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Types and ontology

Philosophical Review 72 (3):327-363 (1963)

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  1. La théorie des catégories de Sommers: une nouvelle introduction.George Englebretsen - 1988 - Dialogue 27 (3):451-473.
    Les travaux de Fred Sommers dans le domaine de l'ontologie ont été l'objet, jusqu'à présent, de beaucoup moins d'attention critique qu'ils ne sont aptes à en susciter. C'est au cours des années soixante que Sommers a élaboré sa théorie et qu'il l'a rendue publique par le moyen d'une série d'articles et de conférences. Bien que ses travaux aient alors fait l'objet de quelques critiques ou commentaires, ils ont, depuis, généralement été passés sous silence. Récemment, la revue Monist a fait paraître (...)
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  • Learning to Learn Causal Models.Charles Kemp, Noah D. Goodman & Joshua B. Tenenbaum - 2010 - Cognitive Science 34 (7):1185-1243.
    Learning to understand a single causal system can be an achievement, but humans must learn about multiple causal systems over the course of a lifetime. We present a hierarchical Bayesian framework that helps to explain how learning about several causal systems can accelerate learning about systems that are subsequently encountered. Given experience with a set of objects, our framework learns a causal model for each object and a causal schema that captures commonalities among these causal models. The schema organizes the (...)
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  • The construction of ontological categories.Jan Westerhoff - 2004 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 82 (4):595 – 620.
    I describe an account of ontological categories which does justice to the facts that not all categories are ontological categories and that ontological categories can stand in containment relations. The account sorts objects into different categories in the same way in which grammar sorts expressions . It then identifies the ontological categories with those which play a certain role in the systematization of collections of categories. The paper concludes by noting that on my account what ontological categories there are is (...)
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  • Artykuł O treści logicznej zawarte W czasopismach nadesłanych do redakcji.Stanisław Surma, Klemens Szaniawski, Jan Franciszek Drewnowski, Ewa Żarnecka-Biały, Jerzy Kmita, Jerzy Giedymin & Leon Koj - 1964 - Studia Logica 15 (1):311-343.
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  • On teaching critical thinking.Jim Mackenzie - 1991 - Educational Philosophy and Theory 23 (1):56–78.
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  • Functionalism and psychologism.J. D. Mackenzie - 1984 - Dialogue 23 (2):239-248.
    Some philosophers suspect that the functionalist account of mind supports a psychologistic account of logic. One who has argued for a connection of this kind is Remmel T. Nunn. If the connection holds, it might be a powerful support for the currently unfashionable position of psychologism; conversely, it might be a damaging objection to functionalism. In either case, to estabjish the connection would be an achievement of considerable philosophic interest.
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  • Basic issues in AI policy.Vincent C. Müller - 2022 - In Maria Amparo Grau-Ruiz (ed.), Interactive robotics: Legal, ethical, social and economic aspects. Springer. pp. 3-9.
    This extended abstract summarises some of the basic points of AI ethics and policy as they present themselves now. We explain the notion of AI, the main ethical issues in AI and the main policy aims and means.
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  • Language and its commonsense: Where formal semantics went wrong, and where it can (and should) go.Walid Saba - 2020 - Journal of Knowledge Structures and Systems 1 (1):40-62.
    Abstract The purpose of this paper is twofold: (i) we will argue that formal semantics might have faltered due to its failure in distinguishing between two fundamentally very different types of concepts, namely ontological concepts, that should be types in a strongly-typed ontology, and logical concepts, that are predicates corresponding to properties of, and relations between, objects of various ontological types; and (ii) we show that accounting for these differences amounts to a new formal semantics; one that integrates lexical and (...)
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  • Categories.Javier Cumpa - 2020 - Philosophy Compass 15 (1):e12646.
    Categories play a major role in contemporary metaphysics. They have not only been invoked in a number of philosophical theories but are themselves objects of epistemological and metaphysical scrutiny. In this article, we will discuss the following questions: How do we know when something belongs to a certain category? Is there a fundamental category of the world? Can we give a satisfactory account of the number of categories and the completeness of systems of categories? Are categories the genuine subjects of (...)
