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The principles of quantum mechanics

Oxford,: Clarendon Press (1930)

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  1. (2 other versions)Mechanistic Causation and Constraints: Perspectival Parts and Powers, Non-perspectival Modal Patterns.Jason Winning - 2020 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 71 (4):1385-1409.
    Any successful account of the metaphysics of mechanistic causation must satisfy at least five key desiderata. In this article, I lay out these five desiderata and explain why existing accounts of the metaphysics of mechanistic causation fail to satisfy them. I then present an alternative account that does satisfy the five desiderata. According to this alternative account, we must resort to a type of ontological entity that is new to metaphysics, but not to science: constraints. In this article, I explain (...)
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  • Mais que um, menos que muitos: a individuação e o programa filosófico de Simondon no “L'Individuation à la Lumière des Notions de Forme et d'Information ”.Paulo Vieira Neto - 2015 - Doispontos 12 (1).
    resumo: Há uma solidariedade entre o estilo do L'Individuation à la Lumière des Notions de Forme et d'Information e os princípios teóricos que a obra toma como ponto de partida para sua investigação dos diversos processos de individuação. Essa solidariedade torna o estilo da obra um programa filosófico que responde a demandas precisas quanto ao papel das ciências da natureza, das ciências humanas e da técnica, sua classificação, sua história e sua consistência teórica, demandas que pretendemos especificar no artigo. Ao (...)
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  • Quantum Mechanics in a New Light.Ulrich J. Mohrhoff - 2017 - Foundations of Science 22 (3):517-537.
    Although the present paper looks upon the formal apparatus of quantum mechanics as a calculus of correlations, it goes beyond a purely operationalist interpretation. Having established the consistency of the correlations with the existence of their correlata, and having justified the distinction between a domain in which outcome-indicating events occur and a domain whose properties only exist if their existence is indicated by such events, it explains the difference between the two domains as essentially the difference between the manifested world (...)
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  • Mind your p's and q's: Von Neumann versus Jordan on the Foundations of Quantum Theory.Anthony Duncan & Michel Janssen - unknown
    In early 1927, Pascual Jordan published his version of what came to be known as the Dirac-Jordan statistical transformation theory. Later that year and partly in response to Jordan, John von Neumann published the modern Hilbert space formalism of quantum mechanics. Central to both formalisms are expressions for conditional probabilities of finding some value for one quantity given the value of another. Beyond that Jordan and von Neumann had very different views about the appropriate formulation of problems in the new (...)
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  • Eschewing Entities: Outlining a Biology Based Form of Structural Realism.Steven French - 2013 - In Vassilios Karakostas & Dennis Dieks (eds.), EPSA11 Perspectives and Foundational Problems in Philosophy of Science. Cham: Springer. pp. 371--381.
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  • The screen problem.Bogdan Mielnik - 1994 - Foundations of Physics 24 (8):1113-1129.
    The statistical interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave packet contains a gap. The author outlines the problem without offering a solution.
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  • Interpreting Quantum Mechanics according to a Pragmatist Approach.Manuel Bächtold - 2008 - Foundations of Physics 38 (9):843-868.
    The aim of this paper is to show that quantum mechanics can be interpreted according to a pragmatist approach. The latter consists, first, in giving a pragmatic definition to each term used in microphysics, second, in making explicit the functions any theory must fulfil so as to ensure the success of the research activity in microphysics, and third, in showing that quantum mechanics is the only theory which fulfils exactly these functions.
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  • On the zigzagging causility model of EPR correlations and on the interpretation of quantum mechanics.O. Costa de Beauregard - 1988 - Foundations of Physics 18 (9):913-938.
    Being formalized inside the S-matrix scheme, the zigzagging causility model of EPR correlations has full Lorentz and CPT invariance. EPR correlations, proper or reversed, and Wheeler's smoky dragon metaphor are respectively pictured in spacetime or in the momentum-energy space, as V-shaped, A-shaped, or C-shaped ABC zigzags, with a summation at B over virtual states |B〉 〈B|. An exact “correspondence” exists between the Born-Jordan-Dirac “wavelike” algebra of transition amplitudes and the 1774 Laplace algebra of conditional probabilities, where the intermediate summations |B) (...)
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  • Curvilinear coordinate and momentum operators in configuration representation.Boris Leaf - 1980 - Foundations of Physics 10 (7-8):581-599.
