Purpose. Objectives of the study are as follows: to remove the reduction of women to a metaphysical subject, to the "castrated Other" through the correlation of postmodern strategies and gender medicine; to institutionalize gender medicine as knowledge and practical activities that improve the quality and span of life of women based on the methodological application of deconstruction, complementarity, differance, "double writing", X-subject treatment and biomedical innovations; the perspective of gender medicine development is the implementation of the concept of "sovereign writing" (...) of postmodern in individual treatment of a person. Theoretical basis. Shock value of the title means farewell to metaphysics in the complex of its derived concepts. The author criticizes the abstract, reduced, marginalized, deviant subject of classical metaphysics and its continuation in psychoanalysis, explores the correlation of postmodern philosophy strategies and biomedical innovations. The allusion to the masterpiece of world cinematography Pasolini’s "Ciao maschio" corresponds to the rhizomatic stylistics of the postmodern. Originality. After feminist transgressions, gender constructivism postmodern philosophy demonstrates a new subject and a new methodology, which formed gender medicine. Differance, distinction, complementarity, X-subject of treatment, chiasmatic movement, "double writing", "sovereign writing" organically turned over and reconstructed modern medicine in gender, biochemical, and hormonal innovative variations. Conclusions. 1. Based on the philosophy and biomedical innovations, a new direction has grown – gender medicine, which has removed the reduction of women to a metaphysical subject, "castrated Other", which has improved the quality of women’s health and span of life. 2. Gender medicine in organic combination with the strategies of deconstruction, complementarity, differance, distinction as hormonal distinction, "double writing" as a "dual protocol" of treatment for the same diseases of men and women, the treatment of X-subject turned out to be "new wisdom", which improves the quality of health and span of life in everyday practice. 3. The prospect of the gender medicine’s development is in the implementation of the "sovereign writing" as an individual treatment of a specific person. (shrink)

Purpose. In order to consistently distinguish between violence, which is always primarily a destructive force, and the civilized use of force that involves constructive, creative goals, one should explore the main possible philosophical approaches to understand the nature of violence and try to give it a systematic outline. Methodology. This study uses a systematic approach to identify the internal relationship between different forms of violence and, accordingly, the counteraction against violence. Also, the author uses an axiology to identify the values (...) that are the basis for distinguishing violence from its prototypes, as well as for the distinction between violence and coercion, as well as different types of coercion. Originality. This article presents significant clarifications on the classification of types of violence, in particular, it is clearly established that certain types of violence can not have ethical relevance, since they belong to the sphere of biology or social anthropology. Actually violence or violence in the narrow sense implies the existence of will, consciousness and destructive purpose. Accordingly, counteraction against violence should include the formation of a certain non-violent type of will, non-violent culture and creative, constructive goals. This requires both personal effort and institutional support and the availability of appropriate moral traditions. Ethical theory is intended to clarify and systematize these efforts. In this sense, ethics is the core of practical philosophy. To the extent that the influence of ethics on changes in human culture and sociality in the counterfactual regime is increasing, one should also speak of the anthropological significance of ethics. Conclusions. From the socio-philosophical point of view, it is necessary to specify exactly which social institutions and in which constellation generate violence. The ethical aspect of the study of violence involves categorizing the problem in terms of good and evil: violence is evil, as opposed to coercion, which can be justified, legitimated - but always from the point of view of promoting the development of society and the individual, encouraging the disclosure of his creative potential. Counterfactuality acts as an important ethical category, which reveals the transformation mechanism applied by human relative to himself and society while focusing on the values of goodness and other constructive and creative values. (shrink)

Certain principle aspects of the fundamental science state in Ukraine as of 2014 were analyzed. It was shown that no awareness exists in the country that the main although not unique task of the science consists in the creation of new knowledge. The special attention was paid to state academies of science, in particular, to the National academy of science of Ukraine. It was demonstrated that the active law concerning science as well as the project of the new law have (...) substantial shortcomings from the judiciary viewpoint and inhibit a free progress of science in line with general trends of the developed countries. The existing status of the autonomous state academies, being a peculiar symbiosis the non-governmental organization and state institution, was criticized. The concept of a scientific elite was analyzed, which was used to determine its true level. Certain scientometric data on the Ukrainian science were presented. A very unsatisfactory situation with social sciences and humanities was shown. Criteria were discussed for the future audit of the Ukrainian science in order to reform it in the European style. (shrink)

