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  1. REM sleep and dreaming functions beyond reductionism.Roumen Kirov - 2013 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (6):621-622.
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  • Approach/avoidance in dreams.Susan Malcolm-Smith, Sheri Koopowitz, Eleni Pantelis & Mark Solms - 2012 - Consciousness and Cognition 21 (1):408-412.
    The influential threat simulation theory asserts that dreaming yields adaptive advantage by providing a virtual environment in which threat-avoidance may be safely rehearsed. We have previously found the incidence of biologically threatening dreams to be around 20%, with successful threat avoidance occurring in approximately one-fifth of such dreams. TST asserts that threat avoidance is over-represented relative to other possible dream contents. To begin assessing this issue, we contrasted the incidence of ‘avoidance’ dreams with that of their opposite: ‘approach’ dreams. Because (...)
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  • Not a HOT Dream.Miguel Ángel Sebastián - 2013 - In Consciousness Inside and Out: Phenomenology, Neuroscience, and the Nature of Experience. Springer Studies in Brain and Mind.
    Higher-Order Thought (HOT) theories of consciousness maintain that the kind of awareness necessary for phenomenal consciousness depends on the cognitive accessibility that underlies reporting. -/- There is empirical evidence strongly suggesting that the cognitive accessibility that underlies the ability to report visual experiences depends on the activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). This area, however, is highly deactivated during the conscious experiences we have during sleep: dreams. HOT theories are jeopardized, as I will argue. I will briefly present HOT (...)
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  • Word associations contribute to machine learning in automatic scoring of degree of emotional tones in dream reports.Reza Amini, Catherine Sabourin & Joseph De Koninck - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (4):1570-1576.
    Scientific study of dreams requires the most objective methods to reliably analyze dream content. In this context, artificial intelligence should prove useful for an automatic and non subjective scoring technique. Past research has utilized word search and emotional affiliation methods, to model and automatically match human judges’ scoring of dream report’s negative emotional tone. The current study added word associations to improve the model’s accuracy. Word associations were established using words’ frequency of co-occurrence with their defining words as found in (...)
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  • Dreaming in the multilevel framework.Katja Valli - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (4):1084-1090.
    Biological realism (Revonsuo, 2001, 2006) states that dreaming is a biological phenomenon and therefore explainable in naturalistic terms, similar to the explanation of other biological phenomena. In the biological sciences, the structure of explanations can be described with the help of a framework called 'multilevel explanation'. The multilevel model provides a context that assists to clarify what needs to be explained and how, and how to place different theories into the same model. Here, I will argue that the multilevel framework (...)
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  • How to test the threat-simulation theory☆.Antti Revonsuo & Katja Valli - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (4):1292-1296.
    Malcolm-Smith, Solms, Turnbull and Tredoux [Malcolm-Smith, S., Solms, M.,Turnbull, O., & Tredoux, C. . Threat in dreams: An adaptation? Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 1281–1291.] have made an attempt to test the Threat-Simulation Theory , a theory offering an evolutionary psychological explanation for the function of dreaming [Revonsuo, A. . The reinterpretation of dreams: An evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 877–901]. Malcolm-Smith et al. argue that empirical evidence from their own study as well as (...)
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  • Threat in dreams: An adaptation?Susan Malcolm-Smith, Mark Solms, Oliver Turnbull & Colin Tredoux - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (4):1281-1291.
    Revonsuo’s influential Threat Simulation Theory predicts that people exposed to survival threats will have more threat dreams, and evince enhanced responses to dream threats, compared to those living in relatively safe conditions. Participants in a high crime area differed significantly from participants in a low crime area in having greater recent exposure to a life-threatening event . Contrary to TST’s predictions, the SA participants reported significantly fewer threat dreams , and did not differ from the Welsh participants in responses to (...)