    From the known coordinate representation of these operators, a unified treatment of the abstract operators for curvilinear coordinates and their canonically conjugate momenta is given for systems in three dimensions. A configuration representation, corresponding to classical configuration space, exists in which description is simplified; the three-dimensional ket space factors into a direct product of one-dimensional spaces. Four cases are examined, according to the range of the continuous curvilinear coordinate. In addition to normalization of momentum eigenstates to the Kronecker delta for (...)
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  • Big toy models: Representing physical systems as Chu spaces.Samson Abramsky - 2012 - Synthese 186 (3):697 - 718.
    We pursue a model-oriented rather than axiomatic approach to the foundations of Quantum Mechanics, with the idea that new models can often suggest new axioms. This approach has often been fruitful in Logic and Theoretical Computer Science. Rather than seeking to construct a simplified toy model, we aim for a 'big toy model', in which both quantum and classical systems can be faithfully represented—as well as, possibly, more exotic kinds of systems. To this end, we show how Chu spaces can (...)
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  • Zitterbewegung in External Magnetic Field: Classic versus Quantum Approach. [REVIEW]Mehran Zahiri-Abyaneh & Mehrdad Farhoudi - 2011 - Foundations of Physics 41 (8):1355-1374.
    We investigate variations of the Zitterbewegung frequency of electron due to an external static and uniform magnetic field employing the expectation value quantum approach, and compare our results with the classical model of spinning particles. We demonstrate that these two so far compatible approaches are not in agreement in the presence of an external uniform static magnetic field, in which the classical approach breaks the usual symmetry of free particles and antiparticles states, i.e. it leads to CP violation. Hence, regarding (...)
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  • General quantum mechanical canonical point transformations.Norman M. Witriol - 1975 - Foundations of Physics 5 (4):591-605.
    Problems related to the operator form of the generalized canonical momenta in quantum mechanics are resolved by use of the general quantum mechanical canonical point transformation method. This method can be applied to any general canonical point transformation irrespective of the relationship between the domains of the original and transformed variables. The differential representation of the original canonical momenta pi in the original coordinate space is −i $\begin{array}{*{20}c} / \\ h \\ \end{array}$ ∂/∂x i and of the transformed canonical momentap (...)
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  • (1 other version)Reviews. [REVIEW]L. Pearce Williams - 1981 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 32 (4):426-428.
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  • Quantum Phase Space from Schwinger’s Measurement Algebra.P. Watson & A. J. Bracken - 2014 - Foundations of Physics 44 (7):762-780.
    Schwinger’s algebra of microscopic measurement, with the associated complex field of transformation functions, is shown to provide the foundation for a discrete quantum phase space of known type, equipped with a Wigner function and a star product. Discrete position and momentum variables label points in the phase space, each taking \(N\) distinct values, where \(N\) is any chosen prime number. Because of the direct physical interpretation of the measurement symbols, the phase space structure is thereby related to definite experimental configurations.
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  • Theories, systemic models (SYMOs), laws and facts in the sciences.G. D. Wassermann - 1989 - Synthese 79 (3):489 - 514.
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  • On the laws of nature.Gerhard D. Wassermann - 1982 - Synthese 51 (3):381 - 396.
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  • (1 other version)Macroscopic Oil Droplets Mimicking Quantum Behaviour: How Far Can We Push an Analogy?Louis Vervoort & Yves Gingras - 2015 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 29 (3):271-294.
    We describe a series of experimental analogies between fluid mechanics and quantum mechanics recently discovered by a team of physicists. These analogies arise in droplet systems guided by a surface wave. We argue that these experimental facts put ancient theoretical work by Madelung on the analogy between fluid and quantum mechanics into new light. After re-deriving Madelung’s result starting from two basic fluid mechanical equations, we discuss the relation with the de Broglie–Bohm theory. This allows to make a direct link (...)
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  • On the possible linear term in light coincidence experiments.Péter Varga - 1989 - Foundations of Physics 19 (12):1515-1523.
    An attempt is made to clarify the confusion about the interpretation of an early experiment aiming to demonstrate the dual nature of light. While interferometer experiments show that photons interact with both mirrors of a Michelson interferometer, it was verified that a photon interacts with one of the detectors put in place of the mirrors. Any deviation from the effect predicted by QED would lead to a term in the coincidence rate linearly proportional to the number of photons; the absence (...)