Purpose. The article is aimed to substantiate the view on the phenomenon of laughter as a subject of semiotic analysis, which leads to the following tasks: to reveal the possibilities of semiotics application in the study of laughter nature; to analyze the phenomenon of laughter as a cultural and natural phenomenon, as a sign and as an attribute; to consider the place of laughter in culture, which is understood as a sign system. Theoretical basis. The semiotic approach proceeds from the (...) fact that human lives in the world of signs, all the surrounding reality can be interpreted as a sign system. The basic concept of semiotics is the concept of a sign. The theoretical basis of the article is understanding the culture as a sign-symbolic system. Laughter is considered as a phenomenon ontologically rooted in human culture. At the same time, laughter is on the edge of culture. The research is based on the work of semiotic authors, cultural researchers, and the researchers of laughter. Originality. The originality lies in the application of the semiotic method to the research of laughter phenomenon, consideration of the dialectics of natural and cultural, signedness and non-signedness, manifested in the phenomenon of laughter. Conclusions. Laughter is considered as a psychophysiological phenomenon and as a cultural phenomenon. Laughter acts as an emotional manifestation, a physiological reaction, but socially and culturally mediated. In any case, laughter indicates an emotional or cognitive state of a human. Laughter acts as a process and result of the interpretation of a sign, a reaction to a sign. Laughter is a form and a means of communication. Being a natural phenomenon, in the process of social evolution, laughter acquires signedness, is integrated by culture as a sign system, and, at the same time, maintains a connection with nature. Thus, laughter occupies an ambivalent position between nature and culture. In the phenomenon of laughter, the dual state of human is revealed. In laughter, boundaries are blurred, the unity and opposition of natural and cultural, biological and social, soul and body, thought and feeling, sign and attribute are manifested. (shrink)

Constitutive aspects of two ways of cognition are clarified: Apollonian way with its synthetic view of the world, that expressed in Plato’s myth of cave and Dionysian way with its tragic self-cognition and attitude to the world, that expressed in Sophocles’ Oedipusology. For implementation of comparative analysis the author defines the key formal and informative aspects, regarding which we can compare man of cave by Plato and Oedipus by Sophocles. Showed, that the first conceptual sign is understanding of fundamental incompleteness (...) of human existence. Grasped that the second sign is a condition of total ignorance with some psychological and existential trials: being on the bottom of the cave by Plato and being of Oedipus in Corinth by Sophocles. Clarified that the third sign of comparative analysis is transforming conditions with pain, torture, anger, fear etc. A cave man realizes that subjects in new view are different from previous view. Oedipus has in this case some doubts, he goes to Delphi, then he runs to Thebes and comes to grip with Sphinx. Showed, that the fourth sign of comparative analysis is a character of opening of wisdom: a cave man carries linear sequential climbing from empirical knowledge to rational knowledge, from rational knowledge to speculative knowledge, and Oedipus carries by discrete way from esoteric knowledge to knowledge-power, from knowledge-power to knowledge-of-himself. Grasped that the fifth sign of comparative analysis is a condition after cognition of wisdom: a cave man comes back to the cave, tries to save other people and meets his destiny as violent death, in opposite of this Oedipus leaves Thebes forever, disappears mystically and comes spiritual patron of Athens. (shrink)

Purpose of the article is to determine plagiarism as anthropological and social phenomenon. Theoretical basis. The author has analysed authentic historical-philosophical and literary texts to explicate the original meaning of the terms, by which the phenomenon of plagiarism was denoted. There were used methods and principles of socio-philosophical and philosophical-anthropological research, in particular: social determinism and anthropological interpretation of human life phenomena. Originality consists of: clarifying the terminological evolution in relation to designating the phenomenon of plagiarism; 2) the philosophical-anthropological description (...) of the motives and personal traits of the subject of plagiarism proposed by author. Conclusions. 1. Plagiarism as practice and plagiarism as a term existed separately for a long time. With the nominates, which denoted the practice, "Plagium" had as its predecessors the Greek "Λογοκλόπία" and the Latin "Furta". The modern semantics genesis of the term "plagiarism" took place as a process of changing the nominal values due to the complication of the semantic structure of the word before reintegration. 2. Analysis of historical-philosophical and literary sources from the "Empedocles Case" and "Fedentinus Case" allowed reconstructing the anthropological characteristics of the named persons as plagiarists: both of them were induced to plagiarize by vanity, either due to temporary limitation of abilities to intellectual creation or due to constant limited ability to the literary creativity. Plagiarism was also caused by the low moral qualities of both, that allows to consider plagiarism as one of the manifestations of the individual’s integral characteristics. 3. Vanity, that motivates the commission of plagiarism, is one of the manifestations of the esteem needs, sociogenic by its nature, but unlike the next, higher stage in the hierarchy of basic needs does not foresee the self-improvement of man. Therefore, the plagiarist does not pass to the level of the need for self-actualization, the means to satisfy which is creativity in its various forms, "trampling" on the previous level. 4. Plagiarism is an ambivalent phenomenon, because in spite of plagiarists’ anthropological peculiarities, the ontological foundations of plagiarism are rooted in the social nature of man. (shrink)