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  • The threat simulation theory of the evolutionary function of dreaming: Evidence from dreams of traumatized children.Katja Valli, Antti Revonsuo, Outi Pälkäs, Kamaran Hassan Ismail, Karzan Jalal Ali & Raija-Leena Punamäki - 2005 - Consciousness and Cognition 14 (1):188-218.
    The threat simulation theory of dreaming states that dream consciousness is essentially an ancient biological defence mechanism, evolutionarily selected for its capacity to repeatedly simulate threatening events. Threat simulation during dreaming rehearses the cognitive mechanisms required for efficient threat perception and threat avoidance, leading to increased probability of reproductive success during human evolution. One hypothesis drawn from TST is that real threatening events encountered by the individual during wakefulness should lead to an increased activation of the system, a threat simulation (...)
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  • Evolutionary function of dreams: A test of the threat simulation theory in recurrent dreams.Antonio Zadra, Sophie Desjardins & Éric Marcotte - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2):450-463.
    Revonsuo proposed an intriguing and detailed evolutionary theory of dreams which stipulates that the biological function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events and to rehearse threat avoidance behaviors. The goal of the present study was to test this theory using a sample of 212 recurrent dreams that was scored using a slightly expanded version of the DreamThreat rating scale. Six of the eight hypotheses tested were supported. Among the positive findings, 66% of the recurrent dream reports contained one or (...)
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  • Is the threat simulation theory threatened by recurrent dreams?Sophie Desjardins & Antonio Zadra - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2):470-474.
    Zadra, Desjardins, and Marcotte tested several predictions derived from the Threat Simulation Theory of dreaming in a large sample of recurrent dreams. In response to these findings, Valli and Revonsuo presented a commentary outlining alternate conceptualizations and explanations for the results obtained. We argue that many points raised by Valli and Revonsuo do not accurately reflect our main findings and at times present a biased assessment of the data. In this article, we provide necessary clarifications and responses to each one (...)
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  • Dreaming and consciousness: Testing the threat simulation theory of the function of dreaming.Antti Revonsuo & Katja Valli - 2000 - PSYCHE: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research On Consciousness 6.
    We tested the new threat simulation theory of the biological function of dreaming by analysing 592 dreams from 52 subjects with a rating scale developed for quantifying threatening events in dreams. The main predictions were that dreams contain more frequent and more severe threats than waking life does; that dream threats are realistic; and that they primarily threaten the Dream Self who tends to behave in a relevant defensive manner in response to them. These predictions were confirmed and the theory (...)
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  • The Strangest Sort of Map: Reply to Commentaries.Stephen Asma - 2021 - Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture 5 (2):75-82.
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  • Explaining the illusion of independent agency in imagined persons with a theory of practice.Jim Davies - 2023 - Philosophical Psychology 36 (2):337-355.
    Many mental phenomena involve thinking about people who do not exist. Imagined characters appear in planning, dreams, fantasizing, imaginary companions, bereavement hallucinations, auditory verbal hallucinations, and as characters created in fictional narratives by authors. Sometimes these imagined persons are felt to be completely under our control, as when one fantasizes about having a great time at a party. Other times, characters feel as though they are outside of our conscious control. Dream characters, for example, are experienced by dreamers as autonomous (...)
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  • Dreams, Morality and the Waking World.Robert Cowan - 2023 - Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 104 (1):2-29.
    Is it ever wrong to cheat in a dream? It has been argued that the conjunction of reasonable claims about dreams with Evaluational Internalism (the view that moral evaluation is determined by factors ‘internal’ to agency, such as intentions) entails a positive answer. This implausible result seemingly provides reason to favour an alternative theory of moral evaluation. I here argue that a wide range of Evaluational Externalist views (which base moral evaluation on factors ‘external’ to agency, such as harms produced) (...)
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  • I could do that in my sleep: skilled performance in dreams.Melanie G. Rosen - 2021 - Synthese 199 (3-4):6495-6522.