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  • The quantum-like approach to modeling classical rationality violations: an introduction.Franco Vaio - 2019 - Mind and Society 18 (1):105-123.
    Psychological empirical research has shown that human choice behavior often violates the assumptions of classical rational choice models. In the last few decades a new research field has emerged which aims to account for the observed choice behavior by resorting to the concepts and mathematical techniques developed in the realm of quantum physics, such as the “mental state vector” defined in a Hilbert space and the interference of quantum probability. This article is a short introduction to the quantum-like approach to (...)
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  • Interference and interaction in Schrödinger's wave mechanics.Hans-Jürgen Treder & Horst-Heino von Borzeszkowski - 1988 - Foundations of Physics 18 (1):77-93.
    Reminiscing on the fact that E. Schrödinger was rooted in the same physical tradition as M. Planck and A. Einstein, some aspects of his attitude to quantum mechanics are discussed. In particular, it is demonstrated that the quantum-mechanical paradoxes assumed by Einstein and Schrödinger should not exist, but that otherwise the epistemological problem of physical reality raised in this context by Einstein and Schrödinger is fundamental for our understanding of quantum theory. The nonexistence of such paradoxes just shows that quantum-mechanical (...)
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  • The grammar of teleportation.Christopher Gordon Timpson - 2006 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 57 (3):587-621.
    Whilst a straightforward consequence of the formalism of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the phenomenon of quantum teleportation has given rise to considerable puzzlement. In this paper, the teleportation protocol is reviewed and these puzzles dispelled. It is suggested that they arise from two primary sources: (1) the familiar error of hypostatizing an abstract noun (in this case, ‘information’) and (2) failure to differentiate interpretation dependent from interpretation independent features of quantum mechanics. A subsidiary source of error, the simulation fallacy, is also (...)
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  • Interpretation of the hydrodynamical formalism of quantum mechanics.Sebastiano Sonego - 1991 - Foundations of Physics 21 (10):1135-1181.
    The hydrodynamical formalism for the quantum theory of a nonrelativistic particle is considered, together with a reformulation of it which makes use of the methods of kinetic theory and is based on the existence of the Wigner phase-space distribution. It is argued that this reformulation provides strong evidence in favor of the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics, and it is suggested that this latter could be better understood as an almost classical statistical theory. Moreover, it is shown how, within this (...)
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  • Measurability analysis of the electric-type components of the linearized gravitational radiation field.Gerrit J. Smith - 1972 - Foundations of Physics 2 (2-3):189-222.
    The equivalence principle as well as the spin-two character of the weak gravitational field lead to difficulties in the measurability analysis of this field which are not encountered in Bohr and Rosenfeld's corresponding inquiry into the electromagnetic field. To meet these difficulties, atomic elastic structures are proposed as gravitational field detectors whose parameters (masses, total volumes, lattice and elastic constants) are adjustable. The limitations imposed by the uncertainty principle and by the radiation reaction of the detectors on the determination of (...)
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  • The Feynman-Wheeler Perfect Absorber Theory in a New Light.B. G. Sidharth - 2010 - Foundations of Physics 40 (8):1134-1140.
    The original Feynman-Wheeler perfect absorber theory lead to the Instantaneous Action at a Distance formulation. We observe that this is perfectly meaningful in the light of recent studies pointing to a small but non-zero photon mass. The Quantum Mechanical effects within the Compton scale of such a small mass photon would lead to the above formulation.
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  • Sophistry about symmetries?Niels C. M. Martens & James Read - 2020 - Synthese 199 (1-2):315-344.
    A common adage runs that, given a theory manifesting symmetries, the syntax of that theory should be modified in order to construct a new theory, from which symmetry-variant structure of the original theory has been excised. Call this strategy for explicating the underlying ontology of symmetry-related models reduction. Recently, Dewar has proposed an alternative to reduction as a means of articulating the ontology of symmetry-related models—what he calls sophistication, in which the semantics of the original theory is modified, and symmetry-related (...)
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  • Gauge and Ghosts.Guy Hetzroni - 2021 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 72 (3):773-796.
    This article suggests a fresh look at gauge symmetries, with the aim of drawing a clear line between the a priori theoretical considerations involved, and some methodological and empirical non-deductive aspects that are often overlooked. The gauge argument is primarily based on a general symmetry principle expressing the idea that a change of mathematical representation should not change the form of the dynamical law. In addition, the ampliative part of the argument is based on the introduction of new degrees of (...)
