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  1. Do Psychiatric Diagnoses Explain? A Philosophical Investigation.Hane Htut Maung - 2017 - Dissertation, Lancaster University
    This thesis is a philosophical examination of the explanatory roles of diagnoses in psychiatry. In medicine, diagnoses normally serve as causal explanations of patients’ symptoms. Given that psychiatry is a discipline whose practice is shaped by medical traditions, it is often implied that its diagnoses also serve such explanatory functions. This is evident in clinical texts that portray psychiatric diagnoses as referring to diseases that cause symptoms. However, there are problems which cast doubt on whether such portrayals are justified. I (...)
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  • Laws and Natural History in Biology.Wim J. Van Der Steen & Harmke Kamminga - 1991 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 42 (4):445-467.
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  • The nature of epistemic virtues in the practice of medicine.Shahram Ahmadi Nasab Emran - 2015 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 18 (1):129-137.
    There is an assumption in virtue epistemology that epistemic virtues are the same in different times and places. In this paper, however, I examine this assumption in the practice of medicine as a paradigm example. I identify two different paradigms of medical practice, one before and the other after the rise of bioethics in 1960s. I discuss the socially defined role and function of physicians and the epistemic goals of medical practice in these two periods to see how these elements (...)
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  • Objectivity, Scientificity, and the Dualist Epistemology of Medicine.Thomas V. Cunningham - 2014 - In P. Huneman (ed.), Classification, Disease, and Evidence. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Business. pp. 01-17.
    This paper considers the view that medicine is both “science” and “art.” It is argued that on this view certain clinical knowledge – of patients’ histories, values, and preferences, and how to integrate them in decision-making – cannot be scientific knowledge. However, by drawing on recent work in philosophy of science it is argued that progress in gaining such knowledge has been achieved by the accumulation of what should be understood as “scientific” knowledge. I claim there are varying degrees of (...)
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  • Supererogation and the profession of medicine.A. C. McKay - 2002 - Journal of Medical Ethics 28 (2):70-73.
    In the light of increasing public mistrust, there is an urgent need to clarify the moral status of the medical profession and of the relationship of the clinician to his/her patients. In addressing this question, I first establish the coherence, within moral philosophy generally, of the concept of supererogation . I adopt the notion of an act of “unqualified” supererogation as one that is non-derivatively good, praiseworthy, and freely undertaken for others' benefit at the risk of some cost to the (...)
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  • Clinical medicine as science: Editorial.K. Danner Clouser - 1977 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 2 (1):1-7.
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  • (1 other version)Philosophy of medicine as the source for medical ethics.David C. Thomasma & Edmund D. Pellegrino - 1981 - Metamedicine 2 (1):5-11.
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  • Metaphysics and medical education: taking holism seriously.Bruce Wilson - 2013 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 19 (3):478-484.
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  • (1 other version)Classical medicine v alternative medical practices.M. H. Kottow - 1992 - Journal of Medical Ethics 18 (1):18-22.
    Classical medicine operates in a climate of rational discourse, scientific knowledge accretion and the acceptance of ethical standards that regulate its activities. Criticism has centred on the excessive technological emphasis of modern medicine and on its social strategy aimed at defending exclusiveness and the privileges of professional status. Alternative therapeutic approaches have taken advantage of the eroded public image of medicine, offering treatments based on holistic philosophies that stress the non-rational, non-technical and non-scientific approach to the unwell, disregarding traditional diagnostic (...)
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  • Two models of mistake‐making in professional practice: moving out of the closet.Nancy Crigger - 2005 - Nursing Philosophy 6 (1):11-18.
    Nurses make mistakes in practice despite the culturally based expectation of perfection. Such a disparity between reality and expectation calls members of the profession to question the current attitudes toward mistakes in practice. Two explanatory models of the origin of mistakes are presented. The Perfectibility Model holds that any error or harm is caused by an individual practitioner's lack of knowledge or motivation. The Faulty Systems Model offers a broader explanation of human error. I conclude that a Faulty Systems Model (...)
