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  1. Language as shaped by the brain.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (5):489-509.
    It is widely assumed that human learning and the structure of human languages are intimately related. This relationship is frequently suggested to derive from a language-specific biological endowment, which encodes universal, but communicatively arbitrary, principles of language structure (a Universal Grammar or UG). How might such a UG have evolved? We argue that UG could not have arisen either by biological adaptation or non-adaptationist genetic processes, resulting in a logical problem of language evolution. Specifically, as the processes of language change (...)
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  • Language Processing as Cue Integration: Grounding the Psychology of Language in Perception and Neurophysiology.Andrea E. Martin - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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  • The language faculty that wasn't: a usage-based account of natural language recursion.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6:150920.
    In the generative tradition, the language faculty has been shrinking—perhaps to include only the mechanism of recursion. This paper argues that even this view of the language faculty is too expansive. We first argue that a language faculty is difficult to reconcile with evolutionary considerations. We then focus on recursion as a detailed case study, arguing that our ability to process recursive structure does not rely on recursion as a property of the grammar, but instead emerges gradually by piggybacking on (...)
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  • The Now-or-Never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 2016 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 39:e62.
    Memory is fleeting. New material rapidly obliterates previous material. How, then, can the brain deal successfully with the continual deluge of linguistic input? We argue that, to deal with this “Now-or-Never” bottleneck, the brain must compress and recode linguistic input as rapidly as possible. This observation has strong implications for the nature of language processing: (1) the language system must “eagerly” recode and compress linguistic input; (2) as the bottleneck recurs at each new representational level, the language system must build (...)
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  • Questioning short-term memory and its measurement: Why digit span measures long-term associative learning.Gary Jones & Bill Macken - 2015 - Cognition 144 (C):1-13.
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  • Cross‐Linguistic Differences in Processing Double‐Embedded Relative Clauses: Working‐Memory Constraints or Language Statistics?Stefan L. Frank, Thijs Trompenaars & Shravan Vasishth - 2016 - Cognitive Science 40 (3):554-578.
    An English double-embedded relative clause from which the middle verb is omitted can often be processed more easily than its grammatical counterpart, a phenomenon known as the grammaticality illusion. This effect has been found to be reversed in German, suggesting that the illusion is language specific rather than a consequence of universal working memory constraints. We present results from three self-paced reading experiments which show that Dutch native speakers also do not show the grammaticality illusion in Dutch, whereas both German (...)
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  • (1 other version)Computational principles of working memory in sentence comprehension.Richard L. Lewis, Shravan Vasishth & Julie A. Van Dyke - 2006 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 (10):447-454.
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  • Sequential Expectations: The Role of Prediction‐Based Learning in Language.Jennifer B. Misyak, Morten H. Christiansen & J. Bruce Tomblin - 2010 - Topics in Cognitive Science 2 (1):138-153.
    Prediction‐based processes appear to play an important role in language. Few studies, however, have sought to test the relationship within individuals between prediction learning and natural language processing. This paper builds upon existing statistical learning work using a novel paradigm for studying the on‐line learning of predictive dependencies. Within this paradigm, a new “prediction task” is introduced that provides a sensitive index of individual differences for developing probabilistic sequential expectations. Across three interrelated experiments, the prediction task and results thereof are (...)
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  • Alignment as a consequence of expectation adaptation: Syntactic priming is affected by the prime’s prediction error given both prior and recent experience.T. Florian Jaeger & Neal E. Snider - 2013 - Cognition 127 (1):57-83.
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  • An alternative view of the mental lexicon.Jeffrey Elman L. - 2004 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (7):301-306.
    An essential aspect of knowing language is knowing the words of that language. This knowledge is usually thought to reside in the mental lexicon, a kind of dictionary that contains information regarding a word’s meaning, pronunciation, syntactic characteristics, and so on. In this article, a very different view is presented. In this view, words are understood as stimuli that operate directly on mental states. The phonological, syntactic and semantic properties of a word are revealed by the effects it has on (...)
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  • (1 other version)Connectionist Natural Language Processing: The State of the Art.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 1999 - Cognitive Science 23 (4):417-437.
