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Intuitive And Reflective Responses In Philosophy

Dissertation, University of Colorado (2014)

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  1. Syllogistic reasoning: Effects of premise order.N. E. Wetherick & K. J. Gilhooly - 1990 - Lines of Thinking 1:99-108.
    The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: PB - J. Wiley Chichester,, UK.
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  • Disgust Sensitivity, Political Conservatism, and Voting.Yoel Inbar, David Pizarro, Ravi Iyer & Jonathan Haidt - 2012 - Social Psychological and Personality Science 3 (5):537-544.
    In two large samples, we found a positive relationship between disgust sensitivity and political conservatism. This relationship held when controlling for a number of demographic variables as well as the “Big Five” personality traits. Disgust sensitivity was also associated with more conservative voting in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. In Study 2, we replicated the disgust sensitivity–conservatism relationship in an international sample of respondents from 121 different countries. Across both samples, contamination disgust, which reflects a heightened concern with interpersonally transmitted (...)
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  • Occupational segregation and gender inequality in job quality: a multi-level approach.Haya Stier & Meir Yaish - 2014 - Work, Employment and Society.
    Gender differences in perceived quality of employment are examined. The study asks whether women’s occupations provide better conditions in areas that facilitate their dual role in society, as a trade-off for low monetary rewards. Specifically, it examines the association of women’s concentration in broader occupational categories, embedded in particular national contexts, with gender differences in job quality. Utilizing the 2005 ISSP modules on work orientation shows that women lag behind men on most dimensions of job quality, countering the hypothesis that (...)
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  • Causes and Consequences of Mind Perception.Adam Waytz, Kurt Gray, Nicholas Epley & Daniel M. Wegner - 2010 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (8):383-388.
    Perceiving others? minds is a crucial component of social life. People do not, however, always ascribe minds to other people, and sometimes ascribe minds to non-people. This article reviews when mind perception occurs, when it does not, and why mind perception is important. Causes of mind perception stem both from the perceiver and perceived, and include the need for social connection and a similarity to oneself. Mind perception also has profound consequences for both the perceiver and perceived. Ascribing mind confers (...)
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  • Gender, culture, and mathematics performance.Janet S. Hyde & Janet E. Mertz - 2009 - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (22):8801-8807.
    Using contemporary data from the U.S. and other nations, we address 3 questions: Do gender differences in mathematics performance exist in the general population? Do gender differences exist among the mathematically talented? Do females exist who possess profound mathematical talent? In regard to the first question, contemporary data indicate that girls in the U.S. have reached parity with boys in mathematics performance, a pattern that is found in some other nations as well. Focusing on the second question, studies find more (...)
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  • Epistemic Beliefs and Moral Reasoning.Lisa D. Bendixen, Gregory Schraw & Michael E. Dunkle - 1998 - Journal of Psychology 132 (2):187-200.
    The relationship among age, education, gender, syllogistic reasoning skill, epistemic beliefs, and moral reasoning in adults was examined. It was predicted that five epistemic dimensions would explain unique variance in moral reasoning over and above all other variables. This hypothesis was confirmed. Beliefs corresponding to simple knowledge, certain knowledge, omniscient authority, and quick learning each explained the significant variation in performance on the Defining Issues Test. Results showed that multiple epistemic assumptions play an important role in young adults' moral reasoning (...)
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  • An Experimental Investigation of Deterrence: Cheating, Self-Serving Bias, and Impulsivity.Daniel S. Nagin & Greg Pogarsky - 2003 - Criminology 41 (1):167-194.
    This paper reports results from a randomized experiment in which 256 participants recruited to complete a survey could earn extra payment by cheating on a quiz. We report the first deterrence experiment that incorporates significant elements of situational and individual difference theories of crime into a single analytic framework. Consistent with extant deterrence research, the prevalence of cheating was lower when detection was more certain but not when the penalty was more severe. Further, cheating was more likely among participants with (...)
