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  1. (4 other versions)Philosophical investigations.Ludwig Wittgenstein & G. E. M. Anscombe - 1953 - Revue Philosophique de la France Et de l'Etranger 161:124-124.
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  • (4 other versions)The Logic of Scientific Discovery.Karl Popper - 1959 - Studia Logica 9:262-265.
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  • On Certainty.Ludwig Wittgenstein, G. Anscombe, G. H. Von Wright, A. C. Danto & M. Bochner - 1992 - Philosophical Quarterly 42 (167):261-262.
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  • The Triumph of the Darwinian Method.Michael T. Ghiselin - 1973 - Philosophy of Science 40 (3):466-467.
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  • (2 other versions)Toward a Theory of Medical Fallibility.S. Gorovitz & A. MacIntyre - 1976 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 1 (1):51-71.
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  • Narrative Explanation and the Theory of Evolution.Michael Ruse - 1971 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 1 (1):59 - 74.
    A common complaint of biologists is that their subject receives poor treatment from philosophers—it gets but a fraction of the attention accorded to physics and chemistry, and what little it does receive, is usually of the type where ‘All swans are white’ is taken to be a paradigmatic example of the state of biological thinking. It cannot be denied that this complaint is, to a great extent, justified; however, there are some notable breaches in the wall of ignorance and silence, (...)
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  • From Galen's Theory to William Harvey's Theory: A Case Study in the Rationality of Scientific Theory Change.Bryan Mowry - 1985 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 16 (1):49.
    The history of science is that of older theories being challenged and eventually being superseded by newer theories. The rationality of this process of scientific theory change is a central issue in contemporary philosophy of science. This paper aims to elucidate this topic by examining an episode in the history of medical science, namely the change from Galen's theory of the movement of the heart and blood to Harvey’s theory of the circulation of the blood. In Part I the historical (...)
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  • Species concepts, individuality, and objectivity.Michael Ghiselin - 1987 - Biology and Philosophy 2 (2):127-43.
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  • On the Use of Historical Examples in Agassi's 'Sensationalism'.T. A. Beckman - 1971 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 1 (4):293.
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  • A defence of evolutionary laws.A. Olding - 1978 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 29 (2):131-143.
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  • (1 other version)Species.Philip Kitcher - 1984 - Philosophy of Science 51 (2):308-333.
    I defend a view of the species category, pluralistic realism, which is designed to do justice to the insights of many different groups of systematists. After arguing that species are sets and not individuals, I proceed to outline briefly some defects of the biological species concept. I draw the general moral that similar shortcomings arise for other popular views of the nature of species. These shortcomings arise because the legitimate interests of biology are diverse, and these diverse interests are reflected (...)
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  • The case method: A perspective. [REVIEW]A. R. Gini - 1985 - Journal of Business Ethics 4 (4):351 - 352.
    The task of preparing a case is similar to writing a legal brief or an essay insofar as all three should contain a thesis or main point and argumentation or logically arranged facts and inferences. However, different from a brief or an essay, case studies should not contain a conclusion. A case should lead the reader through the facts, but it should not offer a firm or fixed resolution or moral judgment. Ideally it should leave the reader with the opportunity (...)
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  • The discovery of excellence: The assets of exemplars in business ethics. [REVIEW]Paul deVries - 1986 - Journal of Business Ethics 5 (3):193 - 201.
    Exemplars, or concrete problems and resolutions, play a far more central role in business ethics than do detailed rules. Exemplars, such as case studies, anecdotes, parables, and fables, are nearly as important as general ethical principles.There are four arguments for recognizing this essential role for exemplars in business ethics. First, exemplars facilitate impartial agreement where agreement on detailed moral rules eludes us. Second, exemplars uniquely facilitate, for the purposes of training and decision making, the balanced integration of diverse sets of (...)
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  • The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique. Adolf Grünbaum.Morris N. Eagle - 1986 - Philosophy of Science 53 (1):65-88.
    This book consists thematically of three broad sections: a lengthy introduction in which Grünbaum critically assesses the hermeneutic construal of psychoanalysis, as represented in the work of Habermas, G. S. Klein, and Ricoeur; a critical examination of Popper's assessment of both psychoanalysis and inductivism; and a logical analysis of core psychoanalytic ideas that constitute the foundation for much of psychoanalytic theory. This last section is, in my view, the heart of the book and therefore, it is that section on which (...)
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  • A structured approach to teaching decision-making skills in biomedical ethics.Robert T. Francoeur - 1984 - Journal of Bioethics 5 (2):145-154.
    The prevailing case study approach to teaching biomedical ethics is compared with a new methodology using short written exercises designed to develop decision making skills. Course content of this new approach and its adaptability to computer assisted instruction with student-faculty interactive software are outlined.
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  • The ontological status of species: Scientific progress and philosophical terminology.Ernst Mayr - 1987 - Biology and Philosophy 2 (2):145-66.
