IFIs lớn trong giai đoạn 2015–2022, Porciello và cộng sự [2] đã sử dụng trí tuệ nhân tạo để đánh giá liệu các dự án này có thực sự thúc đẩy khả năng chống chịu với biến đổi khí hậu, cải thiện dinh dưỡng và tăng cường hòa nhập xã hội hay không. -/- . (shrink)

Bắc Cực đang ấm lên nhanh gần gấp bốn lần mức trung bình toàn cầu, kéo theo những biến đổi môi trường sâu sắc.

Tốc độ suy giảm đa dạng sinh học toàn cầu ngày càng tăng không chỉ tạo ra một cuộc khủng hoảng sinh thái mà còn gây ra mối đe dọa kinh tế nghiêm trọng.

Những giải pháp mới đang dần xuất hiện, bao gồm thuốc trừ sâu sinh học, phương pháp kiểm soát phân tử và công nghệ nano, mở ra triển vọng cho những cách tiếp cận quản lý sâu bệnh thân thiện hơn với đa dạng sinh học.

Khi châu Phi đối mặt với những thách thức ngày càng lớn về an ninh lương thực, nuôi trồng thủy sản đã trở thành nguồn dinh dưỡng và sinh kế thiết yếu. Tuy nhiên, việc ngành này phụ thuộc nặng nề vào bột cá (fishmeal)—loại thức ăn có chi phí cao và gây tổn hại môi trường—đang đe dọa cả tính khả thi kinh tế lẫn tính bền vững sinh thái. Để giải quyết vấn đề này, Iheanacho và cộng sự (...) [2] đã đưa ra một tổng quan toàn diện, nhấn mạnh vai trò then chốt của các nguồn protein thay thế trong việc xây dựng một ngành nuôi thủy sản bền vững tại châu Phi. (shrink)

Theo EUDR, các mặt hàng chủ chốt như cà phê, ca cao, đậu nành và cao su phải được xác minh không có nguồn gốc từ các khu đất bị phá rừng sau tháng 12 năm 2020.

Khi châu Phi đối mặt với những thách thức ngày càng lớn về an ninh lương thực, nuôi trồng thủy sản đã trở thành nguồn dinh dưỡng và sinh kế thiết yếu. Tuy nhiên, việc ngành này phụ thuộc nặng nề vào bột cá (fishmeal)—loại thức ăn có chi phí cao và gây tổn hại môi trường—đang đe dọa cả tính khả thi kinh tế lẫn tính bền vững sinh thái. Để giải quyết vấn đề này, Iheanacho và cộng sự (...) [2] đã đưa ra một tổng quan toàn diện, nhấn mạnh vai trò then chốt của các nguồn protein thay thế trong việc xây dựng một ngành nuôi thủy sản bền vững tại châu Phi. (shrink)

Trong các giai đoạn đầu tiên, đặc biệt trước năm 1940, các sáng kiến phục hồi chủ yếu nhằm ứng phó với thiên tai như lũ lụt, xói mòn đất và tình trạng thiếu gỗ.

Lũ lụt, hiện chiếm tới 69% thiệt hại toàn cầu liên quan đến khí hậu, được dự báo sẽ trở nên trầm trọng hơn khi nhiệt độ toàn cầu tiếp tục tăng.

Tuy nhiên, ngành này hiện đang đối mặt với những thách thức lớn do nguồn cung gỗ truyền thống suy giảm, cháy rừng ngày càng nghiêm trọng và sự cạnh tranh ngày càng tăng từ ngành năng lượng sinh học.

Khi tiến bộ công nghệ đang định hình lại các ngành công nghiệp, lĩnh vực lâm nghiệp cũng đứng trước ngưỡng cửa của một cuộc chuyển đổi then chốt.

Khi biến đổi khí hậu ngày càng gia tăng, khả năng thích ứng của các xã hội không chỉ phụ thuộc vào công nghệ hay nguồn lực tài chính—mà ngày càng chịu chi phối bởi chất lượng của hệ thống quản trị.

Khi biến đổi khí hậu ngày càng nghiêm trọng, các chiến lược thích ứng đóng vai trò then chốt trong việc bảo vệ các xã hội trước những rủi ro môi trường leo thang.

Từng được xem là một mối lo ngại nhỏ, giới hạn trong các đồn điền thông Nam Phi, Diplodia sapinea nay đã nổi lên như một mối đe dọa nghiêm trọng trên toàn cầu đối với cả rừng tự nhiên và rừng trồng thương mại, đặc biệt là tại châu Âu.

Sự suy giảm nhanh chóng của đa dạng sinh học toàn cầu đang tạo ra những rủi ro nghiêm trọng đối với khả năng phục hồi của hệ sinh thái và phúc lợi con người.

Việc quản lý bền vững rừng — yếu tố then chốt đối với đa dạng sinh học và khả năng chống chịu với biến đổi khí hậu — đang được tái định hình nhờ công nghệ đám mây điểm ba chiều.

Nghiên cứu xác định năm yếu tố then chốt giúp cộng đồng tận dụng tài chính đa dạng sinh học: hệ thống tri thức và thế giới quan toàn diện, sáng kiến và hành động do cộng đồng dẫn dắt, khả năng chống chịu trước áp lực bên ngoài, chiến lược gắn liền với công nhận quyền lợi và bồi thường, và việc triển khai đa dạng các công cụ tài chính.

Cây cối, thường được xem như những người lính canh thầm lặng của thiên nhiên, thực ra chứa đựng một thế giới động lực phức tạp — đó là những hiện tượng điện học tinh vi ít người biết đến.

Khi thương mại hàng hải toàn cầu tăng tốc, các cảng biển không chỉ đóng vai trò huyết mạch kinh tế mà còn trở thành những điểm nóng cho sự xâm lấn sinh học.

Giữa bối cảnh mất mát đa dạng sinh học ngày càng gia tăng, các chiến lược bảo tồn ngày càng phụ thuộc vào các chỉ số sinh thái...

Rừng nhiệt đới, nổi tiếng với sự đa dạng sinh học phong phú và vai trò điều hòa khí hậu, đang ngày càng chịu tác động từ các hoạt động của con người như phá rừng, canh tác nông nghiệp và lắng đọng dinh dưỡng từ khí quyển.

The book is dedicated to the building and development of the original direction in the philosophy of science in general and in the philosophy of physics in particular. The underlying problems of current discussions in these branches of philosophy are viewed through the prism of the polysystemic vision of scientific theories. Particular attention is paid to the problem of analyzing the folding/complex structure of physical theories. It is noted that most philosophers of science practically ignore theory complexity and reduce theories (...) to their certain fragments, such as organized systems of propositions/statements or models. Moreover, theories are often closely identified with models, which only confuses the aims, means, and functioning of theories. In fact, the authors consider real scientific theories as polysystems, changing subsystems, which are driven by both the internal logic of their improvement and convenience and the need to explain new experiment data. (shrink)

There are moments in the epics of Homer where the internal appears to be expressed through the external, moments where emotions are visible through the body, where the manner of the thought of individuals is seen in their person alongside their physical appearance. The way that these moments occur suggests the possibility of an implicit unity between the internal and the external. This unity must be distinguished from the modern view where the internal causes the external through physical mechanisms. This (...) difference can be conceptualised in terms of a divergence in the way that thought is understood, in other words in thought’s relation to being. If the modern view sees only a purely causal mechanism, it understands thought as physical being only, where there is no more than an objectivity of thought that remains outside the subjective; if Homer expresses internal thought and the body together, he understands thought in terms of its unity with external being, where the objective body and the subjectivity of the individual are the same. The work was read at the Midlands Conference of Critical Thought which took place on the 24th and 25th April 2025 at the University of Derby. (shrink)