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  • Perceiving the causes of one's own behavior.Richard E. Nisbett & Stuart Valins - 1972 - Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior.
    The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: PB - General Learning Press Morristown, New Jersey.
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  • The Influence of Linguistic Form on Reasoning: The Case of Matching Bias.Jonathan Evans - 1999 - Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 52 (1):185-216.
    A well-established phenomenon in reasoning research is matching bias : a tendency to select information that matches the lexical content of propositional statements, regardless of the logically critical presence of negations. Previous research suggested, however, that the effect might be restricted to reasoning with conditional statements. This paper reports two experiments in which participants were required to construct or identify true and false cases of propositional rules of several kinds, including universal statements, disjunctions, and negated conjunctions. Matching bias was observed (...)
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  • Limits on perception of cognitive processes: A reply to Nisbett and Wilson.Eliot R. Smith & Frederick D. Miller - 1978 - Psychological Review 85 (4):355-362.
    Criticizes R. E. Nisbett and T. D. Wilson's counterintuitive argument on theoretical and methodological grounds. It is suggested that inappropriate statistical tests were used and that their argument was stated in a nonfalsifiable position. In addition, it is also argued that causality was incorrectly defined, other essential definitions were missing, and that other evidence opposes their theory.
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  • Associative processing and paranormal belief.Lorena R. R. Gianotti, Christine Mohr, Diego Pizzagalli, Dietrich Lehmann & Peter Brugger - 2001 - Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 55 (6):595-603.
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  • The base-rate fallacy in probability judgments.Maya Bar-Hillel - 1980 - Acta Psychologica 44 (3):211-233.
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  • Transitivity, Comparative Value, and the Methods of Ethics.Michael Huemer - 2013 - Ethics 123 (2):318-345.
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  • The Reliability of Armchair Intuitions.Krist Vaesen, Martin Peterson & Bart Van Bezooijen - 2013 - Metaphilosophy 44 (5):559-578.
    Armchair philosophers have questioned the significance of recent work in experimental philosophy by pointing out that experiments have been conducted on laypeople and undergraduate students. To challenge a practice that relies on expert intuitions, so the armchair objection goes, one needs to demonstrate that expert intuitions rather than those of ordinary people are sensitive to contingent facts such as cultural, linguistic, socio-economic, or educational background. This article does exactly that. Based on two empirical studies on populations of 573 and 203 (...)
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  • Chapter 2 Gender, mathematics performance, and mathematics-related attitudes and affect: A meta-analytic synthesis.Laurie A. Frost, Janet S. Hyde & Elizabeth Fennema - 1994 - International Journal of Educational Research 21 (4):373-385.
    Meta-analyses were performed on 100 studies of gender differences in mathematics performance and 70 studies of gender differences in mathematics-related attitudes and affect. For mathematics performance, the average effect size across all studies was 0.15, indicating a slightly better performance by males. For mathematics-related attitudes and affect, the average effect sizes tended to be small, with females reporting more negative attitudes and affect. The one exception to this pattern was the stereotyping of math as a male domain, for which the (...)
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  • Preliminary Results Of The Survey On Natural Theological Arguments.Helen De Cruz - 2012 - .
    What do philosophers think about arguments for the existence of God? To find out, I launched a survey among professional philosophers. This is a short summary of the results.
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  • Counterfactual thought, regret, and superstition: How to avoid kicking yourself.Dale T. Miller & Brian R. Taylor - 1995 - What Might Have Been: The Social Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking.
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  • Do People Have Insight Into Their Abilities? A Metasynthesis.Ethan Zell & Zlatan Krizan - 2014 - Perspectives on Psychological Science 9 (2):111-125.
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  • Neuroanatomical Correlates of Human Reasoning.Vinod Goel, Brian Gold, Shitij Kapur & Sylvain Houle - 1998 - Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10 (3):293-302.
