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  1. Children recognize and reject favoritism in norm enforcement.Louisa Huff, Tindaya Déniz, Linda Gronem & Sebastian Grueneisen - 2025 - Cognition 254 (C):105981.
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  • Moral Foundations Theory Among Autistic and Neurotypical Children.Erin Elizabeth Dempsey, Chris Moore, Shannon A. Johnson, Sherry H. Stewart & Isabel M. Smith - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Morality can help guide behavior and facilitate relationships. Although moral judgments by autistic people are similar to neurotypical individuals, many researchers argue that subtle differences signify deficits in autistic individuals. Moral foundation theory describes moral judgments in terms of differences rather than deficits. The current research, aimed at assessing autistic individuals’ moral inclinations using Haidt’s framework, was co-designed with autistic community members. Our aim was to describe autistic moral thinking from a strengths-based perspective while acknowledging differences that may pose interpersonal (...)
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  • Morality as an Evolutionary Exaptation.Marcus Arvan - 2021 - In Johan De Smedt & Helen De Cruz (eds.), Empirically Engaged Evolutionary Ethics. Synthese Library. Springer - Synthese Library. pp. 89-109.
    The dominant theory of the evolution of moral cognition across a variety of fields is that moral cognition is a biological adaptation to foster social cooperation. This chapter argues, to the contrary, that moral cognition is likely an evolutionary exaptation: a form of cognition where neurobiological capacities selected for in our evolutionary history for a variety of different reasons—many unrelated to social cooperation—were put to a new, prosocial use after the fact through individual rationality, learning, and the development and transmission (...)
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  • Chimpanzee normativity: evidence and objections.Simon Fitzpatrick - 2020 - Biology and Philosophy 35 (4):1-28.
    This paper considers the question of whether chimpanzees possess at least a primitive sense of normativity: i.e., some ability to internalize and enforce social norms—rules governing appropriate and inappropriate behaviour—within their social groups, and to make evaluations of others’ behaviour in light of such norms. A number of scientists and philosophers have argued that such a sense of normativity does exist in chimpanzees and in several other non-human primate and mammalian species. However, the dominant view in the scientific and philosophical (...)
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  • Infants Consider the Distributor’s Intentions in Resource Allocation.Karin Strid & Marek Meristo - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  • The Developmental Origins of the Social Brain: Empathy, Morality, and Justice.Chenyi Chen, Róger Marcelo Martínez & Yawei Cheng - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:425640.
    The social brain is the cornerstone that effectively negotiates and navigates complex social environments and relationships. When mature, these social abilities facilitate the interaction and cooperation with others. Empathy, morality, and justice, among others, are all closely intertwined, yet the relationships between them are quite complex. They are fundamental components of our human nature, and shape the landscape of our social lives. The various facets of empathy, including affective arousal/emotional sharing, empathic concern, and perspective taking, have unique contributions as subcomponents (...)
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  • Viewing Others as Equals: the Non-cognitive Roots of Shared Intentionality.Alejandro Rosas & Juan Pablo Bermúdez - 2018 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology 9 (3):485-502.
    We propose two adjustments to the classic view of shared intentionality as based on conceptual-level cognitive skills. The first one takes into account that infants and young children display this capacity, but lack conceptual-level cognitive skills. The second one seeks to integrate cognitive and non-cognitive skills into that capacity. This second adjustment is motivated by two facts. First, there is an enormous difference between human infants and our closest living primate relatives with respect to the range and scale of goal (...)
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  • Toddlers Selectively Help Fair Agents.Luca Surian & Laura Franchin - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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  • All inequality is not equal: children correct inequalities using resource value.Alex Shaw & Kristina R. Olson - 2013 - Frontiers in Psychology 4.
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  • Race, Gender, and the Development of Cross-Race Egalitarianism.Sarah E. Gaither, Joshua D. Perlin & Stacey N. Doan - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11:520445.
    Over the course of development, children acquire adult-like thinking about social categories such as race, which in turn informs their perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. However, children’s developing perceptions of race have been understudied particularly with respect to their potential influence on cross-race egalitarianism. Specifically, the acquisition of racial constancy, defined as the perception that race is a concrete and stable category, has been associated with increased awareness of racial stereotypes and group status differences. Yet, little work has investigated behavioral outcomes (...)