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  • Realismus und Referenz: Arten von Arten [Realism and Reference: Kinds of Kinds].Vincent C. Müller - 1999 - Dissertation, Universität Hamburg
    Die gegenwärtig unter dem Titel ›Realismus‹ geführten Debatten in der Philosophie befinden sich nach allgemeiner Ansicht in einem Zustand größter Verwirrung, so daß es nützlich erscheint, ein wenig Ordnung in die theoretischen Optionen zu bringen bevor man für die eine oder andere Auffassung Partei ergreift. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dafür argumentiert, daß sich ein systematisch zusammenhängendes Zentrum dieser Debatten mit Hilfe des Begriffes der Referenz ordnen läßt. Nach der Analyse einiger klassischer Positionen soll ein Rahmen erstellt werden, innerhalb dessen (...)
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  • Hierarchical structures.Stanley N. Salthe - 2012 - Axiomathes 22 (3):355 - 383.
    This paper compares the two known logical forms of hierarchy, both of which have been used in models of natural phenomena, including the biological. I contrast their general properties, internal formal relations, modes of growth (emergence) in applications to the natural world, criteria for applying them, the complexities that they embody, their dynamical relations in applied models, and their informational relations and semiotic aspects.
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  • Aristotle on Thises, Suches and the Third Man A rgument.Joan Kung - 1981 - Phronesis 26 (3):207-247.
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  • Are there infinitely many sorts of things?Charles Sayward - 1978 - Philosophia 8 (1):17-30.
    An argument is given for Fred Sommers's thesis that the number of sorts of things, that is, the number of types or categories, discriminated by any natural language is always infinite.
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  • Husserl's Logical Grammar.Ansten Klev - 2018 - History and Philosophy of Logic 39 (3):232-269.
    Lecture notes from Husserl's logic lectures published during the last 20 years offer a much better insight into his doctrine of the forms of meaning than does the fourth Logical Investigation or any other work published during Husserl's lifetime. This paper provides a detailed reconstruction, based on all the sources now available, of Husserl's system of logical grammar. After having explained the notion of meaning that Husserl assumes in his later logic lectures as well as the notion of form of (...)
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  • Ontological categories guide young children's inductions of word meaning: Object terms and substance terms.Nancy N. Soja, Susan Carey & Elizabeth S. Spelke - 1991 - Cognition 38 (2):179-211.
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  • Strengthened paradoxes.Laurence Goldstein & Leonard Goddard - 1980 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 58 (3):211 – 221.
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  • Making Sense of Negative Properties.David Hommen - 2017 - Axiomathes 28 (1):81-106.
    Few philosophers believe in the existence of so-called negative properties. Indeed, many find it mind-boggling just to imagine such entities. By contrast, I believe not only that negative properties are quite conceivable, but also that there are good reasons for thinking that some such properties actually exist. In this paper, I would like to explicate a concept of negative properties which I think avoids the logical absurdities commonly believed to frustrate theories of negative existences. To do this, I shall deploy (...)
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  • Frames and the Ontology of Particular Objects.David Hommen - 2018 - Dialectica 72 (3):385-409.
    The theory of frames has recently been proposed as a universal format for knowledge representation in language, cognition and science. Frames represent categories as well as individual objects and events in terms of recursive attribute-value structures. In this paper, we would like to explore the potential ontological commitments of frame-based knowledge representations, with particular emphasis on the ontological status of the possessors of quality attributes in individual object frames. While not strictly incompatible with nominalistic, bundle- or substratum-theoretic approaches to the (...)
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  • Perception, ontology, and word meaning.Nancy N. Soja, Susan Carey & Elizabeth S. Spelke - 1992 - Cognition 45 (1):101-107.
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  • Metamorphosed Characters in Dreams: Constraints of Conceptual Structure and Amount of Theory of Mind.Richard Schweickert & Zhuangzhuang Xi - 2010 - Cognitive Science 34 (4):665-684.
    Dream reports from 21 dreamers in which a metamorphosis of a person-like entity or animal occurred were coded for characters and animals and for inner states attributed to them (Theory of Mind). In myths and fairy tales, Kelly and Keil (1985) found that conscious beings (people, gods) tend to be transformed into entities nearby in the conceptual structure of Keil (1979). This also occurred in dream reports, but perceptual nearness seemed more important than conceptual nearness. In dream reports, most inanimate (...)
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  • A semantic theory of sortal incorrectness.R. H. Thomason - 1972 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 1 (2):209 - 258.