    One of the important questions cognitive theories of reasoning must address is whether logical reasoning is inherently sentential or spatial. A sentential model would exploit nonspatial properties of representations whereas a spatial model would exploit spatial properties of representations. In general terms, the linguistic hypothesis predicts that the language processing regions underwrite human reasoning processes, and the spatial hypothesis suggests that the neural structures for perception and motor control contribute the basic representational building blocks used for high-level logical and linguistic (...)
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  • LSAT Scores of Economics Majors: The 2008-2009 Class Update.Michael Nieswiadomy - 2009 - .
    : Using 1994-1995 and 2002-2003 data, Nieswiadomy found that economics majors scored well on the LSAT. These results are frequently posted on university web sites by Economics and other departments. This note, which updates the prior studies using current 2007-2008 data for the 2008-2009 class of students entering law school, finds that Economics majors still perform at or near the top of all majors taking the test. Economics majors are tied for first of the 12 largest disciplines. Economics is tied (...)
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  • Reasoning from Suppositions.Ruth M. J. Byrne, Simon J. Handley & Philip N. Johnson-Laird - 1995 - Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48 (4):915-944.
    Two experiments investigated inferences based on suppositions. In Experiment 1, the subjects decided whether suppositions about individuals' veracity were consistent with their assertions—for example, whether the supposition “Ann is telling the truth and Beth is telling a lie”, is consistent with the premises: “Ann asserts: I am telling the truth and Beth is telling the truth. Beth asserts: Ann is telling the truth”. It showed that these inferences are more difficult than ones based on factual premises: “Ann asserts: I live (...)
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  • Self-contradictions.Peter C. Wason - 1977 - Thinking: Readings in Cognitive Science.
    The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: PB - Cambridge University Press Cambridge,, UK.
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  • Real-world variability, reasonableness judgments, and memory representations for concepts.Janet H. Walker - 1975 - Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14 (3):241-252.
    The adequacy of the common attribute-value representation for knowledge about concepts was examined in two experiments. The first experiment used a verification task with true, plausible false, and implausible false sentences. Decisions about remote false sentences were faster than those for close false sentences. In the second experiment, pairs consisting of a concept name and a numerical property value were presented for reasonableness judgments. Numerical values varied over five levels of remoteness from the concepts' most typical values. Decision times increased (...)
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  • When is it good to believe bad things?Joshua M. Ackerman, Jenessa R. Shapiro & Jon K. Maner - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (6):510.
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  • Gender similarities characterize math performance.Janet S. Hyde, Sara M. Lindberg, Marcia C. Linn, Amy B. Ellis & Caroline C. Williams - 2008 - Science 321 (5888):494-495.
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  • Neural evidence for "intuitive prosecution": the use of mental state information for negative moral verdicts.Liane Young, Jonathan Scholz & Rebecca Saxe - 2011 - Social Neuroscience 6 (3):302-315.
    Moral judgment depends critically on theory of mind, reasoning about mental states such as beliefs and intentions. People assign blame for failed attempts to harm and offer forgiveness in the case of accidents. Here we use fMRI to investigate the role of ToM in moral judgment of harmful vs. helpful actions. Is ToM deployed differently for judgments of blame vs. praise? Participants evaluated agents who produced a harmful, helpful, or neutral outcome, based on a harmful, helpful, or neutral intention; participants (...)
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  • Intuition, reason, and metacognition.Valerie A. Thompson, Jamie A. Prowse Turner & Gordon Pennycook - 2011 - Cognitive Psychology 63 (3):107-140.
    Dual Process Theories of reasoning posit that judgments are mediated by both fast, automatic processes and more deliberate, analytic ones. A critical, but unanswered question concerns the issue of monitoring and control: When do reasoners rely on the first, intuitive output and when do they engage more effortful thinking? We hypothesised that initial, intuitive answers are accompanied by a metacognitive experience, called the Feeling of Rightness, which can signal when additional analysis is needed. In separate experiments, reasoners completed one of (...)
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  • Social connection enables dehumanization.Adam Waytz & Nicholas Epley - 2012 - Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48 (1):70-76.