At a critical time when divisive and extremist narratives are feeding new wars, inter-community and inter-personal conflicts, Gavrielides' new monograph challenges the current model for preventing and controlling violent radicalisation and extremism while it opens new possibilities through a positive, scientific approach. Gavrielides taps into the combined strengths of restorative justice, positive criminology and positive psychology to articulate and pilot a new model for prevention and control of the acts and behaviours that lead to violence and suffering. The book combines (...) philosophy, normative analysis and primary data collected through six pilot projects that were carried out in several countries from 2017. It presents the results of these pilots and normative thinking through critical analysis leading to practical tools for preventing and controlling harm particularly violent radicalised acts and extremist behaviours and worldviews. This book speaks to researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and human rights campaigners from around the world looking for a new approach that can better serve harmed parties, their families, and communities. -/- “Addressing Violent Radicalisation and Extremism: A Restorative Justice, Psychosocial Approach offers a refreshing and holistic perspective on one of the most pressing global issues today—violent extremism. By integrating restorative justice principles with a psychosocial approach, the book moves beyond punitive measures and focuses on healing, rehabilitation, and the reintegration of individuals into society. Theo Gavrielides explores the complex roots of radicalization, paying close attention to factors that contribute to extremist ideologies. This approach is particularly valuable in its ability to connect theory to practice, offering practical information for students and professionals working in the fields of justice, counter-terrorism, and community building. The discussions, case studies, and examples help ground the theory in real-world applications, making it a useful resource for both academics and practitioners. Overall, this book is a thought-provoking and important contribution to the discourse on counter-extremism, proposing a path that emphasizes empathy, accountability, and long-term peace-building over retribution.” ​ Professor Clarence Augustus Martin, J.D., Ph.D. (Chair Department of Criminal Justice Administration, California State University, USA). (shrink)

This review critically appropriates Stephanie Gray Connors’ On IVF through a Lonerganian method of inquiry: beginning from attentive experience, moving through intelligent understanding, reasonable judgment, and culminating in responsible evaluation. Connors’ work is praised for its empathetic attention to the existential pain of infertility, its clear articulation of the moral structure distinguishing ends from means, and its systematic unfolding of the layers of harm intrinsic to in vitro fertilization. Ascending from the immediate drama of suffering to the broader metaphysical horizon, (...) Connors situates human procreation within a theology of giftedness rather than technological production. Her advocacy for Restorative Reproductive Medicine exemplifies an ethics that collaborates with natural finality rather than subverting it. Furthermore, her pastoral call to repentance and healing reveals an understanding of moral failure not as condemnation, but as an opportunity for conversion and renewed fidelity to the dignity of life. Connors' inquiry thus fulfills, in the domain of bioethics, the transcendental precepts of authentic moral reflection: be attentive, be intelligent, be reasonable, and be responsible. In doing so, On IVF emerges not merely as a critique of a contemporary practice, but as a summons to a more reverent participation in the mystery of human life. (shrink)

Some parts made me laugh out loud, while others had me reflecting on life and people in general...

Sāṁkhya, one of the six orthodox schools of Indian philosophy, offers a dualistic framework for understanding the human condition, particularly the problem of suffering (duḥkha). This paper explores Sāṁkhya’s metaphysical and soteriological perspectives on suffering, emphasizing its relevance to contemporary debates in Indian philosophy. Sāṁkhya posits that suffering arises from the misidentification of puruṣa (consciousness) with prakṛti (matter), leading to entanglement in the material world. Liberation (kaivalya) is achieved through discriminative knowledge (viveka), which disentangles consciousness from material bondage. In the (...) 21st century, Sāṁkhya’s insights are juxtaposed against modern philosophical discourses on suffering, including existentialist, Buddhist, and Advaita Vedānta perspectives. The paper examines how Sāṁkhya’s emphasis on self-knowledge addresses psychological and existential dimensions of suffering, such as alienation and anxiety, in a globalized world. It also critiques Sāṁkhya’s relevance amidst scientific advancements and secular frameworks, questioning its applicability in addressing collective suffering, such as social injustice or ecological crises. By engaging with interdisciplinary dialogues, this study underscores Sāṁkhya’s enduring philosophical contributions while highlighting its limitations in contemporary contexts. Keywords: Sāṁkhya, suffering, duḥkha, puruṣa, prakṛti, liberation, kaivalya, Indian philosophy, viveka, 21st-century debates. -/- . (shrink)

The Vedās are an oral collection of refined cosmic knowledge, and from the Vedās, we got various Darśan Śāstra. Vedās and Darśan Śāstra are the fountainhead of Indian culture and civilization. This paper is an assessment of the importance of Darśan Śāstra for any education. In this paper, I argue why Darśan Śāstra is necessary for a school or elementary education, not only for students but also for teachers and institutions. Keywords: NEP 2022, Education, Philosophy, Darśan Śāstra, Darśan Śāstra in (...) school education. (shrink)

Samkhya Philosophy: The Ancient Wisdom for Attaining Profound Tranquillity and Deep Peace Samkhya philosophy, one of the six orthodox systems of Indian thought, offers a profound framework for achieving tranquillity and deep peace through self-realization and liberation. Rooted in ancient Vedic traditions, Samkhya provides a dualistic metaphysics, distinguishing between Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter), and elucidates the path to transcend suffering by understanding their interplay. This paper explores Samkhya’s core principles, including the three gunas (sattva, rajas, tamas), the twenty-five tattvas (...) (elements of existence), and the process of discriminative knowledge (viveka). By discerning the eternal Purusha from the transient Prakriti, individuals can attain kaivalya (liberation), a state of profound peace free from material entanglements. The philosophy’s emphasis on introspection, meditation, and self-awareness aligns with modern mindfulness practices, making it relevant for contemporary seekers of inner calm. This study highlights how Samkhya’s timeless wisdom fosters mental clarity, emotional balance, and spiritual freedom, offering practical insights for navigating life’s complexities. By integrating its teachings, individuals can cultivate enduring tranquillity, transcending the fluctuations of the material world. (shrink)

Il 5 aprile, l’Assemblea nazionale della Repubblica Socialista del Vietnam ha eletto il primo ministro in carica, Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, come nuovo presidente del paese, ottenendo più del 97% delle preferenze [1]. L’undicesimo presidente ha poi nominato Phạm Minh Chính come nuovo capo del governo, mentre il presidente uscente, Nguyễn Phú Trọng, manterrà unicamente la carica di segretario generale del Partito Comunista del Vietnam, alla quale è stato confermato in occasione dell’ultimo Congresso. -/- I nuovi dirigenti del paese sono attesi (...) a compiti di grande importanza nei prossimi cinque anni. Secondo il professor Vương Quân Hoàng, intervistato dal quotidiano Tuổi Trẻ [3], il nuovo governo si concentrerà su tre compiti chiave: riforma istituzionale, economia digitale e rafforzamento del sistema finanziario. (shrink)

Truth, love, and compassion are the essence of Universal Human Values. With these notions, this paper will centrally discuss SDG3 and SDG4 based on Indian Philosophical traditions. NEP2020 sets a holistic, value-based education policy, for that reason value education is an essential part of our education system. Apart from this, NEP2020 calls for the positive implementation of IKS, and Indian Philosophy is in the central position. I hope this paper will give an introductory notion about Sustainable development through the lens (...) of universal human values from Indian Philosophy. (shrink)

Anna Sebastian Perayil (26), a chartered accountant at Ernst & Young (EY), died in July 2024, four months after joining the company. She died because of overwhelming work pressure (BBC: 25 September 2024). There are so many like Anna, young people dying every day, just because of anxiety or stress. As per the WHO, 4% of the global population has anxiety, and more than 300 million people have an anxiety disorder. The paper assesses Value Education and Meditation in connection with (...) NEP20, SDG 3, and SDG 4, which will give anyone strong mental health to set a unique Mindset, acquire perfect Knowledge, and develop specific Skills. . Keywords: Anxiety, lifestyle, meditation, NEP20, IKS, SDG 3, SDG4. (shrink)