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  • The transitions among classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and stochastic quantum mechanics.Franklin E. Schroeck - 1982 - Foundations of Physics 12 (9):825-841.
    Various formalisms for recasting quantum mechanics in the framework of classical mechanics on phase space are reviewed and compared. Recent results in stochastic quantum mechanics are shown to avoid the difficulties encountered by the earlier approach of Wigner, as well as to avoid the well-known incompatibilities of relativity and ordinary quantum theory. Specific mappings among the various formalisms are given.
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  • Is the individuality interpretation of quantum theory wrong?Ulf Klein - unknown
    We analyze the question whether or not quantum theory should be used to describe single particles. Our final result is that a rational basis for such an ’individuality interpretation’ does not exist. A critical examination of three principles, supporting the individuality interpretation, leads to the result that no one of these principles seems to be realized in nature. The well-known controversy characterized by the names of Einstein, Bohr and Bell is analyzed. EPR proved ’predictive incompleteness’ of quantum theory, which implies (...)
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  • Quantum Superpositions and the Representation of Physical Reality Beyond Measurement Outcomes and Mathematical Structures.Christian de Ronde - 2016 - Foundations of Science 23 (4):621-648.
    In this paper we intend to discuss the importance of providing a physical representation of quantum superpositions which goes beyond the mere reference to mathematical structures and measurement outcomes. This proposal goes in the opposite direction to the project present in orthodox contemporary philosophy of physics which attempts to “bridge the gap” between the quantum formalism and common sense “classical reality”—precluding, right from the start, the possibility of interpreting quantum superpositions through non-classical notions. We will argue that in order to (...)
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  • Investigating Puzzling Aspects of the Quantum Theory by Means of Its Hydrodynamic Formulation.A. S. Sanz - 2015 - Foundations of Physics 45 (10):1153-1165.
    Bohmian mechanics, a hydrodynamic formulation of the quantum theory, constitutes a useful tool to understand the role of the phase as the mechanism responsible for the dynamical evolution displayed by quantum systems. This role is analyzed and discussed here in the context of quantum interference, considering to this end two well-known scenarios, namely Young’s two-slit experiment and Wheeler’s delayed choice experiment. A numerical implementation of the first scenario is used to show how interference in a coherent superposition of two counter-propagating (...)
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  • A persistent particle ontology for QFT in terms of the Dirac sea.Dirk-André Deckert, Michael Esfeld & Andrea Oldofredi - forthcoming - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.
    We show that the Bohmian approach in terms of persisting particles that move on continuous trajectories following a deterministic law can be literally applied to QFT. By means of the Dirac sea model – exemplified in the electron sector of the standard model neglecting radiation – we explain how starting from persisting particles, one is led to standard QFT employing creation and annihilation operators when tracking the dynamics with respect to a reference state, the so-called vacuum. Since on the level (...)
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  • On the possibility of a realist ontological commitment in quantum mechanics.Andrea Oldofredi & Michael Andreas Esfeld - 2018 - Tropos. Journal of Hermeneutics and Philosophical Criticism 11 (1):11-33.
    This paper reviews the structure of standard quantum mechanics, introducing the basics of the von Neumann-Dirac axiomatic formulation as well as the well-known Copenhagen interpretation. We review also the major conceptual difficulties arising from this theory, first and foremost, the well-known measurement problem. The main aim of this essay is to show the possibility to solve the conundrums affecting quantum mechanics via the methodology provided by the primitive ontology approach. Using Bohmian mechanics as an example, the paper argues for a (...)
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  • Measurement of quantum states and the Wigner function.Antoine Royer - 1989 - Foundations of Physics 19 (1):3-32.
    In quantum mechanics, the state of an individual particle (or system) is unobservable, i.e., it cannot be determined experimentally, even in principle. However, the notion of “measuring a state” is meaningful if it refers to anensemble of similarly prepared particles, i.e., the question may be addressed: Is it possible to determine experimentally the state operator (density matrix) into which a given preparation procedure puts particles. After reviewing the previous work on this problem, we give simple procedures, in the line of (...)
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  • Symmetry in intertheory relations.M. L. G. Redhead - 1975 - Synthese 32 (1-2):77 - 112.