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  • (1 other version)Philosophy of medicine as the source for medical ethics.David C. Thomasma & Edmund D. Pellegrino - 1981 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 2 (1):5-11.
    The article offers an approach to inquiry about, the foundation of medical ethics by addressing three areas of conceptual presupposition basic to medical ethical theory. First, medical ethics must presuppose a view about the nature of medicine. it is argued that the view required by a cogent medical morality entails that medicine be seen both as a healing relationship and as a practical art. Three ways in which medicine inherently involves values and valuation are presented as important, i.e., in being (...)
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  • (1 other version)Medicine, ethics and the living body: A response to Thomasma and Pellegrino.John C. Moskop - 1981 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 2 (1):19-25.
    This commentary, while sympathetic to Thomasma and Pellegrino [15], raises three sets of questions concerning the adequacy of their view of medicine as a foundation for medical ethical decision-making. The first set of questions concerns the account of the nature of medicine presented by Thomasma and Pellegrino. It is argued that the account is not clearly univocal and that even the most important description offered requires further clarification. Questioned, secondly, is the reasoning used by Thomasma and Pellegrino to propel their (...)
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  • The Overlooked Role of Cases in Casual Attribution in Medicine.Rachel A. Ankeny - 2014 - Philosophy of Science 81 (5):999-1011.
    Although cases are central to the epistemic practices utilized within clinical medicine, they appear to be limited in their ability to provide evidence about causal relations because they provide detailed accounts of particular patients without explicit filtering of those attributes most likely to be relevant for explaining the phenomena observed. This paper uses a series of recent case reports to explore the role of cases in casual attribution in medical diagnosis. It is argued that cases are brought together by practitioners (...)
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  • Where is the wisdom? II - Evidence-based medicine and the epistemological crisis in clinical medicine. Exposition and commentary on Djulbegovic, B., Guyatt, G. H. & Ashcroft, R. E. (2009) Cancer Control, 16, 158-168. [REVIEW]Suzana A. Silva & Peter C. Wyer - 2009 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 15 (6):899-906.
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  • Applied ecology and the logic of case studies.Kristin Shrader-Frechette & Earl D. Mccoy - 1994 - Philosophy of Science 61 (2):228-249.
    Because of the problems associated with ecological concepts, generalizations, and proposed general theories, applied ecology may require a new "logic" of explanation characterized neither by the traditional accounts of confirmation nor by the logic of discovery. Building on the works of Grunbaum, Kuhn, and Wittgenstein, we use detailed descriptions from research on conserving the Northern Spotted Owl, a case typical of problem solving in applied ecology, to (1) characterize the method of case studies; (2) survey its strengths; (3) summarize and (...)
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  • Public and Institutional Aspects of Professional Responsibility in Medicine and Psychiatry.Gerrit Glas - 2017 - Philosophia Reformata 82 (2):146-166.
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  • Pragmatism, Metaphysics, and Bioethics: Beyond a Theory of Moral Deliberation.Matthew Pamental - 2013 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 38 (6):jht030.
    Pragmatism has been understood by bioethicists as yet another rival in the “methods wars,” as yet another theory of moral deliberation. This has led to criticism of pragmatic bioethics as both theoretically and practically inadequate. Pragmatists’ responses to these objections have focused mainly on misunderstandings of pragmatism’s epistemology. These responses are insufficient. Pragmatism’s commitment to radical empiricism gives it theoretical resources unappreciated by critics and defenders alike. Radical empiricism, unlike its more traditional ancestors, undercuts the gaps between theory and practice, (...)
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  • The Paradox of Health Care.Bjørn Hofmann - 2001 - Health Care Analysis 9 (4):369-386.