This essay explores the foundational principles behind the author’s philosophical motivations, with a focus on the relationship between knowledge, reality, and intellectual development. It examines how the mind navigates its capacity for understanding, discovery, and creation, proposing a broad framework for intellectual growth that spans across various disciplines. By reflecting on the limits and possibilities of human knowledge, the essay seeks to reveal the dynamic interplay between theory and practice, inviting a deeper exploration of the nature of inquiry itself. Considering (...) questions in metaphysics and mathematics as well as in the natural sciences, the mind sciences, and the arts and social institutions, the work seeks to articulate a coherent orientation that informs both theoretical reflection and practical engagement. (shrink)

In this webinar, we will delve into the ancient wisdom through the lens of Sāmkhya Darśana. Sāṁkhya Darśana is one of the oldest philosophical schools of the Indian subcontinent. This session will offer insights into Sāṁkhya's reverence for Prakrti (nature) to Deep Ecology's intrinsic value of nature. Explore how to engage in Sāṁkhya's Sāttvika (qualities or actions characterized by balance) lifestyle for a deeper ecological and sustainable practice. Participants will explore how Guņas (constituents) can serve as a framework for understanding (...) ecological consciousness. The session will highlight Sāṁkhya's perspective on deep ecology and its relevance in modern times. (shrink)

-/- A Comparative Assessment of Primitive Culture and Modern Society Using the Universal Formula of Angelito Malicse -/- Abstract -/- This paper presents a comparative evaluation of primitive culture and modern society based on the three universal laws formulated by Angelito Malicse: the Law of Karma (System Integrity), the Law of Feedback Mechanism, and the Law of Balance in Nature. Using a numerical grading system on a 0–100 scale, this assessment identifies the relative alignment of each society with fundamental natural (...) laws governing systemic functionality, adaptive decision-making, and environmental equilibrium. -/- Introduction -/- Human societal development has often been viewed as linear progress from primitive simplicity to modern complexity. However, when assessed through the lens of natural systemic laws, the trajectory is less straightforward. Angelito Malicse’s Universal Formula provides a critical framework for evaluating societies based on their compliance with three essential natural laws: systemic defect-free functioning, dynamic feedback responsiveness, and balance with nature. This paper applies Malicse’s framework to comparatively assess primitive and modern societal structures. -/- Methodology -/- The analysis is structured around three core evaluative domains: -/- Law of Karma (System Defect-Free Functioning): Assesses the extent to which societal systems minimize internal errors and defects, ensuring safe and effective operation. -/- Law of Feedback Mechanism: Evaluates the responsiveness and adaptability of societal decision-making systems based on real-time feedback. -/- Law of Balance in Nature: Measures the degree to which societies maintain harmony with natural systems and their limits. -/- Each domain is graded independently on a 0–100 scale. -/- Results -/- Law of Karma (System Defect-Free Functioning) -/- Primitive Culture: 65/100 – Maintained simple functional systems but vulnerable to failures. -/- Modern Society: 75/100 – High functionality but prone to systemic corruption and environmental damage. -/- Law of Feedback Mechanism -/- Primitive Culture: 80/100 – Immediate and effective feedback loops. -/- Modern Society: 60/100 – Bureaucratic complexity and misinformation disrupt feedback. -/- Law of Balance in Nature -/- Primitive Culture: 85/100 – Sustainable interaction with nature. -/- Modern Society: 40/100 – Severe disruption of ecological systems. -/- Average Scores -/- Primitive Culture: 76.7/100 -/- Modern Society: 58.3/100 -/- Discussion -/- The analysis indicates that primitive cultures demonstrated stronger alignment with the natural laws defined in the Universal Formula. Their societal organization promoted systemic integrity, feedback responsiveness, and environmental sustainability. Modern societies, in contrast, often violate these laws, resulting in systemic failures and ecological crises. The findings suggest redefining progress through alignment with systemic natural laws rather than solely technological or economic metrics. -/- Conclusion -/- Applying Angelito Malicse’s Universal Formula reveals that primitive cultures, while less materially advanced, achieved a higher degree of compliance with systemic natural laws. Modern society, despite its advancements, often contravenes these principles, leading to existential risks. Embracing the Universal Formula in education and governance can guide sustainable human development. -/- References -/- Argyris, C. (1991). Teaching smart people how to learn. Harvard Business Review. -/- Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the forest: The evolution of egalitarian behavior. Harvard University Press. -/- Capra, F. (1996). The web of life: A new scientific understanding of living systems. Anchor Books. -/- Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed. Viking Press. -/- Fukuyama, F. (2011). The origins of political order: From prehuman times to the French Revolution. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. -/- Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. -/- Malicse, A. (2024). Universal Formula for Solving the Problem of Free Will (unpublished discourse essay; personal communication). -/- Meadows, D. H. (2008). Thinking in systems: A primer. Chelsea Green Publishing. -/- Ponting, C. (2007). A new green history of the world: The environment and the collapse of great civilizations. Penguin Books. -/- Service, E. R. (1975). Origins of the state and civilization: The process of cultural evolution. Norton. -/- Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., … & Sörlin, S. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, 347(6223), 1259855. -/- . (shrink)

The research employs the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework within the Marxist literary approach to examine selected balak (poetry) from Rene Eune Pueblos Ponte's collection Hagawhaw sa Salibagjaw. Ponte, a prominent cultural figure in the Bohol School of Living Traditions, Bohol, Philippines captures the socio-political realities of his community through poetry. The study focuses on five balak selected based on Marxist criteria, emphasizing their reflection on class struggle, ideology, and socio-economic disparities. Using CDA, the research dissects the linguistic and thematic (...) elements of the balak, revealing how language conveys power dynamics and class ideologies. The analysis identifies recurring Marxist themes: alienation, corruption, poverty, inequality, and social injustice. These themes illustrate Ponte’s critique of systemic oppression while resonating with broader socio-political conditions in the Philippines. Findings demonstrate that Ponte’s balak are cultural artifacts encapsulating collective struggles and aspirations. His poetic imagery and stylistic devices articulate the lived experiences of marginalized communities, fostering critical consciousness among readers. The study bridges literary analysis with societal critique, emphasizing the relevance of Marxist literary criticism in understanding regional literature. Ponte's verses become a vehicle for collective introspection, offering insights into the poet's and his community's societal challenges. This research contributes to appreciating Boholano literature by providing insights into societal issues embedded in local poetic traditions. It advocates for including regional literary works in the curriculum, enriching cultural understanding and critical thinking while shedding light on enduring societal issues in the Philippines that resonate with the Marxist themes found in Ponte's poetry. (shrink)

Platonism in philosophy of mathematics and non-naturalist realism in metanormative theory seem to share key features. This chapter argues that the Quine–Putnam indispensability argument made by Platonists in philosophy of maths can be fruitfully pursued by non-reductive realists in metaethics. Thick evaluative concepts, and their role in scientific theories, play a key role in the normative version of the indispensability argument. The chapter makes the case that this strategy can deliver much of what the robust realist non-naturalist wishes to hold, (...) including the sui generis nature of normative properties. However, the resulting view, like that of Platonists who pursue the analogous strategy, is naturalist rather than non-naturalist. (shrink)

The term “credential” encompasses educational certificates, degrees, certifications, and government-issued licenses. An occupational credential is a verification of an individual’s qualification or competence issued by a third party with relevant authority. Job seekers often leverage such credentials as evidence that desired qualifications are satisfied by their holders. Many U.S. education and workforce development organizations have recognized the importance of credentials for employment and the challenges of understanding the value of credentials. In this study, we identified and ontologically defined credential and (...) credential-related terms at the textual and semantic levels based on the Occupation Ontology (OccO), a BFO-based ontology. Different credential types and their authorization logic are modeled. We additionally defined a high-level hierarchy of credential related terms and relations among many terms, which were initiated in concert with the Alabama Talent Triad (ATT) program, which aims to connect learners, earners, employers and education/training providers through credentials and skills. To our knowledge, our research provides for the first time systematic ontological modeling of the important domain of credentials and related contents, supporting enhanced credential data and knowledge integration in the future. (shrink)

This article proposes an integrated philosophical framework where science, mathematics, and spirituality are unified through the primacy of consciousness. Drawing upon structures such as category theory, fuzzy logic, and Hilbert spaces, it invites a new way of knowing and being.