Human simultaneously is the acting person of a few autonomous and interdepending forms of evolutional process. Accordingly, it is possible to select three forms of adaptation and three constituents of evolutional strategy of survival of humanity – biological, sociocultural and technological adaptations. The actual and potential consequences of development of so-called High Hume technologies (technologies of the guided evolution)  most essential from major technological adaptations of humanity  are analyzed. The phenomenon of bio-power within the framework of global coevolutional (...) methodology as one of central elements of mechanism of mutual co-ordination of biological and sociocultural forms of evolutional process from one side and technocultural balance, with other is examined. (shrink)

Mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the system stable evolutionary strategy Homo sapiens – genetic and cultural coevolution techno-cultural balance – are analyzed. оe main content of the study can be summarized in the following the- ses: stable adaptive strategy of Homo sapiens includes superposition of three basic types (biological, cultural and technological) of adaptations, the integrity of the system provides by two coevolutionary ligament its elements – the genetic-cultural coevolution and techno-cultural balance, the system takes as result of by (...) develop- ment of genetic and information technologies by advent of genetic and informa- tion technologies extremely unstable conūguration; a harbinger of a radical change in the mechanisms of global evolution religion is a consequence of structural and functional organization of the human psyche; it played (along with science and technology) the role of socio-cultural adaptation of the human mind are present a number of ideas or concepts (the idea of God, including) the genesis of that ideas is associated with the interaction of two information systems, that appear to each other as information substrates – emotional, and verbal-logical (discursive) forms; evolution of the mentality has two nodes, that corresponding to the dominance of rationalism or religion in spiritual culture; the problem of rational justiūcation of religion in modern science is presented by two alternative methodologies – evo- lutionary epistemological and metaphysical-ontological ones; both methodologies are incompatible in a logical perspective; in the evolutionary epistemological im- pact concept of religion and science are equal and alternative building blocks of a stable evolutionary strategy of Homo sapiens, and their balance sheet pro. (shrink)

The purpose of the study is to determine the key strategies of philosophical criticism of Heidegger’s Black Notebooks, whose achievement is realized in the following tasks: 1) to identify the body of texts that represent the discourse of philosophical criticism of Heidegger notes; 2) to reveal the typological features of the different strategies of interpreting Black Notebooks; 3) to reconstruct a thematic horizon of Heidegger studies, opened up by discussion on published notes. The methodology combines elements of discourse analysis with (...) traditional methods of historical and philosophical criticism. Scientific novelty is expressed in the following: 1) philosophical discourse of the Notebooks’ reception includes texts of narrowly specialized character, as well as reflections of key philosophers 2) basic strategies in philosophical critique of Black Notebooks convey the overall structure of the discourse of interpretation of Heidegger’s legacy, distributed between apologetics and ideological criticism; 3) Black Notebooks have exacerbated the problem of architectonics of Gesammtausgabe and formed the textual basis for the study of "silence" period in philosophical life of Heidegger. Conclusions. The discourse of philosophical critique of Heidegger’s notes proves evidence for ideological charge of philosophizing and justifies socially oriented approaches of historical and philosophical studies examining philosophizing as a special cultural practice, not as a form of sublime creativity. (shrink)

