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  1. (5 other versions)Two Dogmas of Empiricism.Willard V. O. Quine - 1951 - Philosophical Review 60 (1):20–43.
    Modern empiricism has been conditioned in large part by two dogmas. One is a belief in some fundamental cleavage between truths which are analytic, or grounded in meanings independently of matters of fact, and truth which are synthetic, or grounded in fact. The other dogma is reductionism: the belief that each meaningful statement is equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience. Both dogmas, I shall argue, are ill founded. One effect of abandoning them is, as (...)
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  • Genes.Philip Kitcher - 1982 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 33 (4):337-359.
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  • (5 other versions)Two Dogmas of Empiricism.W. V. Quine - 1951 - Philosophical Review 60 (1):20-43.
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  • (1 other version)The methodological character of theoretical concepts.R. Carnap - 1956 - Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 1 (1):38--76.
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  • Artifact, cause and genic selection.Elliott Sober & Richard C. Lewontin - 1982 - Philosophy of Science 49 (2):157-180.
    Several evolutionary biologists have used a parsimony argument to argue that the single gene is the unit of selection. Since all evolution by natural selection can be represented in terms of selection coefficients attaching to single genes, it is, they say, "more parsimonious" to think that all selection is selection for or against single genes. We examine the limitations of this genic point of view, and then relate our criticisms to a broader view of the role of causal concepts and (...)
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  • The supervenience of biological concepts.Alexander Rosenberg - 1978 - Philosophy of Science 45 (3):368-386.
    In this paper the concept of supervenience is employed to explain the relationship between fitness as employed in the theory of natural selection and population biology and the physical, behavioral and ecological properties of organisms that are the subjects of lower level theories in the life sciences. The aim of this analysis is to account simultaneously for the fact that the theory of natural selection is a synthetic body of empirical claims, and for the fact that it continues to be (...)
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  • The Structure of Science.Ernest Nagel - 1961 - Les Etudes Philosophiques 17 (2):275-275.
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  • Reductive Explanation: A Functional Account.William C. Wimsatt - 1972 - PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1974:671-710.
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  • The founding of population genetics: Contributions of the Chetverikov school 1924-1934.Mark B. Adams - 1968 - Journal of the History of Biology 1 (1):23-39.
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  • William Johannsen and the genotype concept.Frederick B. Churchill - 1974 - Journal of the History of Biology 7 (1):5-30.
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  • The Watson-Crick model and reductionism.Kenneth F. Schaffner - 1969 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 20 (4):325-348.
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  • Drosophila Genetics: A Reductionist Research Program.Nils Roll-Hansen - 1978 - Journal of the History of Biology 11 (1):159 - 210.
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  • I.—Some Merits of Hegelianism: The Presidential Address.J. N. Findlay - 1956 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56 (1):1-24.
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  • On a distinction between hypothetical constructs and intervening variables.Kenneth MacCorquodale & Paul E. Meehl - 1948 - Psychological Review 55 (2):95-107.
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  • Stalking the wild culturgen.Arthur L. Caplan - 1982 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1):8-9.
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  • The Genotype Theory of Wilhelm Johannsen and its Relation to Plant Breeding and the Study of Evolution.Nils Roll-Hansen - 1979 - Centaurus 22 (3):201-235.
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  • (1 other version)Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis?A precursor of Mendel?Iris Sandler - 1983 - Journal of the History of Biology 16 (1):100-136.
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