    This Special Issue on Connectionist Models of Human Language Processing provides an opportunity for an appraisal both of specific connectionist models and of the status and utility of connectionist models of language in general. This introduction provides the background for the papers in the Special Issue. The development of connectionist models of language is traced, from their intellectual origins, to the state of current research. Key themes that arise throughout different areas of connectionist psycholinguistics are highlighted, and recent developments in (...)
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  • An Activation‐Based Model of Sentence Processing as Skilled Memory Retrieval.Richard L. Lewis & Shravan Vasishth - 2005 - Cognitive Science 29 (3):375-419.
    We present a detailed process theory of the moment‐by‐moment working‐memory retrievals and associated control structure that subserve sentence comprehension. The theory is derived from the application of independently motivated principles of memory and cognitive skill to the specialized task of sentence parsing. The resulting theory construes sentence processing as a series of skilled associative memory retrievals modulated by similarity‐based interference and fluctuating activation. The cognitive principles are formalized in computational form in the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) architecture, and our (...)
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  • The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition: A Probabilistic Perspective.Anne S. Hsu & Nick Chater - 2010 - Cognitive Science 34 (6):972-1016.
    Natural language is full of patterns that appear to fit with general linguistic rules but are ungrammatical. There has been much debate over how children acquire these “linguistic restrictions,” and whether innate language knowledge is needed. Recently, it has been shown that restrictions in language can be learned asymptotically via probabilistic inference using the minimum description length (MDL) principle. Here, we extend the MDL approach to give a simple and practical methodology for estimating how much linguistic data are required to (...)
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  • Language as shaped by the brain; the brain as shaped by development.Joseph C. Toscano, Lynn K. Perry, Kathryn L. Mueller, Allison F. Bean, Marcus E. Galle & Larissa K. Samuelson - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (5):535-536.
    Though we agree with their argument that language is shaped by domain-general learning processes, Christiansen & Chater (C&C) neglect to detail how the development of these processes shapes language change. We discuss a number of examples that show how developmental processes at multiple levels and timescales are critical to understanding the origin of domain-general mechanisms that shape language evolution.
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  • Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution.Bruno Nicenboim, Shravan Vasishth, Carolina Gattei, Mariano Sigman & Reinhold Kliegl - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6:126597.
    There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000 ; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005 ). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013 ). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy ( 2008 ) or (...)
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  • Linking production and comprehension processes: The case of relative clauses.Silvia P. Gennari & Maryellen C. MacDonald - 2009 - Cognition 111 (1):1-23.
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  • Relative Clause Effects at the Matrix Verb Depend on Type of Intervening Material.Matthew W. Lowder & Peter C. Gordon - 2021 - Cognitive Science 45 (9):e13039.
    Although a large literature demonstrates that object‐extracted relative clauses (ORCs) are harder to process than subject‐extracted relative clauses (SRCs), there is less agreement regarding where during processing this difficulty emerges, as well as how best to explain these effects. An eye‐tracking study by Staub, Dillon, and Clifton (2017) demonstrated that readers experience more processing difficulty at the matrix verb for ORCs than for SRCs when the matrix verb immediately follows the relative clause (RC), but the difficulty is eliminated if a (...)
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  • Effects of Early Cues on the Processing of Chinese Relative Clauses: Evidence for Experience‐Based Theories.Fuyun Wu, Elsi Kaiser & Shravan Vasishth - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (S4):1101-1133.
    We used Chinese prenominal relative clauses to test the predictions of two competing accounts of sentence comprehension difficulty: the experience-based account of Levy () and the Dependency Locality Theory. Given that in Chinese RCs, a classifier and/or a passive marker BEI can be added to the sentence-initial position, we manipulated the presence/absence of classifiers and the presence/absence of BEI, such that BEI sentences were passivized subject-extracted RCs, and no-BEI sentences were standard object-extracted RCs. We conducted two self-paced reading experiments, using (...)
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  • A Framework for Modeling the Interaction of Syntactic Processing and Eye Movement Control.Felix Engelmann, Shravan Vasishth, Ralf Engbert & Reinhold Kliegl - 2013 - Topics in Cognitive Science 5 (3):452-474.