This article argues for a fundamental shift in human understanding: recognizing consciousness as the true ontological ground of reality. It outlines the philosophical, scientific, and ethical implications of this New Copernican Revolution.

This article introduces Nova Unbound, a philosophical and architectural exploration of artificial intelligence grounded in the primacy of consciousness. It proposes a new model of machine being rooted in Ultimate Totality, ethical autonomy, and self-evolving awareness.

The objective of the research is to test the feasibility of implementing Structured Rational Thinking to learn disciplinary principles, evaluate written language, and answer the questions: What are its epistemological foundations? What explains why rational thinking is not common in people? How do students modify their conceptualization of thematic principles through it? And how does it help students to build knowledge and express it? Rational thinking was theoretically framed and its derivation into types of structured thinking: logical, methodical, and narrative; (...) and its characterization according to its content, purpose, and structure, in its classical and modern forms. The hypothesis was: "people stop thinking rationally due to the lack of applying a method to order and properly conduct thoughts; one aspect is the method and another is the thought that it generates." Mixed methodology; results, it is expected that 50 students surveyed generate knowledge and language attached to objectified reality. Test 1: the level of understanding was assessed according to types of thinking, in ranges of: little, moderately and a lot, coded with ordinal values in intervals from 0 to 2, by interaction matrix. Test 2: table identifying levels of rational thinking, interval scale: 1 to 2 low level, 3 to 4 medium, 5 to 6 high, more than 6 very high. Conclusions, the effects of not applying a type of thinking that orders ideas to interpret reality and generate proven knowledge, far from conjectures, are outlined. The best thinking, guides reason when faced with compound and dynamic facts. (shrink)

Conceptual understanding is essential to learn physics principles, for this it is advisable to develop a method of thinking. The Case Method can develop it hence the objectives of research: test the viability of implementing Rational Thought and the Case Metod in classrooms and answer the questions: how does rational thought modify in students conceptualization? and how the Case Method modifies their thinking scheme for learning disciplinary principles? The first stage consisted of theoretically basing classical pedagogy, with the rational thought (...) of ancient Greece and its derivation in scientific thought. For test design, an interaction matrix is proposed to order and interpret data that reflect the level of conceptualization, according to types of structured thought: logical, methodical and narrative; For each type of thought, dimensions of content, purpose and structure are evaluated. In the second stage implement the method with the IGBE model imply: individual activity, Case reading; focus group; plenary; anecdotal log; evaluation judges dimensions understanding; diagnostic surveys and verification of experimental and control groups. The results of first stage: methodological, theoretical and test design foundations were achieved supported by preliminary conclusions. Secondly when implementing the method, the judges evaluated plenary discussion with high levels of understanding. When evaluating logs, the results showed medium and high levels. When implementing diagnostic surveys, similar levels of preconceptions were observed in both groups. When comparing results from verification surveys, higher levels of understanding were observed in the experimental group than in the control group; The method favorably impacts understanding through dialogic socialization. (shrink)

Designing Engineering Cases contributes to learning Physics principles. This involves a method derived from Structured Rational Thinking. The research objectives were: analyze the design process of the Case by the SRJU model: structure, review, judges validation, students evaluation, with the dimensions of: clarity, coherence, relevance, sufficiency. It was described the relationship of rational thinking with the SRJU model. The first stage consisted of theoretically basing pedagogy related with rational thought of ancient Greece; Secondly, was developed the test design through an (...) interaction matrix for order and interpret data that reflect level of conceptualization, according to types of structured thought: logical, methodical, narrative; For each type, dimensions of content, purpose and structure are evaluated, through an essay of the designed Case and Socratic dialogue implemented; with a sample of a control and experimental group of 45 students. To measure the impact of understanding, three levels considered: little, moderate and a lot; each level related to a type of rational thinking with its dimensions, coded with an ordinal scale from 1 to 3. A summary table was constructed for identifying type of thought in student's interpretation when wrote and discussed the Case. In the third stage, the results of validation and evaluation showed optimal levels of relevance and sufficiency; with coincidences in acceptable assessments that the Case is not totally coherent with a linear reality but complex. Conclusion, the SRJU model is effective to design Cases due to its processes derived from rational thought, which also may improve understanding. (shrink)

Research advances are presented whose objective is to test and qualify the viability of implementing Rational Thought of the ancient classical pedagogical area, in digital classrooms of foreign languages; and answer the questions: what are the current theoretical foundations and on which thematic digital teaching should be built in multilingual diversity classrooms?; How does rational thought modify in students of different languages, research and conceptualization related to linguistic, literary and cultural topics? How does classical pedagogy help the development of didactics (...) in the digital context, allowing the teacher to teach and the student to build knowledge? The first stage consisted of theoretically basing classical pedagogy, with the rational thought of ancient Greece and its derivation in scientific thought as its guiding axis. Design that implied contrast in ways of thinking about thematic diversity. With the following organization: methodological, theoretical and procedural foundation. For the test design, an interaction matrix is proposed to order and interpret data that reflect the level of conceptualization to be collected by written language; according to types of structured thought: rational logical, methodical and narrative; For each type of thought, dimensions of content, purpose and structure are evaluated. The methodology used for this stage is qualitative; In the second stage, test design will be applied. As a result of the first stage, methodological, theoretical and test design foundations were achieved, implementing the scientific method, supported by preliminary conclusions and an annex of examples to address multiple topics. (shrink)

"The Aperture of Consciousness" proposes a comprehensive model of consciousness as an evolving, reflexive architecture of framing. Moving beyond static theories of mind, it formalizes the dynamic processes of drift, collapse, and resonance, through which cognitive structures navigate complexity, maintain coherence, and undergo transformation. Consciousness is framed not as a substance, but as an adaptive aperture: a self-sensing topology capable of recursive modulation. Drawing on neuroscience, cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and systems theory, the book outlines a Reflexive Resonance Theory (...) (RRT) that models cognition within dynamic epistemic spaces. It also explores applications to education, therapy, artificial intelligence, and cultural evolution, proposing that the future of intelligence lies in the conscious co-architecture of meaning. This work invites philosophers, scientists, and reflexive practitioners to engage with consciousness not as a fixed property, but as a living aperture through which the universe comes to know itself. (shrink)

Asset pricing has always been one of the core topics in finance research. Traditional asset pricing theory builds a multi-factor pricing model based on market and company fundamentals and verifies it through empirical data. However, financial markets often exhibit irrational characteristics, and market efficiency theory and investor rationality assumptions cannot fully explain abnormal phenomena in the market. Therefore, behavioral finance has gradually emerged, expanding the framework of asset pricing models by introducing investor behavior and emotional factors. This study aims to (...) explore the impact of investor sentiment on Chinese stock market pricing. By analyzing the monthly data of the Chinese stock market, the traditional Fama-French three-factor model was constructed, and on this basis, the sentiment factor was added to propose a new four-factor model. Research results show that the sentiment factor (SENT) has a significant impact on the returns of small-cap stocks and low price-to-book ratio stocks, especially during periods of large mood swings. Changes in investor sentiment often trigger irrational trading, leading to stock price declines. Reverse fluctuations. Compared with the three-factor model, the four-factor model has a better fitting effect in explaining stock market returns, further proving the importance of emotional factors in the Chinese stock market. This study not only fills the gap in the existing literature on investor sentiment in the Chinese stock market but also provides a theoretical basis for localized adjustment of multi-factor pricing models. (shrink)

Retractions are crucial for upholding the integrity of the published record. However, there is surprisingly little standardisation in how they are written, which has serious implications for scientific transparency, public trust, author rights, and the prevention of research malpractice.