    The term "paradox'' signifies a contradiction of some sort. Modern health care appears to be rich in contradictions, and it is claimed to be paradoxical in a number of ways.In particular health care is held to be a paradox itself: it is supposed to do good, but is accused of doing harm. The objective of this article is to investigate whether the concept of paradox can serve as a framework for analysing pressing problems in modern healthcare. To pursue this, three (...)
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  • (1 other version)Recognizing tacit knowledge in medical epistemology.Stephen G. Henry - 2006 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 27 (3):187--213.
    The evidence-based medicine movement advocates basing all medical decisions on certain types of quantitative research data and has stimulated protracted controversy and debate since its inception. Evidence-based medicine presupposes an inaccurate and deficient view of medical knowledge. Michael Polanyi’s theory of tacit knowledge both explains this deficiency and suggests remedies for it. Polanyi shows how all explicit human knowledge depends on a wealth of tacit knowledge which accrues from experience and is essential for problem solving. Edmund Pellegrino’s classic treatment of (...)
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  • Masks in Medicine: Metaphors and Morality.Lindsey Grubbs & Gail Geller - 2021 - Journal of Medical Humanities 42 (1):103-107.
    We have never been so aware of masks. They were in short supply in the early days of COVID-19, resulting in significant risk to health care workers. Now they are highly politicized with battles about mask-wearing protocols breaking out in public. Although masks have obtained a new urgency and ubiquity in the context of COVID-19, people have thought about both the literal and metaphorical role of masks in medicine for generations. In this paper, we discuss three such metaphors—the masks of (...)
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  • Reviving the Conversation Around CPR/DNR.Jeffrey Bishop, Kyle Brothers, Joshua Perry & Ayesha Ahmad - 2010 - American Journal of Bioethics 10 (1):61-67.
    This paper examines the historical rise of both cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the do-not-resuscitate order and the wisdom of their continuing status in U.S. hospital practice and policy. The practice of universal presumed consent to CPR and the resulting DNR policy are the products of a particular time and were responses to particular problems. In order to keep the excesses of technology in check, the DNR policies emerged as a response to the in-hospital universal presumed consent to CPR. We live with (...)
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  • The context as a moral rule in medical ethics.David C. Thomasma - 1984 - Journal of Medical Humanities 5 (1):63-79.
    A purely deductive medical ethics cannot properly account for the varieties of circumstances which arise in medical practice. By contrast, a purely inductive medical ethics lacks sufficient guidance from ethical principles. In resolving ethical dilemmas in medicine, most often an appeal is made to middle-level axioms and methodological rules to mediate between theory and practice. I argue that this appeal must be augmented by considerations of context, such considerations, in effect, constituting a moral rule based on the social structure of (...)
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  • Vagueness in Medicine: On Disciplinary Indistinctness, Fuzzy Phenomena, Vague Concepts, Uncertain Knowledge, and Fact-Value-Interaction.Bjørn Hofmann - 2022 - Axiomathes 32 (6):1151-1168.
    This article investigates five kinds of vagueness in medicine: disciplinary, ontological, conceptual, epistemic, and vagueness with respect to descriptive-prescriptive connections. First, medicine is a discipline with unclear borders, as it builds on a wide range of other disciplines and subjects. Second, medicine deals with many indistinct phenomena resulting in borderline cases. Third, medicine uses a variety of vague concepts, making it unclear which situations, conditions, and processes that fall under them. Fourth, medicine is based on and produces uncertain knowledge and (...)
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  • Argumentation and evidence.R. E. G. Upshur & Errol Colak - 2003 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 24 (4):283-299.
    This essay explores the role of informal logicand its application in the context of currentdebates regarding evidence-based medicine. This aim is achieved through a discussion ofthe goals and objectives of evidence-basedmedicine and a review of the criticisms raisedagainst evidence-based medicine. Thecontributions to informal logic by StephenToulmin and Douglas Walton are explicated andtheir relevance for evidence-based medicine isdiscussed in relation to a common clinicalscenario: hypertension management. This essayconcludes with a discussion on the relationshipbetween clinical reasoning, rationality, andevidence. It is argued that (...)