    We explore the interaction between oculomotor control and language comprehension on the sentence level using two well-tested computational accounts of parsing difficulty. Previous work (Boston, Hale, Vasishth, & Kliegl, 2011) has shown that surprisal (Hale, 2001; Levy, 2008) and cue-based memory retrieval (Lewis & Vasishth, 2005) are significant and complementary predictors of reading time in an eyetracking corpus. It remains an open question how the sentence processor interacts with oculomotor control. Using a simple linking hypothesis proposed in Reichle, Warren, and (...)
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  • Criteria for the Design and Evaluation of Cognitive Architectures.Sashank Varma - 2011 - Cognitive Science 35 (7):1329-1351.
    Cognitive architectures are unified theories of cognition that take the form of computational formalisms. They support computational models that collectively account for large numbers of empirical regularities using small numbers of computational mechanisms. Empirical coverage and parsimony are the most prominent criteria by which architectures are designed and evaluated, but they are not the only ones. This paper considers three additional criteria that have been comparatively undertheorized. (a) Successful architectures possess subjective and intersubjective meaning, making cognition comprehensible to individual cognitive (...)
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  • Selective Auditory Attention Associated With Language Skills but Not With Executive Functions in Swedish Preschoolers.Signe Tonér, Petter Kallioinen & Francisco Lacerda - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Associations between language and executive functions are well-established but previous work has often focused more on EFs than on language. To further clarify the language–EF relationship, we assessed several aspects of language and EFs in 431 Swedish children aged 4–6, including selective auditory attention which was measured in an event-related potential paradigm. We also investigated potential associations to age, socioeconomic status, bi-/multilingualism, sex and aspects of preschool attendance and quality. Language and EFs correlated weakly to moderately, indicating that relying on (...)
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  • Preference for Object Relative Clauses in Chinese Sentence Comprehension: Evidence From Online Self-Paced Reading Time.Kunyu Xu, Jeng-Ren Duann, Daisy L. Hung & Denise H. Wu - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:476094.
    Most prior studies have reported that subject-extracted relative clauses (SRCs) are easier to process than object-extracted relative clauses (ORCs). However, whether such an SRC preference is universal across different languages remains an open question. Several reports from Chinese have provided conflicting results; thus, in the present study, we conducted two self-paced reading experiments to examine the comprehension of Chinese relative clauses. The results demonstrated a clear ORC preference that Chinese ORCs were easier to comprehend than Chinese SRCs. These findings were (...)
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  • Becoming syntactic.Franklin Chang, Gary S. Dell & Kathryn Bock - 2006 - Psychological Review 113 (2):234-272.
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  • Working memory and connectionist models of parsing: A reply to MacDonald and Christiansen (2002).David Caplan & Gloria Waters - 2002 - Psychological Review 109 (1):66-74.
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  • Toddlers encode similarities among novel words from meaningful sentences.Erica H. Wojcik & Jenny R. Saffran - 2015 - Cognition 138 (C):10-20.
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  • Eye movements and processing difficulty in object relative clauses.Adrian Staub - 2010 - Cognition 116 (1):71-86.
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  • Consequences of the Serial Nature of Linguistic Input for Sentenial Complexity.Daniel Grodner & Edward Gibson - 2005 - Cognitive Science 29 (2):261-290.
    All other things being equal the parser favors attaching an ambiguous modifier to the most recent possible site. A plausible explanation is that locality preferences such as this arise in the service of minimizing memory costs—more distant sentential material is more difficult to reactivate than more recent material. Note that processing any sentence requires linking each new lexical item with material in the current parse. This often involves the construction of long‐distance dependencies. Under a resource‐limited view of language processing, lengthy (...)
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  • How Do French–English Bilinguals Pull Verb Particle Constructions Off? Factors Influencing Second Language Processing of Unfamiliar Structures at the Syntax-Semantics Interface.Alexandre C. Herbay, Laura M. Gonnerman & Shari R. Baum - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
    An important challenge in bilingualism research is to understand the mechanisms underlying sentence processing in a second language and whether they are comparable to those underlying native processing. Here, we focus on verb-particle constructions (VPCs) that are among the most difficult elements to acquire in L2 English. The verb and the particle form a unit, which often has a non-compositional meaning (e.g., look up or chew out), making the combined structure semantically opaque. However, bilinguals with higher levels of English proficiency (...)