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  • Parsimony, likelihood, and the principle of the common cause.Elliott Sober - 1987 - Philosophy of Science 54 (3):465-469.
    The likelihood justification of cladistic parsimony suggested in Sober (1984) is here shown to be incomplete. Even so, cladistic parsimony remains a counter-example to the principle of the common cause formulated by Reichenbach (1956) and Salmon (1975, 1979, 1984).
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  • Revisability, a priori truth, and evolution.Elliott Sober - 1981 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 59 (1):68 – 85.
    The positivists suggest that some truths may be immune from empirical refutation and yet lacking in rational justification. Quine holds that every proposition is in principle empirically refutable so there are no a priori truths. I’ll provide a working characterization of the idea of “rational revisability” and argue it’s impossible for us to take a chain of rational revision and end up revising everything which we now believe. Quine's position on revisability is also in tension with certain theses about epistemic (...)
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  • A matter of individuality.David L. Hull - 1978 - Philosophy of Science 45 (3):335-360.
    Biological species have been treated traditionally as spatiotemporally unrestricted classes. If they are to perform the function which they do in the evolutionary process, they must be spatiotemporally localized individuals, historical entities. Reinterpreting biological species as historical entities solves several important anomalies in biology, in philosophy of biology, and within philosophy itself. It also has important implications for any attempt to present an "evolutionary" analysis of science and for sciences such as anthropology which are devoted to the study of single (...)
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  • (1 other version)The Mismeasure of Man.Stephen Jay Gould - 1984 - Journal of the History of Biology 17 (1):141-145.
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  • A single case propensity theory of explanation.James H. Fetzer - 1974 - Synthese 28 (2):171 - 198.
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  • (3 other versions)Theory and Evidence.Clark Glymour - 1980 - Ethics 93 (3):613-615.
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  • The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. [REVIEW]Ernst Mayr - 1985 - Journal of the History of Biology 18 (1):145-153.
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  • Induction and Deduction, A Study in Wittgenstein.Ilham Dilman - 1975 - Mind 84 (334):297-299.
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  • Can Philosophical Beliefs Be Rationally Justified?Gary Gutting - 1982 - American Philosophical Quarterly 19 (4):315 - 330.
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  • Two Approaches to Explanation.Philip Kitcher - 1985 - Journal of Philosophy 82 (11):632.
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  • On Judging Rationality.Walter Hoering - 1980 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 11 (2):123.
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  • Rational Explanation Reconsidered: Case Studies and the Hempel-Dray Model.Howard Adelman - 1974 - History and Theory 13 (3):208-224.
    Both William Dray's and Carl Hempel's models of rational explanation share a common paradigm of decision-making in history. They define a rational decision as a deliberative selection of a particular deed, according to a rationale and after a consideration of circumstances and possible consequences, in order to achieve some pre-determined objective. But Dray's and Hempel's own examples of historiographical practice reveal that decisions are generally concerned not with which deed to perform, but with whether or not to perform a certain (...)
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  • The Role Of The Case Study Method In The Foundations Of Psychoanalysis.Adolf Grünbaum - 1988 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 18 (December):623-658.
    In my 1984 book on The Foundations of Psychoanalysis, I addressed two main questions: Are the analyst’s observations in the clinical setting reliable as ‘data,’ and if so, can they actually support the major hypotheses of the theory of repression or psychic conflict, which is the cornerstone of the psychoanalytic edifice, as we know? In the book, I argued for giving a negative answer to both of these questions. Clearly, if the evidence from the couch is unreliable from the outset, (...)
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  • Laws and Natural History in Biology.Wim J. Van Der Steen & Harmke Kamminga - 1991 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 42 (4):445-467.
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  • A Structured Approach To Teaching Decision-making Skills In Biomedical Ethics.Robert Francouer - 1984 - Journal of Medical Humanities 5 (2):145-154.
    The prevailing case study approach to teaching biomedical ethics is compared with a new methodology using short written exercises designed to develop decision making skills. Course content of this new approach and its adaptability to computer assisted instruction with student-faculty interactive software are outlined.
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  • Hypotheses, Criterial Claims, and Perspicuous Representations: Wittgenstein's 'Remarks on Frazer's The Golden Bough'.Richard Eldridge - 1987 - Philosophical Investigations 10 (3):226-245.
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  • Objectivity, Empiricism and Truth.R. W. Newell - 1986 - Philosophy 62 (241):396-398.
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  • On the historical explanation of unique events.James H. Fetzer - 1975 - Theory and Decision 6 (1):87-97.
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  • Case method.R. A. Carson - 1986 - Journal of Medical Ethics 12 (1):36-39.
    Teaching medical ethics by the case method may be enriched by adding to the principles-and-rules approach to practical reasoning modes of inquiry and interpretation that engage the moral imagination.
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