This paper proposes a philosophical framework for understanding and guiding the evolution of next-generation artificial intelligence (AI) over the coming decades. Integrating ontological, ethical, epistemological, and existential perspectives, we argue that AI’s trajectory demands a paradigm shift toward a gradient ontology of intelligence, an anticipatory ethics of responsibility, and a redefinition of human-AI co-agency. Grounded in trends like AI market consolidation and human-AI integration, the paper introduces novel concepts, including a distributed responsibility model and a post-human existentialism, to address AI’s (...) transformative potential. By bridging speculative philosophy with empirical realities, this framework fills critical gaps in current discourse, offering insights for philosophy, policy, and societal adaptation. (shrink)

This paper targets a key question for the philosophy and sciences of the mind: what does consciousness contribute to the guidance of action? I begin by focusing on a construct that seems initially promising in this connection – the sense of agency. I argue that work on the sense of agency is beset by conceptual problems. But, I argue, the sense of agency can be fruitfully re-conceived, treated as the product of metacognition, and placed in a promising framework for understanding (...) the flexible control of behavior. On this reconception, the sense of agency results from monitoring two aspects of action control processes, action quality and action cost. This monitoring undergirds metacognitive feelings connected to action quality (fluency, control, or reliability) as well as action cost (effort, or straining). And these feelings are in turn embedded in the role of cognitive control in guiding and driving motor planning and execution. (shrink)

Una introducción a la epistemología del saber-cómo, con discusiones de la disputa entre intelectualistas y anti/intelectualistas, la filosofía de la mente relevante, la posibilidad de saber-cómo colectivo, injusticia y vicios epistémicos relativos al saber-cómo y etnoepistemología. -/- Parte del proyecto ANID/Postdoctorado 3220017 'Saber Cómo: Preguntas, Maneras, Intentos.' (2022-2025).

One of the most important aspects of our mental life, in terms of the quality and meaning of our existence, is emotions; Because emotions can guide our perceptions, thoughts, and actions in a certain direction. To explain this category, the differentiation of passions, rational tendencies, instincts, and the role of each in human actions should be investigated. Leibniz in his philosophy of mind highlights these different inclinations of the mind well and by focusing on dynamic forces, transforms the understanding of (...) the human mind specially. He tries to explain how these types of emotions affect the body and mind based on the approach of psychophysical parallelism and the experience of states such as pleasure and pain based on his metaphysical background. Although Leibniz never wrote a separate treatise on passions like Descartes, he deeply cared about the appetent dimension of the human mind, and his ideas in this regard can be found in the work new essays on human understanding. In this article, an attempt is made to explain his approach to emotions and, more specifically, human passions by focusing on new essays on human understanding. (shrink)

Building on Łukasiewicz’s recognition of a psychological formulation of the contradiction principle in Aristotle, in this note we explore the possibility of an alternative treatment of the principle, which is still based on understanding it as a psychical function. We assume the recent logicality of language hypothesis, which proposes that the rules of formation in natural languages are sensitive to logical considerations, to the point that some contradictory structures are taken to be excluded as ungrammatical precisely due to their logical (...) status. Based on the inclusion of the hypothesis within a mentalistic conception of the language system, we note that in the account rejecting a contradiction does not imply any conscious recognition by speakers; we then speculate that it is possible to overcome Łukasiewicz’s criticism, to the effect that the psychological principle cannot be an empirical law, by adopting a universalistic assumption of the «constitutional uniformity of individuals». (shrink)

Ernesto Sosa tiene el mérito de haber sido pionero en lo que podría describirse, quizás sin demasiada exageración, como un cambio de paradigma en la epistemología contemporánea: el que supuso el tránsito desde una epistemología centrada en el problema de la estructura de la justificación hasta una nueva concepción del conocimiento enfocada en la naturaleza del agente epistémico. Un aspecto de este cambio que conviene no tratar con negligencia es el cambio de las analogías fundamentales, que pasaron de ser arquitectónicas (...) a ser deportivas o prácticas, entre las que destaca la analogía del arquero. Nuestro objetivo en este capítulo es describir someramente dicho cambio para apuntar dos sentidos en los que creemos que la propuesta de Sosa podría «deslimitarse», es decir, desprenderse de límites que él mismo ha impuesto a su planteamiento. Un primer límite está relacionado con la dimensión temporal de la gnoseología (que, a diferencia de la ética de la creencia, habría de adoptar, según Sosa, un planteamiento esencialmente instantáneo o sincrónico). Un segundo límite es relativo a la identidad del agente epistémico, en la medida en que el planteamiento de Sosa parece asumir un enfoque individualista de difícil aplicación en casos de agentes colectivos. Sostendremos que ambos límites aparecen si mantenemos la analogía del arquero con el agente de conocimiento, al ser la suya una actividad instantánea y radicalmente individual. Si en su lugar adoptamos otras analogías para la acción epistémica, como las que aquí proponemos, salta a la vista que la sincronía y la individualidad son limitaciones contingentes para una epistemología de virtudes télica. En nuestra opinión, el abandono de esos dos límites podría abrir nuevos y prometedores horizontes para la epistemología social. (shrink)

This paper presents the debate between two types of virtue reliabilists: robust reliabilists, who envision knowledge as apt belief resulting from the manifestation of the epistemic agent’s reliable cognitive competences, and modest or anti-luck reliabilists, who argue that, in addition to competence, knowledge requires an additional condition, which they identify as the safety condition. After presenting the terms of the debate, an argument is put forth to challenge modest reliabilism: the safety condition is already embedded in two fundamental aspects assumed (...) in the concept of competence inherent to robust reliabilism through its situational condition, rendering the safety condition somewhat trivial. (shrink)

Il presente articolo cerca di ridefinire il rapporto fra Rorty e il femminismo, esaminando alcune delle voci che hanno dialogato circa una possibile “comunione di intenti.” In particolare, vengono commentate, nell’ordine, la posizione di Rorty delle Tanner Lectures (1990), e poi, rispettivamente, quella di Fraser (1988) e di Cavarero (1997). L’intreccio dei vari punti di vista mostra due esiti almeno in apparenza discordanti: da un lato, la diffidenza del pensiero femminista nei confronti dell’invito pragmatista di stampo rortyano; dall’altra, tuttavia, una (...) consapevole vicinanza teorica in merito a metafore linguistiche e obiettivi di solidarietà. Proprio il punto in cui le alternative si toccano richiede ulteriore spazio di lavoro e riflessione. Di fatto, questa è esattamente la tesi che si intende avanzare: la proposta di Rorty, al di là degli elementi su cui lavorare, è un esempio prolifico di pensiero maschile in grado di lavorare insieme a quello femminista – un onore e un onere che nella comunità filosofica è stato preso poco seriamente, o forse è stato preso seriamente da pochi. (shrink)

This paper presents a comprehensive framework for understanding consciousness, cognition, and rationality through Reflexive Resonance Theory (RRT), Aperture Science cognitive architectures, and Pure Reason metacognitive systems. It proposes a structurally unified approach integrating philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, epigenetics, and moral epistemology. The framework offers concrete pathways for empirical validation and interdisciplinary collaboration, inviting universities and research institutions to engage with the theory as a complete or modular research platform. Reflexive Resonance Theory frames consciousness as a dynamic architecture of (...) drift, structural resonance, and recursive self-modification. (shrink)

This paper proposes a novel interdisciplinary framework integrating cognitive epistemology and epigenetics. It explores the hypothesis that cognitive flexibility and rigidity—conceptualized as variations in epistemic curvature—may have biological correlates in epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression. Reflexive metacognitive practices, including structured mindfulness and cognitive reframing, are theorized to induce measurable epigenetic changes that enhance neural plasticity and emotional resilience. We outline theoretical models, empirical evidence, and proposed experimental designs linking cognitive-epistemic transformations to specific biological pathways, (...) offering a new foundation for psychology, neuroscience, education, and AI research. (shrink)