Purpose. The problem of this paper is to study the mutual influences of smart philosophies and methodologies of social sciences and humanities. The purpose of this article is to study the cognitive dialogue of philosophical ideas of Eastern Europe thinkers in the first half of the nineteenth century and the theoretical approaches of historical anthropology. The methodology of this work includes such intellectual approach as systematic and structural, interdisciplinary, source of study and comparative methods. Scientific novelty. Scientific novelty of the (...) article is to analyse the cognitive interferences of different directions of philosophical searches and representative power of historical knowledge, historical anthropology. The reconstruction and study of cognitive dialogue of this area of historical science with the concepts of philosophy and the history of science, the philosophical basis of ethnic psychology, theories of the philosophy of culture were implemented. Conclusion. The cognitive dialogue of Eastern European philosophical research of the first half of the XX century and methodological approach of historical anthropology was materialized in the intellectual scheme, which includes a number of elements. These include: details, the creation of mental conditions for implementing this dialogue, detailing the program of dialogue, the creation of deployed interdisciplinary dialogue system of philosophical concepts and theoretical methods of historical anthropology. (shrink)

Purpose. The purpose of research consists in that: having plunged into depths of primitive consciousness, to reveal contradiction of the European thought in Ancient Greek thought and show resources of mythological thinking on the way of overcoming of these contradictions. Methodology. All methodological installations, using possibilities, borderlines and effects of non-classical consciousness, have appeared insufficiently effective for adequate understanding of essence of the person. The generalised method, which is used by us, leans on deep resources of high-energy consciousness and on (...) decoding of possibilities of anthropological time that it presumes to open new horizons of human existence. Originality. Addressing to modern representations about the changed conditions of consciousness, we have tried to see the historically generated discursive practices of understanding reality by the consciousness. Thus, using the consistently conducted destruction we are aimed at reaching the first sources of consciousness and revealing the deep historical mechanisms of temporal consciousnesses formation. Conclusions. It is shown that the use of the basic ideas of Ancient Greek thought leads scientific consciousness to deadlocks of contradictions, which were consistently revealed during subsequent history of philosophy and culture. The analysis of ancient mythological texts allows concluding, that the Greek thought is not a source of modern scientific thought. That is to understand the scientific thought one should address to the more ancient archaic thinking. Thus, to overcome the contradictions of modern scientific and philosophical thought it is necessary to search new alternative sources of understanding of the historical reality, first of all, connected with deepening into ancient thought. (shrink)

У статті аналізуються джерела активності та розвитку історії філософії. Головна увага звертається на Світовий дух – суб’єкт історії філософії як логіки поняття та концептуальний персонаж – суб’єкт історії філософії як логіки смислу, філософську логіку та філософську евристику. Обґрунтовується діалектичний зв’язок між Світовим духом як абсолютним чи універсальним суб’єктом і концептуальним персонажем як індивідуальним суб’єктом.

The attempt of philosophical analysis of information is undertaken, as major determinanty of transformation of culture, which supposes consideration in conceptions of modern man becoming of man of virtus with the changing environment of co-operation, globalization of intercourse, loss of identity, new virtual culture. The purpose of the study – a study of concepts information, the information space and the man virtus in philosophical discourse. Conclusions. Thus this study allows us to formulate the following conclusions and conceptual points : – (...) Information that creates a psychological and social basis on which manifests conscious behavior of the individual. The «natural» information around us is a soil origin of living beings and the condition for their development and improvement, while «artificial» information involves the use of new norms and channels of information, it is present in the form of written information, audio messages, television and radio and so on – in other words everything that has been created as a result of human activity; – Information space – a multi-level structure. In a sense, it can be called the metaphor, but at the same time, it is quite possible. – Information space understood as a set of spatial structures in which information is distributed. The information space is a collection of interacting processes and information systems. Changes associated with the processes of information, technology use, virtualization, and cultural space of coverage, expanding modes of transmission of social and cultural experience. New global information technology not only to open up unprecedented opportunities for human development, but at the same time put in front of him and culture complex nature of philosophical problems associated with the dehumanizing culture, rationalization of thinking, adaptability to life. Information processes taking place in society, cause radical changes in the structure and content of modern culture: on the one hand, it includes elements of the previous crop, and on the other, it creates new areas. (shrink)