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  • Quantum logics and hilbert space.Sylvia Pulmannová - 1994 - Foundations of Physics 24 (10):1403-1414.
    Starting with a quantum logic (a σ-orthomodular poset) L. a set of probabilistically motivated axioms is suggested to identify L with a standard quantum logic L(H) of all closed linear subspaces of a complex, separable, infinite-dimensional Hilbert space.
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  • Noncommutative Momentum and Torsional Regularization.Nikodem Popławski - 2020 - Foundations of Physics 50 (9):900-923.
    We show that in the presence of the torsion tensor \, the quantum commutation relation for the four-momentum, traced over spinor indices, is given by \. In the Einstein–Cartan theory of gravity, in which torsion is coupled to spin of fermions, this relation in a coordinate frame reduces to a commutation relation of noncommutative momentum space, \, where U is a constant on the order of the squared inverse of the Planck mass. We propose that this relation replaces the integration (...)
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  • Pauli-Dirac matrix generators of Clifford Algebras.Charles P. Poole & Horacio A. Farach - 1982 - Foundations of Physics 12 (7):719-738.
    This article presents a Pauli-Dirac matrix approach to Clifford Algebras. It is shown that the algebra C2 is generated by two Pauli matrices iσ2 and iσ3; C3 is generated by the three Pauli matrices σ1, σ2, σ3; C4 is generated by four Dirac matrices γ0, γ1, γ2, γ3 and C5 is generated by five Dirac matrices iγ0, iγ1, iγ2, iγ3, iγ5. The higher dimensional anticommuting matrices which generate arbitrarily high order Clifford algebras are given in closed form. The results obtained (...)
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  • Quantum Mechanics and Its Interpretations: A Defense of the Quantum Principles.Sébastien Poinat - 2020 - Foundations of Physics 50 (9):924-941.
    One of the most striking features of the epistemological situation of Quantum Mechanics is the number of interpretations and the many schools of thought, with no consensus on the way to understand the theory. In this article, I introduce a distinction between orthodox interpretations and heterodox interpretations of Quantum Mechanics: the orthodox interpretations preserve all the quantum principles while the heterodox interpretations replace at least one of them. Then, I argue that we have strong empirical and epistemological reasons to prefer (...)
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  • (1 other version)The Relativity of Physical Size.T. E. Phipps - 1969 - Dialectica 23 (3‐4):189-215.
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  • Time asymmetry and quantum equations of motion.T. E. Phipps - 1973 - Foundations of Physics 3 (4):435-455.
    Accepted quantum description is stochastic, yet history is nonstochastic, i.e., not representable by a probability distribution. Therefore ordinary quantum mechanics is unsuited to describe history. This is a limitation of the accepted quantum theory, rather than a failing of mechanics in general. To remove the limitation, it would be desirable to find a form of quantum mechanics that describes the future stochastically and the past nonstochastically. For this purpose it proves sufficient to introduce into quantum mechanics, by means of a (...)
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  • Toward a fundamental mechanics. I.T. E. Phipps - 1975 - Foundations of Physics 5 (1):45-58.
    In this, the first of a two-part paper, a conceptual purification of physics is advocated, whereby the idea of the field is completely eliminated in favor of particulate dynamical laws. Previous work concerning a specific formulation of such purely mechanical laws is reviewed and is shown to imply the possibility of existence of electrons and positrons within nuclei or “elementary” particles in stable bound states characterized by real mass-energy and imaginary momentum. The second part of the paper will examine the (...)
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  • Rigid Particle and its Spin Revisited.Matej Pavšič - 2007 - Foundations of Physics 37 (1):40-79.
    The arguments by Pandres that the double valued spherical harmonics provide a basis for the irreducible spinor representation of the three dimensional rotation group are further developed and justified. The usual arguments against the inadmissibility of such functions, concerning hermiticity, orthogonality, behaviour under rotations, etc., are all shown to be related to the unsuitable choice of functions representing the states with opposite projections of angular momentum. By a correct choice of functions and definition of inner product those difficulties do not (...)
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  • Decoherence and Wave Function Collapse.Roland Omnès - 2011 - Foundations of Physics 41 (12):1857-1880.