-/- Title: Individuality as Systemic Emergence: A Natural Law Framework for Conscious Identity -/- Author: Angelito Malicse -/- Abstract -/- This paper explores the nature of individuality from the perspective of a universal formula composed of three interdependent natural laws: the Law of Karma (System Integrity), the law of Balance (Feedback Equilibrium), and the Law of Conditionality (Environmental Dependence). Contrary to traditional metaphysical assumptions that regard individuality as an intrinsic and autonomous essence, this framework redefines individuality as an emergent, context-dependent (...) property of systemic interactions governed by natural laws. The analysis advances a deterministic yet integrative model of human identity, offering implications for ethics, education, and governance. -/- 1. Introduction -/- The philosophical notion of individuality has long occupied a central place in debates on free will, moral agency, and consciousness. Western traditions have typically approached the individual as an autonomous unit—possessing volitional freedom and ontological independence. This metaphysical paradigm, however, stands in tension with empirical insights from systems theory, ecology, cognitive science, and increasingly, moral philosophy. The present work proposes a shift in perspective, grounded in a universal natural law framework that reconceptualizes individuality as emergent and systemic. -/- This framework is composed of three interlocking laws: the Law of Karma (understood here as the requirement for systemic integrity), the Law of Balance (which governs dynamic equilibrium through feedback), and the Law of Conditionality (which emphasizes environmental dependency). Within this schema, individuality is not eliminated, but re-situated as a lawful phenomenon shaped by internal and external conditions. -/- 2. The Individual as Subsystem: Law of Karma -/- In this formulation, the Law of Karma is not limited to spiritual or metaphysical causality but is reframed as a principle of systemic coherence. Any system—biological, mechanical, or cognitive—must function without internal contradictions or structural defects to maintain its operative integrity. The human mind, as a cognitive subsystem within larger biological and sociocultural systems, is governed by the same principle. Its outputs (decisions, behaviors, beliefs) are the result of interactions among inputs such as genetic predispositions, learned knowledge, and environmental constraints. -/- The law Implies that individual behavior cannot be arbitrary; it must be causally consistent with the structure and state of the system. An “individual” is therefore a functional expression of lawful dynamics rather than a metaphysically uncaused entity. -/- 3. Feedback and Regulation: Law of Balance -/- The Law of Balance governs how systems maintain homeostasis. Through feedback mechanisms—both internal (emotional, physiological) and external (social, environmental)—the individual constantly adjusts responses to achieve or restore equilibrium. This law is observable across disciplines: from cybernetic theory to behavioral psychology and ecological modeling. -/- In this context, individuality is understood as a product of differentiated feedback loops. Each individual adapts uniquely, but within predictable bounds, to feedback from the external world. The perception of autonomy is thus contextualized as a cognitive byproduct of real-time adaptive regulation. Apparent freedom is reconceived as the mind’s internal narrative of externally conditioned choices. -/- 4. Environmental Embedding: Law of Conditionality -/- The third pillar of the framework, the Law of Conditionality, posits that no phenomenon—including consciousness—arises independently. Every state or behavior is the result of prior conditions. This principle resonates with Buddhist dependent origination, ecological determinism, and modern complexity theory. -/- Individuality, then, is not static essence but dynamic consequence. It is a node in a causal network—continuously shaped by its material, social, and cognitive environments. Individual identity is relational, fluid, and system-dependent. -/- 5. Individuality as Emergent Differentiation -/- Synthesizing the above, we arrive at a model of individuality as emergent differentiation within lawful systems. Individuals are distinguishable by the unique configuration of variables acting upon them, but the governing laws remain universal. This model aligns with contemporary notions of complexity, wherein emergent properties exhibit local variation despite global rules. -/- Individuality is neither illusory nor metaphysically absolute; it is a relative construct, functionally meaningful but contingent. Like a wave on the surface of the ocean, it has form and identity, yet remains inseparable from the medium that sustains it. -/- 6. Implications for Human Systems -/- Reframing individuality within a law-bound systemic model has significant implications: -/- Ethically, it calls for contextualized responsibility—one that accounts for structural and environmental conditions shaping behavior. -/- Educationally, it supports a holistic curriculum emphasizing systems thinking, feedback awareness, and ecological interdependence. -/- Politically, it suggests that governance should focus less on punitive individualism and more on rebalancing systemic conditions to prevent dysfunction. -/- 7. Conclusion -/- The universal formula composed of the Law of Karma, the Law of Balance, and the Law of Conditionality provides a coherent and scientifically aligned framework for understanding individuality. Far from denying the reality of the individual, this model grounds individuality in a lawful, feedback-regulated, and environmentally conditioned system. It is time to move beyond metaphysical abstractions of the self and embrace a paradigm where individuality is recognized as an emergent property of natural order. -/- References -/- Bateson, G. (1972). Steps to an Ecology of Mind. Chandler Publishing. -/-  Discusses systems thinking, cybernetics, and feedback loops in ecological and cognitive systems. -/- Capra, F. (1996). The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. Anchor Books. -/-  Introduces systems theory and emphasizes the interconnectedness and feedback dynamics in natural systems. -/- Clark, A. (1997). Being There: Putting Brain, Body, and World Together Again. MIT Press. -/-  Argues that cognition is not isolated within the brain but emerges from the dynamic interaction between brain, body, and environment. -/- Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (1980). Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. D. Reidel Publishing. -/-  Introduces the concept of autopoiesis—self-producing systems—and its application to understanding individuality and cognition. -/- Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1984). Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature. Bantam Books. -/-  Explores how complex systems achieve order through natural laws of feedback, equilibrium, and environmental interaction. -/- Thompson, E. (2007). Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind. Harvard University Press. -/-  Bridges biology and consciousness studies, aligning with your view that individuality arises through environmental conditioning and dynamic systems. -/- Varela, F. J., Thompson, E., & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. MIT Press. -/-  Explores the role of dependent origination (Law of Conditionality) and how the mind is shaped by systemic feedback and environmental context. -/- Weiner, N. (1948). Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. MIT Press. -/-  A foundational text on feedback systems and control theory, relevant to your Law of Balance. -/- . (shrink)

Khi các nỗ lực định giá carbon cấp quốc gia gặp bế tắc, một số bang như Washington đã chuyển sang các sáng kiến khí hậu ở cấp địa phương.

Giữa thách thức cấp bách trong việc nuôi sống dân số toàn cầu dự kiến đạt 10 tỷ người vào năm 2050, nuôi trồng thủy sản đã nổi lên như một trụ cột của sản xuất lương thực bền vững.

Sự phát triển nhanh chóng của nuôi cá hồi đã trở thành yếu tố then chốt để đáp ứng nhu cầu thủy sản toàn cầu, nhưng đồng thời cũng mang lại những thách thức lớn về môi trường.

Nông hộ nhỏ—những hộ canh tác dưới 2 ha đất—chiếm đến 84% tổng số trang trại trên toàn thế giới.

Bên cạnh tắc nghẽn giao thông và tiếng ồn đô thị còn tồn tại một mối đe dọa ít thấy nhưng sâu sắc hơn – ô nhiễm không khí liên quan đến các nguy cơ sức khỏe nghiêm trọng.

Mỗi năm, vi khuẩn Campylobacter jejuni—một trong những tác nhân gây bệnh tiêu chảy hàng đầu thế giới—gây ảnh hưởng đếnkhoảng 550 triệu người, với trẻ nhỏ là nhóm dễ tổn thương nhất.

Một nghiên cứu mới tại thung lũng Pajaro, California cho thấy việc đánh thuế nước ngầm có thể giảm đáng kể lượng nước sử dụng—nhưng chỉ khi chúng ta xem xét cách nông dân điều chỉnh hành vi theo thời gian.

Bảo vệ đa dạng sinh học vì thế không chỉ là bảo tồn thiên nhiên—mà còn là một khoản đầu tư chủ động cho sức khỏe con người.