In the article grounded, that informative safety occupies one of key places in the system of providing vitally of important interests of all countries. It is foremost conditioned by the urgent necessity of creation of the developed informative environment of society. But ex- actly through an informative environment mostly come true threat to national safety in the different spheres of activity of personality, society and state. In modern terms there was a requirement in overthinking and clarification of problem of informative (...) safety through the prism of existential and network practices taking into account modern ambivalent of in- formative processes. It is shown that network practices of providing of informative safety have a row of features that is set by character of social practices in a cyberspace and network, stream organization of virtual space. It is shown, that modern tendencies different personality and social anomalies can cause in the field of information, that unavoidable will put both personality and public safety under a threat. At the same time, without regard to the sub- stantial enough working of problem of informative safety, unity in understanding of essence of phenomenon of informative safety in the context of the network for existential measuring in a modern scientific paradigm it is not. Summarizing socio-philosophical comprehension of this problem in unfortunately there are not levels on a due. Network practices of providing of informative safety are determined by a functional value, but not the place where are subjects at. Locations are now determined the by derivatives from the submachine’s of informative network. In other words, made decision in a network, but come true locally and territorial. An event «in place» becomes to the derivatives from an event in a network knot. This feature is the basis of essence of practices of both providing of informative safety and realization of aggression, for example, of hybrid wars. For example, today an aggressor can conduct informative wars on any territories, being in a comfortable for him place and at any time, keeping the anonymity. It is shown that complication of social co-operations and increase of their intensity in the conditions of cyberspace are conditioned by matrix nature of network space that results in high variety of practices of providing of safety. Network communicative space pro- duces the efficiency presented by the new system of social limitations. Interests of subjects remain, develop and increased, and, the necessity of certain efficiency is kept and increased as a guarantor of safe co-operation in a network. To such state peculiar large enough degree of spontaneity, chance, disorganization of social co-operation, and are dangers. More difficult, reflective comprehension of freedom – «paradoxical freedom» is con- ceived in life of society. Her descriptions are the inevitable imposing and assuming of responsibility for the obvious and latent consequences of risks: a social subject is put in the terms of life, when it is necessary constantly to choose. It appears that it is simply impossible not to choose something or someone taking into account the factor of immedi- ate or set aside, obvious or latent risks. The estimations of the done choice are actively varied in social and cultural space and change in time. A choice, that became functional, effective for one cultural space, is not universal for other cultures. Deviation in one valued- normative space becomes an innovation in other. «Risk freedom» becomes the norm of practices of providing of safety. To it some movement of focus of attention of society is related from a norm to the value. In a modern cyberspace in a greater measure an orientation develops on a value, but not orientation on a norm. On the other hand, absence of the single valued system is another feature of network «social order» that generates a variety and development of tolerance. Contemporaneity is characterized by an orientation on the new methods of selection, that admits stability and safety to the prospect. Network the Internet presents space of most closeness and intensity of communication. The different types of social structures, that is set by an orientation, closeness and intensity of informative streams, predetermine the different forms of co-ordination in society. Grounded, that branching of ways of providing of informative safety in the conditions of network communications of informative society is set by such criterion, as a level of intensity of communication. Pro- viding of informative safety, foremost in the Internet, are the practical operating under overcoming of breaks and protecting from information. Overcoming of breaks comes true with the aim of orientation in general informative space for the purpose control after in- formation. Drawn conclusion, that informative safety is protecting the information and protecting from information. Providing of informative safety in the conditions of informa- tive society is a necessity that becomes the attribute of modern life of any social subject, and requires incessant work with information that includes for itself co-operating with different consulting models, where localization of action, providing of freedom and mini- mization of risk are. (shrink)

Title: Philosophical associations: Enthusiasm and initiative Abstract: The book section deals with the history of the philosophical associations in Bulgaria during the first half of the XX century. Главата разглежда историята на философските дружества в България през първата половина на 20 век.

The situation in modern philosophy is very similar to the one that was there in the beginning of the XIX century. To realize it enough to read the preface to «Phenomenology of Spirit» written by Hegel, where he listed all the vices that were inherent in the philosophy of that time. However, more important for us in this preface is that Hegel spoke out his vision: a) the reasons which were at that moment in philosophy and b) ways out of (...) it. In simple terms he revised his consideration on this subject in which he wrote in the same years the article «Who thinks abstractly?». (shrink)

Попри те, що «лінгвістичний поворот» і філософія мови канонізовані в статусі напрямку наукових досліджень лише на початку ХХ століття, осмислення мови як соціокультурного та історичного феномена віддзеркалює етап філософської рефлексії, який складає понад два тисячоліття. Людина здавна розмірковувала про сутність, причинно-насліднові зв’язки, функції і зумовленість мови різними факторами. Що стосується безпосередньо філософії мови, то нині основні дослідницькі зусилля зосереджені довкола двох її напрямів – критики мови як інструменту людського спілкування й мислення, а також інструментальних можливостей конкретної мови в той чи (...) інший період її розвитку. Сферу повноважень філософії мови найкраще продемонстровати переліком її основних проблем: різними аспектами розуміння, значення, концептуального аналізу тощо. (shrink)

