In his Berlin Lectures of the 1820s, the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) used spatial logic diagrams for philosophy of language. These logic diagrams were applied to many areas of semantics and pragmatics, such as theories of concept formation, concept development, translation theory, clarification of conceptual disputes, etc. In this paper we first introduce the basic principles of Schopenhauer’s philosophy of language and his diagrammatic method. Since Schopenhauer often gives little information about how the individual diagrams are to be understood, (...) we then make the attempt to reconstruct, specify and further develop one diagram type for the field of conceptual analysis. (shrink)

The chapters in this timely volume aim to answer the growing interest in Arthur Schopenhauer’s logic, mathematics, and philosophy of language by comprehensively exploring his work on mathematical evidence, logic diagrams, and problems of semantics. Thus, this work addresses the lack of research on these subjects in the context of Schopenhauer’s oeuvre by exposing their links to modern research areas, such as the “proof without words” movement, analytic philosophy and diagrammatic reasoning, demonstrating its continued relevance to current discourse on logic. (...) -/- Beginning with Schopenhauer’s philosophy of language, the chapters examine the individual aspects of his semantics, semiotics, translation theory, language criticism, and communication theory. Additionally, Schopenhauer’s anticipation of modern contextualism is analyzed. The second section then addresses his logic, examining proof theory, metalogic, system of natural deduction, conversion theory, logical geometry, and the history of logic. Special focus is given to the role of the Euler diagrams used frequently in his lectures and their significance to broader context of his logic. In the final section, chapters discuss Schopenhauer’s philosophy of mathematics while synthesizing all topics from the previous sections, emphasizing the relationship between intuition and concept. -/- Aimed at a variety of academics, including researchers of Schopenhauer, philosophers, historians, logicians, mathematicians, and linguists, this title serves as a unique and vital resource for those interested in expanding their knowledge of Schopenhauer’s work as it relates to modern mathematical and logical study. (shrink)

Logical geometry systematically studies Aristotelian diagrams, such as the classical square of oppositions and its extensions. These investigations rely heavily on the use of bitstrings, which are compact combinatorial representations of formulas that allow us to quickly determine their Aristotelian relations. However, because of their general nature, bitstrings can be applied to a wide variety of topics in philosophical logic beyond those of logical geometry. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to present a systematic technique for assigning bitstrings (...) to arbitrary finite fragments of formulas in arbitrary logical systems, and to study the logical and combinatorial properties of this technique. It is based on the partition of logical space that is induced by a given fragment, and sheds new light on a number of interesting issues, such as the logic-dependence of the Aristotelian relations and the subtle interplay between the Aristotelian and Boolean structure of logical fragments. Finally, the bitstring technique also allows us to systematically analyze fragments from contemporary logical systems, such as public announcement logic, which could not be done before. (shrink)

The Aristotelian square of oppositions is a well-known diagram in logic and linguistics. In recent years, several extensions of the square have been discovered. However, these extensions have failed to become as widely known as the square. In this paper we argue that there is indeed a fundamental difference between the square and its extensions, viz., a difference in informativity. To do this, we distinguish between concrete Aristotelian diagrams and, on a more abstract level, the Aristotelian geometry. We then introduce (...) two new logical geometries, and develop a formal, well-motivated account of their informativity. This enables us to show that the square is strictly more informative than many of the more complex diagrams. (shrink)

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018. Nearly all squares of opposition found in the literature represent both the Aristotelian relations and the duality relations, and exhibit a very close correspondence between both types of logical relations. This paper investigates the interplay between Aristotelian and duality relations in diagrams beyond the square. In particular, we study a Buridan octagon, a Lenzen octagon, a Keynes-Johnson octagon and a Moretti octagon. Each of these octagons is a natural extension of (...) the square, both from an Aristotelian perspective and from a duality perspective. The results of our comparative analysis turn out to be highly nuanced. (shrink)