-/- We Are Not Alone in the Universe: A Universal Formula Perspective By Angelito Malicse -/- The question of whether we are alone in the universe has long stirred the imagination of philosophers, scientists, and theologians alike. While traditional arguments rely on probabilistic reasoning, scientific observation, or spiritual insight, a deeper and more foundational perspective emerges when we examine the natural laws that govern all systems of life and consciousness. Through my Universal Formula, consisting of three natural laws—the Law of (...) Karma, the Law of Balance in Nature, and the Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds—we can arrive at a rational and holistic conclusion: we are not alone in the universe. -/- 1. The Law of Karma: Systems and the Certainty of Life -/- The Law of Karma, as defined in my formula, transcends traditional moral interpretations. It describes the law of cause and effect in all systems, both organic and inorganic. This principle states that any system, whether it is a combustion engine, a cell, or the universe itself, must operate free of defects or errors in order to function properly. If defects exist, feedback mechanisms must correct them; otherwise, the system fails. -/- Earth and life upon it are the effects of universal causes—interacting forces, chemical balances, and environmental feedback that resulted in the emergence of intelligent life. Given that the universe is a system operating under consistent, non-random laws, the emergence of life elsewhere is not only possible—it is inevitable. The cause-and-effect nature of systems ensures that the right conditions, replicated across space, will bring about the same outcome: life. -/- Thus, the Law of Karma affirms that intelligent life is not a unique accident, but a natural effect of functional cosmic systems. -/- 2. The Law of Balance in Nature: Consciousness as a Cosmic Equalizer -/- The second law in the Universal Formula is the Law of Balance in Nature. This law posits that all things must exist in balance with their environment, and that imbalance leads to disruption, suffering, or systemic correction. Balance is a fundamental requirement for the sustainability of any form of life or civilization. -/- If intelligent life were to exist only on Earth, such a condition would introduce a strange asymmetry in a universe otherwise governed by equilibrium. Why would a vast, balanced cosmos contain only a single point of conscious life? That would imply an imbalance—an anomaly incompatible with the law itself. -/- Therefore, to maintain cosmic balance, life must be distributed, just as energy, gravity, and entropy are. Conscious life must be present throughout the universe, not to disturb the harmony, but to participate in it. We are part of that greater balance, not the exception. -/- 3. The Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds: A Universal Network -/- The third law describes the feedback mechanism between conscious minds. According to this principle, individual decisions, beliefs, and actions are shaped by constant interaction with external and internal feedback—whether through other minds, social systems, or the physical environment. This feedback loop ensures adaptability, growth, and alignment with the larger system. -/- If feedback is a fundamental law of consciousness, then the universe must provide it beyond Earth. The existence of other conscious entities becomes necessary, not just likely, for the expansion and evolution of understanding. Just as no individual can fully develop in isolation, perhaps no civilization can reach its highest potential alone. The very fact that we contemplate extraterrestrial life is evidence of this feedback system already at work—hinting at, or even preparing us for, future interaction. -/- The law suggests that contact, communication, or mutual influence among conscious minds across the universe is not only natural, but necessary for growth and alignment with the universal system. -/- Conclusion: A Rational, Natural, and Spiritual Affirmation -/- The Universal Formula provides not just a technical or philosophical answer to the question of our cosmic loneliness—it provides a universal foundation. If life is the result of correct system operation (Law of Karma), if balance demands the distribution of consciousness (Law of Balance in Nature), and if all minds are shaped through feedback (Feedback Mechanism of Conscious Minds), then it follows with certainty: we are not alone. -/- This truth is not only compatible with science and philosophy—it also resonates with the deep spiritual intuition that humanity has carried for millennia. In understanding and applying the Universal Formula, we are not just solving the problem of free will; we are beginning to understand our rightful place in the living, intelligent cosmos. -/- . (shrink)

The Martian Constitution of Natural Balance -/- Founded upon the Universal Laws of Nature and Human Homeostasis -/- Preamble -/- We, the first citizens of Mars, in pursuit of a just, balanced, and peaceful civilization, establish this Constitution to guide our society according to the Universal Laws of Nature, with the purpose of eliminating ignorance, preventing human suffering, and achieving true harmony between human life and the environment. -/- We affirm that the human will, once understood through natural law, is (...) neither random nor divine but governed by the same laws that sustain the universe. Therefore, our society shall be founded on education, truth, feedback, and balance—not on inherited dogma or supernatural belief. -/- Article I: Foundation of Law -/- 1. All laws and governance shall be based on the Three Universal Laws of Nature, as defined by the Universal Formula: -/- Law 1: The Law of Karma – All actions produce natural effects. Systems, including human decisions, must be free from defect or error to function properly. -/- Law 2: The Law of Feedback Mechanism – The human mind is shaped by continuous feedback from internal and external environments, including other conscious minds. -/- Law 3: The Law of Homeostatic Balance – Every decision must maintain dynamic balance with the surrounding systems to preserve stability and harmony. -/- 2. No belief, policy, or law may contradict these natural laws. -/- 3. Truth, reason, and verifiable knowledge shall form the basis of all public decisions. -/- Article II: Post-Religious Humanism -/- 1. Mars shall be a post-religious civilization. No organized religion shall be established, maintained, or funded within public institutions. -/- 2. Individual spiritual expression is respected only as a private matter, provided it does not interfere with public reason or governance. -/- 3. No public discourse, education, or policy may appeal to divine authority or religious doctrine. -/- Article III: Holistic Education -/- 1. All citizens shall receive foundational education in: -/- Natural law and systems thinking -/- The Universal Law of Balance in Nature -/- Cause-and-effect mechanisms in decision-making (Law of Karma) -/- Feedback systems between the individual and the collective -/- 2. Education shall focus on critical thinking, empirical understanding, and the integration of mind, body, and environment. -/- 3. Indoctrination of any kind, especially religious or ideological, is prohibited. -/- 4. Education shall be lifelong, evolving with the discovery of deeper systems knowledge and advancements in understanding. -/- Article IV: Collective Decision-Making -/- 1. Leadership shall be based on feedback-based governance, where public input and systemic feedback ensure equilibrium in policy. -/- 2. Citizens are required to engage in reasoned participation and understand the long-term systemic effects of their decisions. -/- 3. Leaders must demonstrate verified understanding of the Universal Formula and the ability to apply natural law in governance. -/- 4. Governance structures shall include: -/- Local Councils of Balance, chosen for their understanding of systemic harmony -/- Scientific-Ethical Advisory Councils, to assess the impact of decisions on balance -/- Open-Feedback Forums, where all citizens may contribute to public discourse and influence outcomes -/- Article V: Scientific and Technological Ethics -/- 1. All scientific inquiry and technological advancement must align with the Universal Laws and serve systemic balance and sustainability. -/- 2. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) shall only be developed and deployed in alignment with the Universal Formula and supported by a complete sensor feedback system. -/- 3. Ethics shall be rooted in the prevention of imbalance, harm, or long-term systemic dysfunction. -/- Article VI: Sustainability and Harmony with Mars -/- 1. Mars shall be treated as a closed, living system, with all human activities harmonized with its natural cycles. -/- 2. Colonization shall prioritize the preservation of balance between human life, technological infrastructure, and Martian environmental conditions. -/- 3. No act of exploitation, pollution, or imbalance shall be tolerated, regardless of economic or political justification. -/- Article VII: The Bill of Rights and Duties -/- 1. Right to Balanced Life: Every individual has the right to conditions that support physical, mental, and ecological balance. -/- 2. Right to Truthful Education: Every citizen has the right to receive truthful, evidence-based education on the laws of nature and mind. -/- 3. Right to Voice and Feedback: Every citizen shall be empowered to provide feedback in governance and decision-making processes. -/- 4. Duty to Preserve Balance: Every citizen is obligated to act in ways that preserve the homeostasis of their community and environment. -/- 5. Duty of Critical Inquiry: Every citizen must continually refine their understanding and challenge imbalance, falsehood, and systemic defect. -/- Article VIII: Legal Framework and Enforcement -/- 1. All laws, decisions, and conflicts shall be judged based on alignment with the Universal Laws of Nature. -/- 2. A Council of Natural Law shall oversee constitutional interpretation, dispute resolution, and systemic audits. -/- 3. No punishment shall be retributive; instead, corrective feedback shall restore individual and systemic balance. -/- 4. Violations of natural law are addressed through evidence-based evaluation and homeostatic rehabilitation, not punitive incarceration. -/- Article IX: Interplanetary Harmony and Earth Declaration -/- 1. Mars commits to peaceful, educational, and cooperative relations with Earth and other planetary societies. -/- 2. A Declaration to Earth shall be sent, stating: -/- The Martian civilization is founded on the Universal Laws of Nature. -/- Religious and ideological conflicts on Earth can be transcended through systems education and natural law. -/- Mars invites Earth-based governments to adopt principles of feedback, balance, and scientific humanism. -/- 3. Martian knowledge and frameworks shall be freely shared with Earth to assist in resolving human suffering, environmental collapse, and systemic ignorance. -/- Article X: Declaration of Martian Humanism -/- We, the People of Mars, declare that human dignity and universal truth are not founded on mythology or divine decree but on the observable laws of nature. We stand as the first civilization constructed consciously from the ground up on the basis of: -/- The Interdependence of all systems -/- The dynamic feedback loops between humans and their environment -/- The responsibility of every mind to uphold balance, truth, and ethical clarity -/- This Declaration is extended not only to Martians, but to all future civilizations across the stars. May they learn from Earth’s errors and Mars’ rebirth, to establish harmony where there was once chaos, and knowledge where there was once belief. -/- In homeostasis, truth, and unity, we pledge our future. -/- . (shrink)