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  • Personalized medicine: evidence of normativity in its quantitative definition of health.Henrik Vogt, Bjørn Hofmann & Linn Getz - 2016 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 37 (5):401-416.
    Systems medicine, which is based on computational modelling of biological systems, is emerging as an increasingly prominent part of the personalized medicine movement. It is often promoted as ‘P4 medicine’. In this article, we test promises made by some of its proponents that systems medicine will be able to develop a scientific, quantitative metric for wellness that will eliminate the purported vagueness, ambiguity, and incompleteness—that is, normativity—of previous health definitions. We do so by examining the most concrete and relevant evidence (...)
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  • (1 other version)Health care responsibility.Andre Vries - 1980 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 1 (1):95-106.
    The general and deep dissatisfaction with the present-day status of health care is of such intensity that one speaks of a health care crisis. What is most disturbing to the physicians is that society directs its accusation mainly at the health care professional for being responsible for this crisis. If we want to abolish the crisis we must try to get a renewed look at its source, i.e., to answer the questions where did health care go wrong primarily? and with (...)
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  • Always Having to Say You're Sorry: an ethical response to making mistakes in professional practice.Nancy J. Crigger - 2004 - Nursing Ethics 11 (6):568-576.
    Efforts to decrease errors in health care are directed at prevention rather than at managing a situation when a mistake has occurred. Consequently, nurses and other health care providers may not know how to respond properly and may lack sufficient support to make a healthy recovery from the mental anguish and emotional suffering that often accompany making mistakes. This article explores the conceptualization of mistakes and the ethical response to making a mistake. There are three parts to an ethical response (...)
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  • The uncertainty of certainty in clinical ethics.Erich H. Loewy - 1987 - Journal of Medical Humanities 8 (1):26-33.
    Physicians accept fallibility in technical matters as a condition of medical practice. When it comes to moral considerations, physicians are often loathe to act without a good deal more certitude and seem less willing to accept error. This article argues that ethics is intrinsic to medical decision making, that error is the inevitable risk of any action and that inaction carries even greater risk of error. Whether in the moral or the technical sphere, error must be accepted by physicians as (...)
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  • Managed care's reconstruction of human existence: The triumph of technical reason.James Phillips - 2002 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 23 (4-5):339-358.
    To achieve its goals of managing andrestricting access to psychiatric care, managedcare organizations rely on an instrument, theoutpatient treatment report, that carriessignificant implications about how they viewpsychiatric patients and psychiatric care. Inaddition to involving ethical transgressionssuch as violation of patient confidentiality,denial of access to care, spurious use ofconcepts like quality of care, and harassmentof practitioners, the managed care approachalso depends on an overly technical,instrumental interpretation of human beings andpsychiatric treatment. It is this grounding ofmanaged care in technical reason that I (...)
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  • Evaluation in clinical practice: problems, precedents and principles.Neil Mclntyre - 1995 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 1 (1):5-13.
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  • Is “ethicist” anything to call a philosopher?Richard M. Zaner - 1984 - Human Studies 7 (3-4):71 - 90.
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  • In response: What's it really all about? [REVIEW]Richard M. Zaner - 1998 - Human Studies 21 (1):63-70.
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  • That’s Not Science! The Role of Moral Philosophy in the Science/Non-science Divide.Bjørn Hofmann - 2007 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 28 (3):243-256.
    The science/non-science distinction has become increasingly blurred. This paper investigates whether recent cases of fraud in science can shed light on the distinction. First, it investigates whether there is an absolute distinction between science and non-science with respect to fraud, and in particular with regards to manipulation and fabrication of data. Finding that it is very hard to make such a distinction leads to the second step: scrutinizing whether there is a normative distinction between science and non-science. This is done (...)
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  • Erratum to: The nature of epistemic virtues in the practice of medicine.Shahram Ahmadi Nasab Emran - 2015 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 18 (1):139-139.
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