    Being socially connected has considerable benefits for oneself, but may have negative consequences for evaluations of others. In particular, being socially connected to close others satisfies the need for social connection, and creates disconnection from more distant others. We therefore predicted that feeling socially connected would increase the tendency to dehumanize more socially distant others. Four experiments support this prediction. Those led to feel socially connected were less likely to attribute humanlike mental states to members of various social groups, particularly (...)
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  • Overcoming intuition: metacognitive difficulty activates analytic reasoning.Adam L. Alter, Daniel M. Oppenheimer, Nicholas Epley & Rebecca N. Eyre - 2007 - Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 136 (4):569.
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  • Dimensions of analytic attitude in cognition and personality.Samuel Messick & Ferdinand J. Fritzky - 1963 - Journal of Personality 31 (3):346-370.
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  • Experimental Philosophy: Volume 2.Joshua Knobe & Shaun Nichols (eds.) - 2013 - New York, US: Oxford University Press USA.
    Experimental Philosophy: Volume 2 contains fourteen articles -- thirteen previously published and one new -- that reflect the fast-moving changes in the field over the last five years. The field of experimental philosophy is one of the most innovative and exciting parts of the current philosophical landscape; it has also engendered controversy. Proponents argue that philosophers should employ empirical research, including the methods of experimental psychology, to buttress their philosophical claims. Rather than armchair theorizing, experimental philosophers should go into the (...)
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  • The role of answer fluency and perceptual fluency in the monitoring and control of reasoning: Reply to.Valerie A. Thompson, Rakefet Ackerman, Yael Sidi, Linden J. Ball, Gordon Pennycook & Jamie A. Prowse Turner - 2013 - Cognition 128 (2):256-258.
    In this reply, we provide an analysis of Alter et al. response to our earlier paper. In that paper, we reported difficulty in replicating Alter, Oppenheimer, Epley, and Eyre’s main finding, namely that a sense of disfluency produced by making stimuli difficult to perceive, increased accuracy on a variety of reasoning tasks. Alter, Oppenheimer, and Epley argue that we misunderstood the meaning of accuracy on these tasks, a claim that we reject. We argue and provide evidence that the tasks were (...)
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  • Logicism, Mental Models and Everyday Reasoning: Reply to Garnham.Nick Chater & Mike Oaksford - 1993 - Mind and Language 8 (1):72-89.
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  • Damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs judgment of harmful intent.Liane Young, Antoine Bechara, Daniel Tranel, Hanna Damasio, Marc Hauser & Antonio Damasio - 2010 - Neuron 65 (6):845-851.
    Moral judgments, whether delivered in ordinary experience or in the courtroom, depend on our ability to infer intentions. We forgive unintentional or accidental harms and condemn failed attempts to harm. Prior work demonstrates that patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex deliver abnormal judgments in response to moral dilemmas and that these patients are especially impaired in triggering emotional responses to inferred or abstract events, as opposed to real or actual outcomes. We therefore predicted that VMPC patients would deliver (...)
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  • The Quantification of Judgment: Some Methodological Suggestions.Robert L. Winkler - 1967 - Journal of the American Statistical Association 62 (320):1105-1120.
    The personalistic theory of probability prescribes that a person should use personal probability assessments in decision-making and that these assessments should correspond with his judgments. Since the judgments exist solely in the assessor's mind, there is no way to prove whether or not this requirement is satisfied. De Finetti has proposed the development of methods which should oblige the assessor to make his assessments correspond with his judgments. An ideal Assessor is hypothesized and his behavior is investigated under a number (...)
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  • Why It Matters The Implications of Autonomous Processes for Dual Process Theories—Commentary on Evans & Stanovich.Valerie A. Thompson - 2013 - Perspectives on Psychological Science 8 (3):253-256.