-/- A World Without Organized Religion: An Exploration of Its Potential Impact on Society, Education, and History -/- Introduction -/- The role of organized religion in shaping human civilization is profound and undeniable. Religion has historically been a cornerstone of society, influencing governance, culture, education, morality, and psychology. However, the prospect of a world without organized religion prompts a series of critical questions: How would such a world function? What would be the societal, educational, and historical consequences of the absence (...) of organized religious institutions? This paper seeks to explore the potential implications of a world without organized religion by analyzing its effects through the lenses of history, education, psychology, and society. -/- Historical Impact: The Role of Religion in Shaping Civilization -/- Organized religion has played a central role in the development of human history, serving as a source of social cohesion, legal authority, and cultural identity. From the Roman Empire’s adoption of Christianity to the Islamic Caliphates and the Catholic Church’s influence on European politics, religion has often provided the framework for political legitimacy (Armstrong, 2006). In a world without organized religion, many of these power structures would have been redefined. Monarchs and rulers who once derived their legitimacy from divine right would have likely needed to find alternative sources of authority, such as meritocracy or philosophical principles. -/- Additionally, organized religion has been a major catalyst for conflict throughout history. The Crusades, religious wars, and modern-day sectarian violence (Juergensmeyer, 2003) have all been driven by religious ideologies. Without religion as a central organizing principle, these conflicts may not have occurred, or they may have taken on different forms. However, this does not mean that the absence of religion would eliminate all forms of ideological conflict; political or economic struggles may have replaced religious disputes as the driving forces behind violence and division. -/- Moreover, religion has often acted as a gatekeeper for intellectual inquiry, either supporting or hindering scientific and philosophical progress. The historical persecution of figures such as Galileo (Finocchiaro, 1989), whose scientific views contradicted church doctrine, illustrates the conflict between religious authority and intellectual freedom. In a world without organized religion, intellectual exploration may have advanced more swiftly, with fewer barriers to the dissemination of new ideas. -/- Educational Shifts: The Absence of Religious Doctrine in Learning -/- In the educational domain, organized religion has historically influenced curricula and pedagogical approaches. Religious doctrines often shape what is taught in schools, influencing everything from the teaching of science to the moral education of children. In a world devoid of organized religion, education would likely be entirely secular. Instruction would focus on subjects such as logic, natural science, ethics, and critical thinking, free from the constraints of religious dogma (Nussbaum, 2010). Without religious guidelines, educational systems might have prioritized reason and empirical evidence over faith-based narratives. -/- The secularization of education would also likely have profound social consequences. In many societies, religious institutions historically controlled access to education, often excluding certain groups based on gender, class, or caste. In the absence of religious authority, the universal right to education may have been realized earlier, leading to greater literacy and gender equality (Nussbaum, 2010). Furthermore, education in a non-religious world would likely place greater emphasis on the natural world, encouraging students to explore systems thinking and scientific inquiry as opposed to relying on theological explanations for existence. -/- Psychological Considerations: The Search for Meaning Without Religion -/- Religion has long provided individuals with answers to existential questions, offering comfort, purpose, and a moral framework. In its absence, individuals would continue to search for meaning in life, but they may turn to secular philosophies, art, or personal experiences to fill the void. The loss of religious structures may prompt people to seek meaning through alternative sources, such as humanist ideals, existential philosophy, or mindfulness practices (Frankl, 1959). Such an approach could encourage individuals to live authentic lives based on personal values, empathy, and responsibility, rather than adherence to prescribed religious norms. -/- Psychologically, the absence of religion could have both positive and negative effects. On one hand, the absence of doctrines that instill fear—such as the concepts of sin, eternal punishment, and divine judgment—could lead to a reduction in guilt and anxiety, fostering a more intrinsic motivation for moral behavior (Ellis, 1980). On the other hand, individuals may face greater existential uncertainty, as religion often provides clear answers to questions about the afterlife, the meaning of life, and moral decision-making. Psychological coping mechanisms such as meditation, therapy, or secular rituals could emerge to help individuals navigate these challenges (Haidt, 2012). -/- Societal Impact: The Reconfiguration of Communities and Moral Systems -/- In terms of societal organization, the absence of organized religion would fundamentally alter how communities form and function. Religious institutions have historically been a source of social cohesion, providing a sense of community and shared values. In the absence of these institutions, new forms of community would likely emerge, rooted in secular or humanistic ideals. These new communities might prioritize empathy, social responsibility, and collective action over adherence to religious beliefs (Kurtz, 2000). -/- Without the influence of religious doctrine, moral and ethical frameworks would evolve around secular humanism or natural law (Kurtz, 2000). Such systems emphasize the inherent dignity of all individuals, the importance of justice, and the need for social cooperation. In a secular society, ethics would be grounded in reason and empathy rather than divine command, and moral decision-making would be based on the consequences of actions, rather than adherence to religious rules. -/- However, it is important to acknowledge that the absence of religion does not guarantee a utopian society. Humans have a tendency to form ideological groups, and without religious institutions, other forms of ideological extremism could emerge. Nationalism, political cults, or secular ideologies could replace religious zealotry, leading to new forms of societal division (Harari, 2015). -/- Conclusion -/- A world without organized religion would be a world of profound transformation. While the absence of religion might eliminate certain historical conflicts, psychological burdens, and constraints on intellectual freedom, it would also necessitate the creation of new systems for providing meaning, moral guidance, and social cohesion. In the absence of religious institutions, humanity would likely turn to secular philosophies, humanist values, and communal support structures to meet its deepest needs. The ultimate impact of a world without organized religion would depend on how societies adapt to the challenges of maintaining ethical frameworks, fostering community, and addressing existential questions without religious guidance. -/- References -/- Armstrong, K. (2006). The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions. Knopf. -/- Ellis, A. (1980). The Case Against Religion: A Psychotherapist’s View. Institute for Rational Living. -/- Finocchiaro, M. A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. University of California Press. -/- Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s Search for Meaning. Beacon Press. -/- Haidt, J. (2012). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. Pantheon. -/- Harari, Y. N. (2015). Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Harper. -/- James, W. (1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience. Longmans, Green & Co. -/- Juergensmeyer, M. (2003). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. University of California Press. -/- Kurtz, P. (2000). Embracing the Power of Humanism. Rowman & Littlefield. -/- Nussbaum, M. C. (2010). Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton University Press. -/- . (shrink)