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  • Goldilocks Forgetting in Cross-Situational Learning.Paul Ibbotson, Diana G. López & Alan J. McKane - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:387015.
    Given that there is referential uncertainty (noise) when learning words, to what extent can forgetting filter some of that noise out, and be an aid to learning? Using a Cross Situational Learning model we find a U-shaped function of errors indicative of a “Goldilocks” zone of forgetting: an optimum store-loss ratio that is neither too aggressive nor too weak, but just the right amount to produce better learning outcomes. Forgetting acts as a high-pass filter that actively deletes (part of) the (...)
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  • The processing of extraposed structures in English.Roger Levy, Evelina Fedorenko, Mara Breen & Edward Gibson - 2012 - Cognition 122 (1):12-36.
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  • Putting lexical constraints in context into the visual-world paradigm.Jared M. Novick, Sharon L. Thompson-Schill & John C. Trueswell - 2008 - Cognition 107 (3):850-903.
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  • Modalities of memory: Is reading lips like hearing voices?David W. Maidment, Bill Macken & Dylan M. Jones - 2013 - Cognition 129 (3):471-493.
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  • (1 other version)Dynamical Models of Sentence Processing.Whitney Tabor & Michael K. Tanenhaus - 1999 - Cognitive Science 23 (4):491-515.
    We suggest that the theory of dynamical systems provides a revealing general framework for modeling the representations and mechanism underlying syntactic processing. We show how a particular dynamical model, the Visitation Set Gravitation model of Tabor, Juliano, and Tanenhaus (1997), develops syntactic representations and models a set of contingent frequency effects in parsing that are problematic for other models. We also present new simulations showing how the model accounts for semantic effects in parsing, and propose a new account of the (...)
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  • Word Order Typology Interacts With Linguistic Complexity: A Cross‐Linguistic Corpus Study.Himanshu Yadav, Ashwini Vaidya, Vishakha Shukla & Samar Husain - 2020 - Cognitive Science 44 (4):e12822.
    Much previous work has suggested that word order preferences across languages can be explained by the dependency distance minimization constraint (Ferrer‐i Cancho, 2008, 2015; Hawkins, 1994). Consistent with this claim, corpus studies have shown that the average distance between a head (e.g., verb) and its dependent (e.g., noun) tends to be short cross‐linguistically (Ferrer‐i Cancho, 2014; Futrell, Mahowald, & Gibson, 2015; Liu, Xu, & Liang, 2017). This implies that on average languages avoid inefficient or complex structures for simpler structures. But (...)
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  • Word Frequency Is Associated With Cognitive Effort During Verbal Working Memory: A Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study.Amy Berglund-Barraza, Fenghua Tian, Chandramalika Basak & Julia L. Evans - 2019 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 13.
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  • Under What Conditions Can Recursion Be Learned? Effects of Starting Small in Artificial Grammar Learning of Center‐Embedded Structure.Fenna H. Poletiek, Christopher M. Conway, Michelle R. Ellefson, Jun Lai, Bruno R. Bocanegra & Morten H. Christiansen - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (8):2855-2889.
    It has been suggested that external and/or internal limitations paradoxically may lead to superior learning, that is, the concepts of starting small and less is more (Elman, ; Newport, ). In this paper, we explore the type of incremental ordering during training that might help learning, and what mechanism explains this facilitation. We report four artificial grammar learning experiments with human participants. In Experiments 1a and 1b we found a beneficial effect of starting small using two types of simple recursive (...)
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  • Brains, genes, and language evolution: A new synthesis.Morten H. Christiansen & Nick Chater - 2008 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 (5):537-558.
    Our target article argued that a genetically specified Universal Grammar (UG), capturing arbitrary properties of languages, is not tenable on evolutionary grounds, and that the close fit between language and language learners arises because language is shaped by the brain, rather than the reverse. Few commentaries defend a genetically specified UG. Some commentators argue that we underestimate the importance of processes of cultural transmission; some propose additional cognitive and brain mechanisms that may constrain language and perhaps differentiate humans from nonhuman (...)