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  • Sommers' theory and the paradox of confirmation.George Englebretsen - 1971 - Philosophy of Science 38 (3):438-441.
    In order to confirm any statement of the form A are B we consider a sufficiently large number of A in order to check them for having or failing to have property B. But logic leads us to believe that A are B is equivalent to non-B are non-A. If this is so then it seems reasonable to suppose that we confirm and in the same way. Whatever set of things we consider for confirming one must be the same set (...)
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  • Dimensions: A New Ontology of Properties.Xi-Yang Guo - 2017 - Dissertation, University of Durham
    This thesis advances and defends a novel two-category ontology of objects and dimensions, latterly conceived as respects of comparability. The proposed 'dimensionist' ontology is set out and brought to bear on discussions of determinables and determinates, the problem of universals, fact ontologies, and nomic governance. Dimensionism is argued to fare well in comparison to a range of rival ontological accounts of property possession. A metametaphysical framework is set out to undergird the discussion, which draws on both realist and pragmatist resources.
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  • (1 other version)La función de las categorías en la ontología.Jaime Vélez Sáenz - 1978 - Ideas Y Valores 27 (53-54):9.
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  • The Ontological Coherence of Intuitive Physics.Michelene Chi & James Slotta - 1993 - Ethics and Behavior 10 (2):249-260.
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  • On a significance theory.R. Routley - 1966 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 44 (2):172 – 209.
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  • Semantic kinds.John Woods - 1973 - Philosophia 3 (2-3):117-151.
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  • Parsons and possible objects.Stephen Cade Hetherington - 1984 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 62 (3):246 – 254.
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  • What Kind of Ontological Categories for Geo-ontologies?Timothy Tambassi - 2019 - Acta Analytica 34 (2):135-144.
    Despite their recent development, geo-ontologies represent a complicated conundrum for the different experts involved in their design. Computer scientists use ontologies for describing the meaning of data and their semantics in order to make information resources built for humans understandable also for artificial agents. Geographers pursue conceptualizations that describe the domain of interest in a way that should be accessible, informative, and complete for their final recipients. In this context, philosophers are not required to sketch the historical background of ontology. (...)
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  • Fred Sommers’ Contributions to Formal Logic.George Englebretsen - 2016 - History and Philosophy of Logic 37 (3):269-291.
    Fred Sommers passed away in October of 2014 in his 92nd year. Having begun his teaching at Columbia University, he eventually became the Harry A. Wolfson Chair in Philosophy at Brandeis University, where he taught from 1963 to 1993. During his long and productive career, Sommers authored or co-authored over 50 books, articles, reviews, etc., presenting his ideas on numerous occasions throughout North America and Europe. His work was characterized by a commitment to the preservation and application of historical insights (...)
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  • II. Categories, grammar, and semantics.James W. Common - 1970 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 13 (1-4):297-307.
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  • Aristotelian categories and cognitive domains.Ian Hacking - 2001 - Synthese 126 (3):473 - 515.
    This paper puts together an ancientand a recent approach to classificatory language, thought, and ontology.It includes on the one hand an interpretation of Aristotle's ten categories,with remarks on his first category, called (or translated as) substancein the Categories or What a thing is in the Topics. On the other hand is the ideaof domain-specific cognitive abilities urged in contemporary developmentalpsychology. Each family of ideas can be used to understand the other. Neitherthe metaphysical nor the psychological approach is intrinsically morefundamental; they (...)
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  • Three conditions on conceptual naturalness.Daniel N. Osherson - 1978 - Cognition 6 (4):263-289.
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  • Reasoning and logic.Jim Mackenzie - 1989 - Synthese 79 (1):99 - 117.
    Gilbert Harman, in Logic and Reasoning (Synthese 60 (1984), 107–127) describes an unsuccessful attempt ... to develop a theory which would give logic a special role in reasoning. Here reasoning is psychological, a procedure for revising one''s beliefs. In the present paper, I construe reasoning sociologically, as a process of linguistic interaction; and show how both reasoning in the psychologistic sense and logic are related to that process.
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  • Trivalence and absurdity.George Englebretsen - 1975 - Philosophical Papers 4 (2):121-128.
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  • Farewell to the category mistake argument.Edward Erwin - 1968 - Philosophical Studies 19 (5):65 - 71.
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