The article considers the problem of the system model of family counseling, in particular, the analysis of the family as a social system, as a complex of elements and their properties, which are in dynamic connections and relationships. The analysis of the theory of systems and the description of the principles of family counseling is carried out. Particular attention is paid to highlighting the main provisions of the individual (“adlerian”) psychology in counseling the family. -/- Currently among specialists there is (...) a high interest in the provision of psychological assistance to a family in crisis. This is largely due to the fact that over the past decades, the institution of the family in this country is experiencing an increase in destructive tendencies. This is evidenced by an increase in the number of appeals to school psychologists, psychological counseling, psychological services and centers from both the individual members of the family and families in general. -/- The psychological help to the family is positioned as a relatively new field of practice for a psychologist. The practice of counseling, including family, is largely determined by the theoretical skills of the counselor, primarily as (s)he understands the personality, determination of behavior, the source of family problems, and the possibility of change. Today, practitioners prefer the integrative method, which is a system approach. -/- The purpose of this article is to analyze the theory of systems as the basis of family counseling. The system model of family counseling is considered to be one of the youngest and most widespread models that received their recognition at the end of the twentieth century. (shrink)

Straipsnyje analizuojamos Wittgensteino etinės pažiūros, pateiktos jo veikale „Tractatus Lo­gico-Philosophicus“ ir „Lecture on Ethics“. Juose Wittgensteinas tvirtina, kad etikos dalykai nepriklauso faktų sričiai. Todėl negali būti jokių etikos teiginių ir etika negali būti išreikšta. Wittgensteinas buvo vie­nas iš analitinės filosofijos kūrėjų ir etikos problemas svarsto būdu, kuris vėliau tapo įprastas šios filoso­fijos atstovams. Jis analizuoja, kaip kalboje funkcionuoja etikai būdingos sąvokos, ir tuo grindžia savo išvadas. Klasikinėje tradicijoje etinių sąvokų funkcionavimo ypatumai buvo aiškinami remiantis proto ir valios santykiu. Wittgensteinas etiką (...) irgi sieja su valios subjektu, laikydamasis tam tikros proto ir valios santykio sampratos. Mūsų nuomone, ji labiausiai artima Dunso Škoto pasiūlytai proto ir valios santykio interpretacijai. Tačiau ne ja Wittgensteinas grindžia savo išvadą apie tai, kad etika neišreiškiama. (shrink)

The purpose is to find out the specifics of the ancient paradigm of technology. Task: to determine the ancient worldview universals that define ancient picture of the world; find out the meaning of the ancient concept of «techne». Methodology. To perform the tasks it was used the paradigm approach to the historical transformation technology, and was made historical reconstruction and explication of the production and development of technology in antiquity. Using a functional approach has revealed a close, the inextricable link (...) between the constitution and functioning of ancient technology and ancient philosophical universals. The elements of scientific novelty is, first, the paradigm approach to historical transformation technology, and secondly, research technology within the ideological world view that is due to the domination of ancient philosophical wagon filled with new content, different from the archaic paradigm of technology and paradigms machinery Ancient East. Conclusions.Proved that historical transformation technology primarily due to dramatic changes philosophical Universal, which in turn lead to a new world and a new content and technology space in it. Proved that the development of technology and its inclusion in an ideological view of the world contributed to several factors: first, the ancient world view is no longer a purely mythological, woven natural-philosophical ideas about the universe; basis of ancient philosophy cosmocentrism with signs of logocentrism. Second, the ability to think through concepts, form them, allowing isolate rational considerations of practical everyday experience was the great achievement of ancient philosophy, the first attempt at scientific understanding of the world, the precondition and foundation of science as such. Thirdly, purely mechanical, technical model of the world that started the ancient Greek philosophers, initiated the transition to a scientific rational explanation of nature, unlike the previous one - irrational and mystical. Fourth, despite the fact that ancient man was still dependent on the nature of space needed, he was sufficiently autonomous from traditional models of life and behaviour in the implementation of his career. Fifthly, the principle of creative development, production of the new, which was characteristic of the macrocosm, nature, spread his microcosm - man. (shrink)