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  • Centripetal and centrifugal forces in the moral circle: Competing constraints on moral learning.Jesse Graham, Adam Waytz, Peter Meindl, Ravi Iyer & Liane Young - 2017 - Cognition 167 (C):58-65.
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  • Young children enforce social norms selectively depending on the violator’s group affiliation.Marco Fh Schmidt, Hannes Rakoczy & Michael Tomasello - 2012 - Cognition 124 (3):325-333.
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  • Do infants detect indirect reciprocity?Marek Meristo & Luca Surian - 2013 - Cognition 129 (1):102-113.
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  • Evaluations Versus Expectations: Children's Divergent Beliefs About Resource Distribution.Jasmine M. DeJesus, Marjorie Rhodes & Katherine D. Kinzler - 2014 - Cognitive Science 38 (1):178-193.
    Past research reveals a tension between children's preferences for egalitarianism and ingroup favoritism when distributing resources to others. Here we investigate how children's evaluations and expectations of others' behaviors compare. Four- to 10-year-old children viewed events where individuals from two different groups distributed resources to their own group, to the other group, or equally across groups. Groups were described within a context of intergroup competition over scarce resources. In the Evaluation condition, children were asked to evaluate which resource distribution actions (...)
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  • The prosocial roots of children's developing morality.Anja Kaßecker - 2020 - Dissertation, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München
    According to many scholars, prosociality, in particular altruism and empathic concern, is considered an important motivational factor both in adulthood and in the development of morality. So far, a large number of studies have addressed the development of children’s first-party prosociality and their third-party understanding of moral norms separately. In particular, there is much evidence that during the second year of life, young children develop empathic concern and sympathy for others in need in prosocial situations. Moreover, recent findings suggest that (...)
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  • The roots of moral autonomy.Julia Petra Friedrich - 2019 - Dissertation, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München
    Human cooperation and group living are based on societies in which individuals not only care about their own interests but share common norms and values – such as morality and prosocial behavior. As early as the 18th century, Immanuel Kant postulated autonomy as the key to human morality. Kant explained that a rational agent with a free will would necessarily make moral – not immoral – decisions. However, the fundamental question of how moral behavior acquires normative weight remains unresolved until (...)
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  • Preschoolers Favor Their Ingroup When Resources Are Limited.Kristy Jia Jin Lee, Gianluca Esposito & Peipei Setoh - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:398351.
    The present study examined how two- to four-year-old preschoolers in Singapore (N = 202) balance fairness and ingroup loyalty in resource distribution. Specifically, we investigated whether children would enact fair distributions as defined by an equality rule, or show partiality toward their ingroup when distributing resources, and the conditions under which one distributive strategy may take precedence over the other. In Experiment 1, children distributed four different pairs of toys between two puppets. In the Group condition, one puppet was assigned (...)
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  • Anti-equality: Social comparison in young children.Mark Sheskin, Paul Bloom & Karen Wynn - 2014 - Cognition 130 (2):152-156.
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  • Children Consider Procedures, Outcomes, and Emotions When Judging the Fairness of Inequality.Lucy M. Stowe, Rebecca Peretz-Lange & Peter R. Blake - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Children tend to view equal resource distributions as more fair than unequal ones, but will sometimes view even unequal distributions as fair. However, less is known about how children form judgments about inequality when different procedures are used. In the present study, we investigated children’s consideration of procedures, outcomes, and emotions when judging the fairness of unequal resource distributions. Participants were introduced to a Fair Coin and an Unfair Coin. In two between-subjects conditions, they watched a researcher flip either the (...)
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  • Toddlers' interventions toward fair and unfair individuals.Talee Ziv, Jesse D. Whiteman & Jessica A. Sommerville - 2021 - Cognition 214 (C):104781.
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  • Do Infants in the First Year of Life Expect Equal Resource Allocations?Melody Buyukozer Dawkins, Stephanie Sloane & Renée Baillargeon - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10:417740.
    Recent research has provided converging evidence, using multiple tasks, of sensitivity to fairness in the second year of life. In contrast, findings in the first year have been mixed, leaving it unclear whether young infants possess an expectation of fairness. The present research examined the possibility that young infants might expect windfall resources to be divided equally between similar recipients, but might demonstrate this expectation only under very simple conditions. In three violation-of-expectation experiments, 9-month-olds (N = 120) expected an experimenter (...)