In recent years, a number of authors have started studying Aristotelian diagrams containing metalogical notions, such as tautology, contradiction, satisfiability, contingency, strong and weak interpretations of contrariety, etc. The present paper is a contribution to this line of research, and its main aims are both to extend and to deepen our understanding of metalogical diagrams. As for extensions, we not only study several metalogical decorations of larger and less widely known Aristotelian diagrams, but also consider metalogical decorations of another type (...) of logical diagrams, viz. duality diagrams. At a more fundamental level, we present a unifying perspective which sheds new light on the connections between new and existing metalogical diagrams, as well as between object- and metalogical diagrams. Overall, the paper studies two types of logical diagrams and four kinds of metalogical decorations. (shrink)

Our aim is to show that translating the modal graphs of Moretti’s “n-opposition theory” (2004) into set theory by a suited device, through identifying logical modal formulas with appropriate subsets of a characteristic set, one can, in a constructive and exhaustive way, by means of a simple recurring combinatory, exhibit all so-called “logical bi-simplexes of dimension n” (or n-oppositional figures, that is the logical squares, logical hexagons, logical cubes, etc.) contained in the logic produced by any given modal graph (an (...) exhaustiveness which was not possible before). In this paper we shall handle explicitly the classical case of the so-called 3(3)-modal graph (which is, among others, the one of S5), getting to a very elegant tetraicosahedronal geometrisation of this logic. (shrink)

The article contributes to the discussion of Schopenhauer’s possible anticipation of both the representational theory of language and the use theory of meaning and the reception of his philosophy by early and late Wittgenstein. Schopenhauer’s theory of language is presented and brought into the context of these two theories. His use of the terms “word,” “concept,” and “meaning” is analyzed and it is shown that he applies them ambivalently. The article’s main findings include a demonstration of how Schopenhauer’s ambivalent terminology (...) enables the twofold interpretation of meaning: as representation-based and use-based. (shrink)

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016. We develop a systematic approach for dealing with informationally equivalent Aristotelian diagrams, based on the interaction between the logical properties of the visualized information and the geometrical properties of the concrete polygon/polyhedron. To illustrate the account’s fruitfulness, we apply it to all Aristotelian families of 4-formula fragments that are closed under negation and to all Aristotelian families of 6-formula fragments that are closed under negation.

In der modernen Forschung zu Schopenhauer rükken methodologische und systematische Fragen immer mehr in den Vordergrund, mit besonderem Fokus auf perspektivistische und hermeneutische Momente seiner Philosophie. Michal Dobrzanski geht in seinen Untersuchungen einem Problem nach, welches eine wichtige Grundlage für solche Deutungen verschafft – Schopenhauers Begriffslehre. In dem Buch wird sie aus zerstreuten Aussagen des Philosophen rekonstruiert, ausgewertet und dann um die Erörterung seines Philosophiekonzepts ergänzt. Dies bildet die Grundlage zur anschließenden vielseitigen Untersuchung von jenen Aspekten seiner Philosophie, in denen (...) die Thesen seiner Begriffslehre besonders zum Tragen kommen. Spezielles Augenmerk wird hier auf Schopenhauers Methode gelegt, zu deren vollem Bild sein rekonstruiertes Begriffsverständnis einen gehaltvollen Beitrag leistet. Der Autor Michal Dobrzanski studierte Angewandte Linguistik und Philosophie. Er promovierte in Philosophie im Rahmen einer Doppelpromotion an der Universität Warschau und der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz. Für sein Forschungsprojekt erhielt er ein Stipendium des DAAD. (shrink)

With regard to scientific theory it is important to note that Kant in contrast to many later authors, believes that philosophy is a knowledge. To prove his argument, Kant found scientific examples for philosophical theses. According to his 12 categories of intellect he attempted to prove his view by the construction of 12 logical judgements. His scheme is considerably different to the Aristotelian devision of judgements despite his own view that the logic did make no progress since Aristotle. Kants categorisation (...) differs also from the devisions of all 18th century philosophers. It appears that his categorisation is a construction post factum according to his already accepted 12 categories of intellect. His devision is furthermore not supported from a modern view of logic. It would therefore appear that under the view of modern theory of science Kant did not give a proof for his scheme of categories. (shrink)