    The experience of skilled action occurs in dreams if we take dream reports at face value. However, what these reports indicate requires nuanced analysis. It is uncertain what it means to perform any action in a dream whatsoever. If skilled actions do occur in dreams, this has important implications for both theory of action and theory of dreaming. Here, it is argued that since some dreams generate a convincing, hallucinated world where we have virtual bodies that interact with virtual objects, (...)
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  • Does COVID-19 impact the frequency of threatening events in dreams? An exploration of pandemic dreaming in light of contemporary dream theories.Jiaxi Wang, Steve Eliezer Zemmelman, Danping Hong, Xiaoling Feng & Heyong Shen - 2021 - Consciousness and Cognition 87 (C):103051.
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  • Sleep and dreaming in the predictive processing framework.Alessio Bucci & Matteo Grasso - 2017 - Philosophy and Predictive Processing.
    Sleep and dreaming are important daily phenomena that are receiving growing attention from both the scientific and the philosophical communities. The increasingly popular predictive brain framework within cognitive science aims to give a full account of all aspects of cognition. The aim of this paper is to critically assess the theoretical advantages of Predictive Processing (PP, as proposed by Clark 2013, Clark 2016; and Hohwy 2013) in defining sleep and dreaming. After a brief introduction, we overview the state of the (...)
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  • Leibnizin pienet havainnot ja tunteiden muodostuminen.Markku Roinila - 2018 - Havainto.
    Keskityn siihen miten Leibnizilla yksittäiset mielihyvän tai mielipahan tiedostamattomat havainnot voivat kasautua tai tiivistyä ja muodostaa vähitellen tunteita, joista tulemme tietoisiksi.
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  • Mental time travel to the future might be reduced in sleep.Jana Speth, Astrid M. Schloerscheidt & Clemens Speth - 2017 - Consciousness and Cognition 48 (C):180-189.
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  • Metaphor and hyperassociativity: the imagination mechanisms behind emotion assimilation in sleep and dreaming.Josie E. Malinowski & Caroline L. Horton - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  • Review of Joe Levine's "Purple Haze". [REVIEW]Andrew Melnyk - 2002 - Philosophical Psychology 15 (3):359-362.
    Though there is much else in Levine's book that is also worthy of discussion, this critical study focuses exclusively on his central positive thesis that phenomenal consciousness exhibits two features that “both resist explanatory reduction to the physical: subjectivity and qualitative character” (p. 175).
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  • Dream rebound of suppressed emotional thoughts: The influence of cognitive load.Richard A. Bryant, Miriam Wyzenbeek & Julia Weinstein - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (3):515-522.
    Initial evidence suggests that suppressing a thought prior to sleep results in subsequent dreaming of that thought. The present research examined the influence of cognitive load on dreaming following suppression. In Experiment 1, 100 participants received either a suppression instruction or no instruction for an intrusive thought prior to sleep, and subsequently completed a dream diary. Participants instructed to suppress reported dreaming about the target thought more than controls; dream rebound was predicted by poorer performance on a working memory task. (...)
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  • Born to adapt, but not in your dreams.Theo Mulder, Jacqueline Hochstenbach, Pieter U. Dijkstra & Jan H. B. Geertzen - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (4):1266-1271.
    The brain adapts to changes that take place in the body. Deprivation of input results in size reduction of cortical representations, whereas an increase in input results in an increase of representational space. Amputation forms one of the most dramatic disturbances of the integrity of the body. The brain adapts in many ways to this breakdown of the afferent–efferent equilibrium. However, almost all studies focus on the sensorimotor consequences. It is not known whether adaptation takes place also at other “levels” (...)
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  • The Utilitarian's Guide to Dreams.Adam Piovarchy - 2024 - Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 105 (1):75-97.