    The possibility of consistency between the basic quantum principles of quantum mechanics and wave function collapse is reexamined. A specific interpretation of environment is proposed for this aim and is applied to decoherence. When the organization of a measuring apparatus is taken into account, this approach leads also to an interpretation of wave function collapse, which would result in principle from the same interactions with environment as decoherence. This proposal is shown consistent with the non-separable character of quantum mechanics.
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  • Some remarks on the mentalistic reformulation of the measurement problem: a reply to S. Gao.Andrea Oldofredi - 2019 - Synthese 198 (2):1-17.
    Gao presents a new mentalistic reformulation of the well-known measurement problem affecting the standard formulation of quantum mechanics. According to this author, it is essentially a determinate-experience problem, namely a problem about the compatibility between the linearity of the Schrödinger’s equation, the fundamental law of quantum theory, and definite experiences perceived by conscious observers. In this essay I aim to clarify that the well-known measurement problem is a mathematical consequence of quantum theory’s formalism, and that its mentalistic variant does not (...)
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  • Alternative Probability Theories for Cognitive Psychology.Louis Narens - 2014 - Topics in Cognitive Science 6 (1):114-120.
    Various proposals for generalizing event spaces for probability functions have been put forth in the mathematical, scientific, and philosophic literatures. In cognitive psychology such generalizations are used for explaining puzzling results in decision theory and for modeling the influence of context effects. This commentary discusses proposals for generalizing probability theory to event spaces that are not necessarily boolean algebras. Two prominent examples are quantum probability theory, which is based on the set of closed subspaces of a Hilbert space, and topological (...)
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  • Entropic concepts in electronic structure theory.Roman F. Nalewajski - 2012 - Foundations of Chemistry 16 (1):27-62.
    It is argued that some elusive “entropic” characteristics of chemical bonds, e.g., bond multiplicities (orders), which connect the bonded atoms in molecules, can be probed using quantities and techniques of Information Theory (IT). This complementary perspective increases our insight and understanding of the molecular electronic structure. The specific IT tools for detecting effects of chemical bonds and predicting their entropic multiplicities in molecules are summarized. Alternative information densities, including measures of the local entropy deficiency or its displacement relative to the (...)
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  • Conditional Probabilities and Density Operators in Quantum Modeling.John M. Myers - 2006 - Foundations of Physics 36 (7):1012-1035.
    Motivated by a recent proof of free choices in linking equations to the experiments they describe, I clarify some relations among purely mathematical entities featured in quantum mechanics (probabilities, density operators, partial traces, and operator-valued measures), thereby allowing applications of these entities to the modeling of a wider variety of physical situations. I relate conditional probabilities associated with projection-valued measures to conditional density operators identical, in some cases but not in others, to the usual reduced density operators. While a fatal (...)
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  • On the relation between indistinguishability of identical particles and (anti)symmetry of the wave function in quantum mechanics.Willem M. Muynck & Gidi P. Liempd - 1986 - Synthese 67 (3):477 - 496.
    Two different concepts of distinguishability are often mixed up in attempts to derive in quantum mechanics the (anti)symmetry of the wave function from indistinguishability of identical particles. Some of these attempts are analyzed and shown to be defective. It is argued that, although identical particles should be considered as observationally indistinguishable in (anti)symmetric states, they may be considered to be conceptually distinguishable. These two notions of (in)distinguishability have quite different physical origins, the former one being related to observations while the (...)
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  • Energy and the generation of the world.George L. Murphy - 1994 - Zygon 29 (3):259-274.
    Energy concepts in theology and natural science are studied to see how they may aid the science‐theology dialogue. Relationships between divine and human energies in classical Christology and energy ideas in process theology are significant. In physics, energy has related roles as something conserved and as the generator of temporal development. We explore ways in which God and the world may interact to produce evolution of the universe. Possible connections between the double role of physical energy and the bipolar character (...)
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  • From quantum mechanics to universal structures of conceptualization and feedback on quantum mechanics.Mioara Mugur-Schächter - 1993 - Foundations of Physics 23 (1):37-122.
    In previous works we have established that the spacetime probabilistic organization of the quantum theory is determined by the spacetime characteristics of the operations by which the observer produces the objects to be studied (“states” of microsystems) and obtains qualifications of these. Guided by this first conclusion, we have then built a “general syntax of relativized conceptualization” where any description is explicitly and systematically referred to the two basic epistemic operations by which the conceptor introduces the object to be qualified (...)
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