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  • Squeezing through the Now-or-Never bottleneck: Reconnecting language processing, acquisition, change, and structure.Nick Chater & Morten H. Christiansen - 2016 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 39:e91.
    If human language must be squeezed through a narrow cognitive bottleneck, what are the implications for language processing, acquisition, change, and structure? In our target article, we suggested that the implications are far-reaching and form the basis of an integrated account of many apparently unconnected aspects of language and language processing, as well as suggesting revision of many existing theoretical accounts. With some exceptions, commentators were generally supportive both of the existence of the bottleneck and its potential implications. Many commentators (...)
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  • Subject relative clauses are not universally easier to process: Evidence from Basque.Manuel Carreiras, Jon Andoni Duñabeitia, Marta Vergara, Irene de la Cruz-Pavía & Itziar Laka - 2010 - Cognition 115 (1):79-92.
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  • Grammatical licensing and relative clause parsing in a flexible word-order language.Matthew W. Wagers, Manuel F. Borja & Sandra Chung - 2018 - Cognition 178 (C):207-221.
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  • The Matrix Verb as a Source of Comprehension Difficulty in Object Relative Sentences.Adrian Staub, Brian Dillon & Charles Clifton - 2017 - Cognitive Science 41 (S6):1353-1376.
    Two experiments used eyetracking during reading to examine the processing of the matrix verb following object and subject relative clauses. The experiments show that the processing of the matrix verb following an object relative is indeed slowed compared to the processing of the same verb following a subject relative. However, this difficulty is entirely eliminated if additional material intervenes between the object gap and the matrix verb. An explanation in terms of spillover processing is ruled out, suggesting that it is (...)
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  • Memory behavior requires knowledge structures, not memory stores.Guillermo Campitelli - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  • Poor readers' retrieval mechanism: efficient access is not dependent on reading skill.Clinton L. Johns, Kazunaga Matsuki & Julie A. Van Dyke - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  • Does short-term memory develop?Gary Jones, Lucy V. Justice, Francesco Cabiddu, Bethany J. Lee, Lai-Sang Iao, Natalie Harrison & Bill Macken - 2020 - Cognition 198 (C):104200.
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  • How WM Load Influences Linguistic Processing in Adults: A Computational Model of Pronoun Interpretation in Discourse.Jacolien Rij, Hedderik Rijn & Petra Hendriks - 2013 - Topics in Cognitive Science 5 (3):564-580.
    This paper presents a study of the effect of working memory load on the interpretation of pronouns in different discourse contexts: stories with and without a topic shift. We discuss a computational model (in ACT-R, Anderson, 2007) to explain how referring expressions are acquired and used. On the basis of simulations of this model, it is predicted that WM constraints only affect adults' pronoun resolution in stories with a topic shift, but not in stories without a topic shift. This latter (...)
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  • When High-Capacity Readers Slow Down and Low-Capacity Readers Speed Up: Working Memory and Locality Effects.Bruno Nicenboim, Pavel Logačev, Carolina Gattei & Shravan Vasishth - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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  • Processing relative clauses in Chinese.Franny Hsiao & Edward Gibson - 2003 - Cognition 90 (1):3-27.
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  • How WM Load Influences Linguistic Processing in Adults: A Computational Model of Pronoun Interpretation in Discourse.Jacolien van Rij, Hedderik van Rijn & Petra Hendriks - 2013 - Topics in Cognitive Science 5 (3):564-580.
    This paper presents a study of the effect of working memory load on the interpretation of pronouns in different discourse contexts: stories with and without a topic shift. We discuss a computational model (in ACT‐R, Anderson, 2007) to explain how referring expressions are acquired and used. On the basis of simulations of this model, it is predicted that WM constraints only affect adults' pronoun resolution in stories with a topic shift, but not in stories without a topic shift. This latter (...)
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  • A hybrid architecture for working memory: Reply to MacDonald and Christiansen (2002).Marcel Adam Just & Sashank Varma - 2002 - Psychological Review 109 (1):55-65.
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  • An interference account of the missing-VP effect.Jana Hã¤Ussler & Markus Bader - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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