    Unpleasant dreams occur much more frequently than many people realise. If one is a hedonistic utilitarian – or, at least, one thinks that dreams have positive or negative moral value in virtue of their experiential quality – then one has considerable reason to try to make such dreams more positive. Given it is possible to improve the quality of our dreams, we ought to be promoting and implementing currently available interventions that improve our dream experiences, and conducting research to find (...)
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  • Pandemic Dreams: Network Analysis of Dream Content During the COVID-19 Lockdown.Anu-Katriina Pesonen, Jari Lipsanen, Risto Halonen, Marko Elovainio, Nils Sandman, Juha-Matti Mäkelä, Minea Antila, Deni Béchard, Hanna M. Ollila & Liisa Kuula - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  • A New Measure of Hallucinatory States and a Discussion of REM Sleep Dreaming as a Virtual Laboratory for the Rehearsal of Embodied Cognition.Clemens Speth & Jana Speth - 2018 - Cognitive Science 42 (1):311-333.
    Hallucinatory states are experienced not only in connection with drugs and psychopathologies but occur naturally and spontaneously across the human circadian cycle: Our nightly dreams bring multimodal experiences in the absence of adequate external stimuli. The current study proposes a new, tighter measure of these hallucinatory states: Sleep onset, REM sleep, and non-REM sleep are shown to differ with regard to motor imagery indicating interactions with a rich imaginative world, and cognitive agency that could enable sleepers to recognize their hallucinatory (...)
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  • Dream content of Canadian males from adolescence to old age: An exploration of ontogenetic patterns.Allyson Dale, Alexandre Lafrenière & Joseph De Koninck - 2017 - Consciousness and Cognition 49:145-156.
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  • Body/Self/Others: The Phenomenology of Social Encounters.Luna Dolezal & Danielle Petherbridge (eds.) - 2017 - Albany: SUNY Press.
    Examines the lived experience of social encounters drawing on phenomenological insights.
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  • Dreams are more negative than real life: Implications for the function of dreaming.Katja Valli, Thea Strandholm, Lauri Sillanmäki & Antti Revonsuo - 2008 - Cognition and Emotion 22 (5):833-861.
    There is wide agreement among dream researchers that emotional memories are activated during dreaming and that emotions play an important role in the thematic development of the dream. In accordanc...
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  • Metamorphosed Characters in Dreams: Constraints of Conceptual Structure and Amount of Theory of Mind.Richard Schweickert & Zhuangzhuang Xi - 2010 - Cognitive Science 34 (4):665-684.
    Dream reports from 21 dreamers in which a metamorphosis of a person-like entity or animal occurred were coded for characters and animals and for inner states attributed to them (Theory of Mind). In myths and fairy tales, Kelly and Keil (1985) found that conscious beings (people, gods) tend to be transformed into entities nearby in the conceptual structure of Keil (1979). This also occurred in dream reports, but perceptual nearness seemed more important than conceptual nearness. In dream reports, most inanimate (...)
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  • The self and dreams during a period of transition.Caroline L. Horton, Christopher J. A. Moulin & Martin A. Conway - 2009 - Consciousness and Cognition 18 (3):710-717.
    The content of dreams and changes to the self were investigated in students moving to University. In study 1, 20 participants completed dream diaries and memory tasks before and after they had left home and moved to university, and generated self images, “I am…” statements , reflective of their current self. Changes in “I ams” were observed, indicating a newly-formed ‘university’ self. These self, images and related autobiographical knowledge were found to be incorporated into recent dreams but not into dreams (...)
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  • The nature and varieties of felt presence experiences: A reply to Nielsen☆.J. Allan Cheyne & Todd A. Girard - 2007 - Consciousness and Cognition 16 (4):984-991.
    Nielsen [Nielsen, T. . Felt presence: Paranoid delusion or hallucinatory social imagery? Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 975–983.] raises a number of issues and presents several provocative arguments worthy of discussion regarding the experience of the felt presence during sleep paralysis . We consider these issues beginning with the nature of FP and its relation to affective-motivational systems and provide an alternative to Nielsen’s reduction of FP to a purely spatial hallucination. We then consider implications of the “normal social imagery” model. (...)