    Evans and Stanovich propose that Type 1 processes should be defined in terms of autonomy, such that they are initiated and run to completion in the presence of relevant triggering conditions. In this commentary, I argue that their autonomous execution has implications for the nature of the representation that is formed and for the shape and outcome of subsequent Type 2 processes. In addition, I argue that Type 2 processes may also be triggered automatically, but that, unlike Type 1 processes, (...)
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  • Conditional reasoning: The necessary and sufficient conditions.Valerie A. Thompson - 1995 - Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Expérimentale 49 (1):1-60.
    Five experiments, with 163 university students, investigated 2 theories of conditional reasoning. The pragmatic schema theory posits that CDR is mediated by context-sensitive inference rules. According to the contextual cuing theory, inferences are based on a mental model that represents necessity and sufficiency relations. Both schematic relations and necessity relations predicted responses on a 4-card selection task. In contrast, after the effects of perceived necessity had been partialled out, schematic relations did not predict responses to either a conditional arguments task (...)
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  • Analytic thinking: do you feel like it?Valerie Thompson & Kinga Morsanyi - 2012 - Mind and Society 11 (1):93-105.
    A major challenge for Dual Process Theories of reasoning is to predict the circumstances under which intuitive answers reached on the basis of Type 1 processing are kept or discarded in favour of analytic, Type 2 processing (Thompson 2009 ). We propose that a key determinant of the probability that Type 2 processes intervene is the affective response that accompanies Type 1 processing. This affective response arises from the fluency with which the initial answer is produced, such that fluently produced (...)
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  • Two techniques for assessment of subjective probability distributions — An experimental study.Carl-Axel S. Staël von Holstein - 1971 - Acta Psychologica 35 (6):478-494.
    Subjects were asked to assess their subjective probability distributions for unknown parameters of Bernoulli processes. The processes were generated by random devices like, for instance, irregular dice. The assessments were based on two assessment techniques. One asked for the median and quartiles of the distributions, the other asked for the impact of four hypothetical samples. The main purpose of the study was to study the resulting two sets of distributions. The results show substantial differences between the distributions using the two (...)
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  • The role of awareness in verbal conditioning.Charles D. Spielberger - 1962 - Journal of Personality 30 (3):73-101.
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  • Unnoticed verbal conditioning of an aware experimenter by a more aware subject: The double-agent effect.Howard M. Rosenfeld & Donald M. Baer - 1969 - Psychological Review 76 (4):425-432.
    Apparent evidence that awareness regularly mediates verbal conditioning actually may by attributable to a self-fulfilling experimental methodology. A more appropriate procedure was devised in which a subtle reversal of the roles of S and E distracted the actual S from acquiring the problem-solving set characteristic of previous methods. This "double-agent" approach was established in the context of an interview. The interviewer considered himself the E, and was told that his assignment was to reinforce a particular motor response in the interviewee. (...)
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  • Believe It Or Not: Religious and Other Paranormal Beliefs in the United States.Tom W. Rice - 2003 - Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42 (1):95-106.
    Paranormal beliefs are often divided between those that are central to traditional Christian doctrine, such as the belief in heaven and hell, and those that are commonly associated with the supernatural or occult, such as the belief in ESP and psychic healing. This study employs data from a recent nationwide random sample general population survey to catalog the social correlates of paranormal beliefs and to examine the relationships between religious and other paranormal beliefs. The results indicate that standard social background (...)
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  • Class inclusion, the conjunction fallacy, and other cognitive illusions.Valerie F. Reyna - 1991 - Developmental Review 11 (4):317-336.
    Class inclusion, the conjunction fallacy, and other phenomena are presented to illustrate cognitive illusions, that reasoning can be misdirected so that errors of judgment violate known principles. Errors in class inclusion are traced to accessing and implementing logical knowledge, rather than logical deficits, memory overload, or misleading questions. It is argued that superordinate-set cuing does not afford subset comparisons, but, rather, facilitates implementation of logical knowledge. According to fuzzy-trace theory, successful performance involves applying the cardinality principle, but also suppressing solutions (...)