The work of which this is an English translation appeared originally in French as Precis de logique mathematique. In 1954 Dr. Albert Menne brought out a revised and somewhat enlarged edition in German. In making my translation I have used both editions. For the most part I have followed the original French edition, since I thought there was some advantage in keeping the work as short as possible. However, I have included the more extensive historical notes of Dr. Menne, his (...) bibliography, and the two sections on modal logic and the syntactical categories, which were not in the original. I have endeavored to correct the typo graphical errors that appeared in the original editions and have made a few additions to the bibliography. In making the translation I have profited more than words can tell from the ever-generous help of Fr. Bochenski while he was teaching at the University of Notre Dame during 1955-56. OTTO BIRD Notre Dame, 1959 I GENERAL PRINCIPLES § O. INTRODUCTION 0. 1. Notion and history. Mathematical logic, also called 'logistic', ·symbolic logic', the 'algebra of logic', and, more recently, simply 'formal logic', is the set of logical theories elaborated in the course of the last century with the aid of an artificial notation and a rigorously deductive method. (shrink)

It is little known that Schopenhauer (1788–1860) made thorough use of Euler diagrams in his works. One specific diagram depicts a high number of concepts in relation to Good and Evil. It is, hence, uncharacteristic as logicians of that time seldom used diagrams for more than three terms (the number demanded by syllogisms). The objective of this paper is to make sense of this diagram by explaining its function and inquiring whether it could be viewed as an early serious attempt (...) to construct complex diagrams. (shrink)

Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole were philosophers and theologians associated with Port-Royal Abbey, a centre of the Catholic Jansenist movement in seventeenth-century France. Their enormously influential Logic or the Art of Thinking, which went through five editions in their lifetimes, treats topics in logic, language, theory of knowledge and metaphysics, and also articulates the response of 'heretical' Jansenist Catholicism to orthodox Catholic and Protestant views on grace, free will and the sacraments. In attempting to combine the categorical theory of the (...) proposition with a Cartesian account of knowledge, their Logic represents the classical view of judgment which inspired the modern transformation in logic and semantic theory by Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein and recent philosophers. This edition presents a new translation of the text, together with a historical introduction and suggestions for further reading. (shrink)

With regard to scientific theory it is important to note that Kant in contrast to many later authors, believes that philosophy is a knowledge. To prove his argument, Kant found scientific examples for philosophical theses. According to his 12 categories of intellect he attempted to prove his view by the construction of 12 logical judgements. His scheme is considerably different to the Aristotelian devision of judgements despite his own view that the logic did make no progress since Aristotle. Kants categorisation (...) differs also from the devisions of all 18th century philosophers. It appears that his categorisation is a construction post factum according to his already accepted 12 categories of intellect. His devision is furthermore not supported from a modern view of logic. It would therefore appear that under the view of modern theory of science Kant did not give a proof for his scheme of categories. (shrink)

© The Author 2018. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Logical geometry provides a broad framework for systematically studying the logical properties of Aristotelian diagrams. The main aim of this paper is to present and illustrate the foundations of a computational approach to logical geometry. In particular, after briefly discussing some key notions from logical geometry, I describe a logical problem concerning Aristotelian diagrams that is of considerable theoretical importance, viz. the task of finding the maximal Boolean complexity (...) of a given family of Aristotelian diagrams, and I then present and discuss a simple algorithm for automatically solving this task. This algorithm is naturally implemented within the paradigm of logic programming. In order to illustrate the theoretical fruitfulness of this algorithm, I also show how it sheds new light on several well-known families of Aristotelian diagrams. (shrink)