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  • Viral simulations in dreams: The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on threatening dream content in a Finnish sample of diary dreams.Ville Loukola, Jarno Tuominen, Santeri Kirsilä, Annimaaria Kyyhkynen, Maron Lahdenperä, Lilja Parkkali, Emilia Ranta, Eveliina Malinen, Sanni Vanhanen, Katariina Välimaa, Henri Olkoniemi, Antti Revonsuo & Katja Valli - 2024 - Consciousness and Cognition 119 (C):103651.
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  • The dynamics of affect across the wake-sleep cycle: From waking mind-wandering to night-time dreaming.Pilleriin Sikka, Katja Valli, Antti Revonsuo & Jarno Tuominen - 2021 - Consciousness and Cognition 94 (C):103189.
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  • Świadoma Aktywność Poznawcza Podczas Snu – Adaptacja I Intencjonalność.Piotr Markiewicz - 2022 - Humanistyka I Przyrodoznawstwo 28:45-68.
    Artykuł zawiera prezentację i dyskusję wybranych zagadnień świadomości śniącej. Pierwsze z nich dotyczy znaczenia adaptacyjnego świadomości podczas snu. Drugie zagadnienie obejmuje charakterystykę kognitywnej świadomości śniącej. Efektem krytycznego przeglądu badań i koncepcji jest teza, że: (1) świadomość śniąca nie ma charakteru adaptacji biologicznej, (2) świadomość śniąca jest formą zdegradowanej reprezentacji kognitywnej w porównaniudo świadomości w stanie czuwania. W szczególności świadomość śniąca zawiera deficyty intencjonalności (uwagi) oraz wyższych form kognitywnych, w tym dysfunkcji wykonawczych.
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  • Dream Interpretation from a Cognitive and Cultural Evolutionary Perspective: The Case of Oneiromancy in Traditional China.Ze Hong - 2022 - Cognitive Science 46 (1):e13088.
    Cognitive Science, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2022.
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  • Testing the Empathy Theory of Dreaming: The Relationships Between Dream Sharing and Trait and State Empathy.Mark Blagrove, Sioned Hale, Julia Lockheart, Michelle Carr, Alex Jones & Katja Valli - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
    In general, dreams are a novel but realistic simulation of waking social life, with a mixture of characters, motivations, scenarios, and positive and negative emotions. We propose that the sharing of dreams has an empathic effect on the dreamer and on significant others who hear and engage with the telling of the dream. Study 1 tests three correlations that are predicted by the theory of dream sharing and empathy: that trait empathy will be correlated with frequency of telling dreams to (...)
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  • Social contents in dreams: An empirical test of the Social Simulation Theory.Jarno Tuominen, Tuula Stenberg, Antti Revonsuo & Katja Valli - 2019 - Consciousness and Cognition 69 (C):133-145.
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  • Will students pass a competitive exam that they failed in their dreams?Isabelle Arnulf, Laure Grosliere, Thibault Le Corvec, Jean-Louis Golmard, Olivier Lascols & Alexandre Duguet - 2014 - Consciousness and Cognition 29:36-47.
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  • I know how you felt last night, or do I? Self- and external ratings of emotions in REM sleep dreams.Pilleriin Sikka, Katja Valli, Tiina Virta & Antti Revonsuo - 2014 - Consciousness and Cognition 25:51-66.
    We investigated whether inconsistencies in previous studies regarding emotional experiences in dreams derive from whether dream emotions are self-rated or externally evaluated. Seventeen subjects were monitored with polysomnography in the sleep laboratory and awakened from every rapid eye movement sleep stage 5 min after the onset of the stage. Upon awakening, participants gave an oral dream report and rated their dream emotions using the modified Differential Emotions Scale, whereas external judges rated the participants’ emotions expressed in the dream reports, using (...)