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  • Religiosity, Political Orientation, and Consequentialist Moral Thinking.Jared Piazza & Paulo Sousa - 2013 - Social Psychological and Personality Science.
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  • Evidence that analytic cognitive style influences religious belief: Comment on Razmyar and Reeve.Gordon Pennycook - 2014 - Intelligence 43:21-26.
    In a paper recently published in Intelligence, Razmyar and Reeve found that participants with more analytic cognitive styles reported lower religiosity on a range of measures. Importantly, however, cognitive style did not add unique effects to the prediction of religiosity once cognitive ability was taken into account; a finding that is inconsistent with previous research on the topic. However, the authors failed to discuss this inconsistency and, in fact, only cited one of the many relevant papers on the topic. The (...)
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  • Cognitive style and religiosity: The role of conflict detection.Gordon Pennycook, James Allan Cheyne, Nathaniel Barr, Derek J. Koehler & Jonathan A. Fugelsang - 2014 - Memory and Cognition 42 (1):1-10.
    Recent research has indicated a negative relation between the propensity for analytic reasoning and religious beliefs and practices. Here, we propose conflict detection as a mechanism underlying this relation, on the basis of the hypothesis that more-analytic people are less religious, in part, because they are more sensitive to conflicts between immaterial religious beliefs and beliefs about the material world. To examine cognitive conflict sensitivity, we presented problems containing stereotypes that conflicted with base-rate probabilities in a task with no religious (...)
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  • Belief bias during reasoning among religious believers and skeptics.Gordon Pennycook, James Allan Cheyne, Derek J. Koehler & Jonathan A. Fugelsang - 2013 - Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 20 (4):806-811.
    We provide evidence that religious skeptics, as compared to believers, are both more reflective and effective in logical reasoning tasks. While recent studies have reported a negative association between an analytic cognitive style and religiosity, they focused exclusively on accuracy, making it difficult to specify potential underlying cognitive mechanisms. The present study extends the previous research by assessing both performance and response times on quintessential logical reasoning problems. Those reporting more religious skepticism made fewer reasoning errors than did believers. This (...)
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  • The effects of single-sex compared with coeducational schooling on mathematics and science achievement: Data from Korea.Erin Pahlke, Janet Shibley Hyde & Janet E. Mertz - 2013 - Journal of Educational Psychology 105 (2):444-452.
    Some U.S. school districts are experimenting with single-sex schooling, hoping that it will yield better academic outcomes for students. Empirical research on the effects of single-sex schooling, however, has been equivocal, with various studies finding benefits, disadvantages, or no effect. Most of this research is marred because families generally choose whether the child attends a single-sex or coeducational school, so there are selection effects that create pre-existing differences between students in the different types of schools. The research reported here capitalized (...)
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  • Smarter Than We Think When Our Brains Detect That We Are Biased.Wim De Neys, Oshin Vartanian & Vinod Goel - 2008 - Psychological Science 19 (5):483-489.
    Human reasoning is often biased by stereotypical intuitions. The nature of such bias is not clear. Some authors claim that people are mere heuristic thinkers and are not aware that cued stereotypes might be inappropriate. Other authors claim that people always detect the conflict between their stereotypical thinking and normative reasoning, but simply fail to inhibit stereotypical thinking. Hence, it is unclear whether heuristic bias should be attributed to a lack of conflict detection or a failure of inhibition. We introduce (...)
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  • Human rationality and the psychology of reasoning: Where do we go from here?Nick Chater & Mike Oaksford - 2001 - British Journal of Psychology 92 (1):193-216.
    British psychologists have been at the forefront of research into human reasoning for 40 years. This article describes some past research milestones within this tradition before outlining the major theoretical positions developed in the UK. Most British reasoning researchers have contributed to one or more of these positions. We identify a common theme that is emerging in all these approaches, that is, the problem of explaining how prior general knowledge affects reasoning. In our concluding comments we outline the challenges for (...)
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