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  • Merit Is Not Meritorious Everywhere: Fairness in First and Third Party Tasks among Kogi Children.Rafael G. Angarita & Hugo Viciana - 2022 - Journal of Cognition and Culture 22 (3-4):246-263.
    Experimental research has studied the emergence of fairness criteria such as merit and equality at increasingly younger ages. How much does the recognition and practice of these principles depend on the influence of central aspects of Western educated and industrialized societies? In an attempt to answer these questions, this article provides evidence regarding the choices of children in the Kogi indigenous community of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a traditional society living in the mountains of Northern Colombia that practices (...)
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  • Preschoolers are sensitive to free riding in a public goods game.Martina Vogelsang, Keith Jensen, Sebastian Kirschner, Claudio Tennie & Michael Tomasello - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
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  • The emergence of human prosociality: aligning with others through feelings, concerns, and norms.Keith Jensen, Amrisha Vaish & Marco F. H. Schmidt - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5:91239.
    The fact that humans cooperate with nonkin is something we take for granted, but this is an anomaly in the animal kingdom. Our species’ ability to behave prosocially may be based on human-unique psychological mechanisms. We argue here that these mechanisms include the ability to care about the welfare of others (other-regarding concerns), to “feel into” others (empathy), and to understand, adhere to, and enforce social norms (normativity). We consider how these motivational, emotional, and normative substrates of prosociality develop in (...)
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  • Capuchin monkeys judge third-party reciprocity.James R. Anderson, Ayaka Takimoto, Hika Kuroshima & Kazuo Fujita - 2013 - Cognition 127 (1):140-146.
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  • Costly third-party punishment in young children.Katherine McAuliffe, Jillian J. Jordan & Felix Warneken - 2015 - Cognition 134 (C):1-10.
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  • The Development of Prosocial Attention Across Two Cultures.Robert Hepach & Esther Herrmann - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • Giving and taking: Representational building blocks of active resource-transfer events in human infants.Denis Tatone, Alessandra Geraci & Gergely Csibra - 2015 - Cognition 137 (C):47-62.
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  • Explaining moral religions.Nicolas Baumard & Pascal Boyer - 2013 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17 (6):272-280.
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  • Early Understanding of Merit in Turkana Children.P. Liénard, N. Baumard, O. Mascaro, P. Kiura & C. Chevallier - 2013 - Journal of Cognition and Culture 13 (1-2):57-66.
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  • The Domain of Morality.Massimo Reichlin - 2024 - Philosophia 52 (3):717-737.
    Taking stock of standard philosophical analyses of the concept, it is proposed that the domain of morality be defined by reference to seven characteristics: normativity, informality, importance, universality, categoricalness, overridingness, and a reference to beneficence and justice as the basic contents of its rules. These features establish a rather sharp distinction between moral and conventional rules. Recent literature in evolutionary morality and moral psychology, however, challenged the existence of a neat distinction between the moral and the conventional domains. The paper (...)
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  • Human Expressions of Object Preference Affect Dogs’ Perceptual Focus, but Not Their Action Choices.Enikő Kubinyi, Flóra Szánthó, Elodie Gilmert, Ivaylo B. Iotchev & Ádám Miklósi - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  • A construct divided: prosocial behavior as helping, sharing, and comforting subtypes.Kristen A. Dunfield - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
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  • Early Reputation Management: Three-Year-Old Children Are More Generous Following Exposure to Eyes.Caroline Kelsey, Tobias Grossmann & Amrisha Vaish - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • ‘To the victor go the spoils’: Infants expect resources to align with dominance structures.Elizabeth A. Enright, Hyowon Gweon & Jessica A. Sommerville - 2017 - Cognition 164 (C):8-21.
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  • Young Children’s Development of Fairness Preference.Jing Li, Wen Wang, Jing Yu & Liqi Zhu - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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  • Commentary: A construct divided: prosocial behavior as helping, sharing, and comforting subtypes.Bahar Tunçgenç - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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  • Do Infants Attribute Moral Traits? Fourteen-Month-Olds' Expectations of Fairness Are Affected by Agents' Antisocial Actions.Luca Surian, Mika Ueno, Shoji Itakura & Marek Meristo - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • Children’s Expectations and Understanding of Kinship as a Social Category.Annie C. Spokes & Elizabeth S. Spelke - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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