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  • Waking and dreaming: Related but structurally independent. Dream reports of congenitally paraplegic and deaf-mute persons.Ursula Voss, Inka Tuin, Karin Schermelleh-Engel & Allan Hobson - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (3):673-687.
    Models of dream analysis either assume a continuum of waking and dreaming or the existence of two dissociated realities. Both approaches rely on different methodology. Whereas continuity models are based on content analysis, discontinuity models use a structural approach. In our study, we applied both methods to test specific hypotheses about continuity or discontinuity. We contrasted dream reports of congenitally deaf-mute and congenitally paraplegic individuals with those of non-handicapped controls. Continuity theory would predict that either the deficit itself or compensatory (...)
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  • The impact of September 11 on dreaming☆.Kelly Bulkeley & Tracey L. Kahan - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (4):1248-1256.
    This study focuses on a set of dreams related to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and their aftermath, using content analysis and cognitive psychology to explore the interweaving of external public catastrophe and internal psychological processes. The study tests several recent claims in contemporary dream research, including the central image theory of Hartmann [Hartmann, E., & Basile, R. . Dream imagery becomes more intense after 9/11/01. Dreaming, 13, 61–66; Hartmann, E., & Brezler, T. . A systematic change in dreams (...)
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  • The ability to self-tickle following Rapid Eye Movement sleep dreaming.Mark Blagrove, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore & Ben R. J. Thayer - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2):285-294.
    Self-produced tactile stimulation usually feels less tickly—is perceptually attenuated—relative to the same stimulation produced externally. This is not true, however, for individuals with schizophrenia. Here, we investigate whether the lack of attenuation to self-produced stimuli seen in schizophrenia also occurs for normal participants following REM dreams. Fourteen participants were stimulated on their left palm with a tactile stimulation device which allowed the same stimulus to be generated by the participant or by the experimenter. The level of self-tickling attenuation did not (...)
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  • Recurrent dreams: Recurring threat simulations?Katja Valli & Antti Revonsuo - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2):464-469.
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  • Music as an Evolved Tool for Socio-Affective Fiction.Caitlyn Trevor & Sascha Frühholz - 2024 - Emotion Review 16 (3):180-194.
    The question of why music evolved has been contemplated and debated for centuries across multiple disciplines. While many theories have been posited, they still do not fully answer the question of why humans began making music. Adding to the effort to solve this mystery, we propose the socio-affective fiction (SAF) hypothesis. Humans have a unique biological need for emotion regulation strengthening. Simulated emotional situations, like dreams, can help address that need. Immersion is key for such simulations to successfully exercise people's (...)
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  • Continuity or compensation? – A hypothesis testing study concerning two types of dreamers’ Aggressive Behaviors in Nightmares.Jonas Mathes & Reinhard Pietrowsky - 2022 - Consciousness and Cognition 101 (C):103321.
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  • Dream engineering: Simulating worlds through sensory stimulation.Michelle Carr, Adam Haar, Judith Amores, Pedro Lopes, Guillermo Bernal, Tomás Vega, Oscar Rosello, Abhinandan Jain & Pattie Maes - 2020 - Consciousness and Cognition 83 (C):102955.
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  • My Dream, My Rules: Can Lucid Dreaming Treat Nightmares?Tainá Carla Freitas de Macêdo, Glescikelly Herminia Ferreira, Katie Moraes de Almondes, Roumen Kirov & Sérgio Arthuro Mota-Rolim - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • The interpretation of dream meaning: Resolving ambiguity using Latent Semantic Analysis in a small corpus of text.Edgar Altszyler, Sidarta Ribeiro, Mariano Sigman & Diego Fernández Slezak - 2017 - Consciousness and Cognition 56:178-187.
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  • Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal–culture interface.Roy F. Baumeister & E. J. Masicampo - 2010 - Psychological Review 117 (3):945-971.
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