Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common types of dementia. Symptoms appear gradually and end with severe brain damage. People with Alzheimer's disease lose the abilities of knowledge, memory, language and learning. Recently, the classification and diagnosis of diseases using deep learning has emerged as an active topic covering a wide range of applications. This paper proposes examining abnormalities in brain structures and detecting cases of Alzheimer's disease especially in the early stages, using features derived from medical (...) images. The entire brain image was passed on through the transmission of Xception learning architectures. The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was constructed with the help of separable convolution layers that It can automatically learn general features from imaging data for classification. (shrink)

Abstract; As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies become increasingly integrated into various facets of society, their impact on human rights has garnered significant attention. This paper examines the intersection of AI and human rights, focusing on key issues such as privacy, bias, surveillance, access, and accountability. AI systems, while offering remarkable advancements in efficiency and capability, also pose risks to individual privacy and can perpetuate existing biases, leading to potential discrimination. The use of AI in surveillance raises ethical concerns about the (...) balance between security and civil liberties. Additionally, disparities in access to AI technologies can exacerbate inequalities, affecting human rights across different populations. This paper explores these challenges and proposes frameworks for ensuring that AI development and deployment adhere to human rights principles. By analyzing current practices and policies, the study aims to provide actionable recommendations for creating a more equitable and responsible AI landscape. (shrink)

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly becoming a cornerstone of modern healthcare, offering unprecedented capabilities in diagnostics, treatment planning, patient care, and healthcare management. This paper explores the transformative impact of AI on the healthcare sector, examining how it enhances patient outcomes, improves the efficiency of medical practices, and introduces new ethical and operational challenges. By analyzing current applications such as AI-driven diagnostic tools, personalized medicine, and hospital management systems, this paper highlights the significant advancements AI has brought to the (...) field. However, the integration of AI also raises concerns related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the displacement of healthcare professionals. This study provides a comprehensive overview of these developments, offering insights into the future potential of AI in revolutionizing healthcare while addressing the ethical considerations that must accompany its adoption. The findings suggest that while AI holds the promise of transforming healthcare delivery, careful consideration of its implications is essential to ensure equitable and effective implementation. (shrink)

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first identified in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda. The virus is now widely distributed throughout the world and is considered a significant public health concern. WNV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, with birds serving as the primary reservoir host. Most people infected with WNV will not experience any symptoms, but approximately 1 in 5 will develop a fever, and a smaller percentage (...) may develop more severe symptoms such as meningitis or encephalitis. There is no specific treatment for WNV infection, and prevention efforts focus on mosquito control measures and personal protective measures to avoid mosquito bites. While WNV is not typically considered a major threat to human health, outbreaks have occurred sporadically in various parts of the world, and ongoing surveillance and research are necessary to better understand and control the virus. Objectives: This paper will solve the problems of treatment of West Nile virus (WNV) through correct diagnosis and treatment. Methods: In this research, we provide an expert system for the diagnosis of West Nile virus (WNV) which will help doctors to explore everything related to the problems of West Nile virus (WNV). We look forward to providing simplified answers to West Nile virus (WNV). (shrink)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines or software that work and reacts like humans, some of the computer activities with artificial intelligence are designed to include speech, recognition, learning, planning and problem solving. Deep learning is a collection of algorithms used in machine learning, it is part of a broad family of methods used for machine learning that are based on learning representations of data. Deep learning is used as a (...) technique to produce brain tumor detection and classification models using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) imaging for rapid and easy detection and identification of brain tumor. In this thesis, some ways and mechanisms will be reviewed to use deep learning techniques to produce a model for brain tumor detection. The goal is to find a good and effective way to detect brain tumor based on MRI to help the brain doctor in making decisions easily, accurately and rapidly. A recent report by the World Health Organization in February 2018 showed that the death rate from brain cancer or central nervous system (CNS) is the highest in the Asian continent. It is important to detect cancer early so that many of these lives can be saved. The model has been designed and implemented, including a dataset which consist of 10,000 images for brain tumor detection through the use of Deep learning algorithms based on neural networks. For testing, we have used our model, Inception, VGG16, MobileNet and ResNet models. The f-score accuracy we got for each model was as follows: Our model was 98.28, VGG16 was 99.86%, ResNet50 was 98.14%, MobileNet was 88,98%, and InceptionV3 was 99.88%. (shrink)

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على درجة ومستوى ممارسة الوظائف الإدارية في المؤسسات الإعلامية الفلسطينية بمحافظات غزة من وجهة نظر الإعلاميين العاملين فيها؛ واتبعت منهج المسح الإعلامي وطبقت استبانة مكونة من (30) فقرة، موزعة إلى أربعة مجالات، وهي: (التخطيط، والتنظيم، والتوجيه، والرقابة) على عينة عشوائية قوامها (140) عضواً من أعضاء نقابة الصحفيين الفلسطينيين المسجلين حتى العام (2019). وأظهرت النتائج أن درجة ومستوى ممارسة الوظائف الإدارية من (تخطيط وتنظيم وتوجيه ورقابة) في المؤسسات الإعلامية الفلسطينية بمحافظات غزة جاءت مرتفعة؛ من وجهة نظر المبحوثين، (...) كما تبين عدم وجود فروق دالة احصائياً في تقديرات المبحوثين، لدرجة ومستوى ممارسة الوظائف الإدارية في المؤسسات الإعلامية الفلسطينية تبعا لمتغيرات (النوع الإجتماعي، المؤهل العلمي، نوع الوسيلة الإعلامية، سنوات الخدمة). (shrink)

محاضرات في إدارة المؤسسات الإعلامية تتضمن المذكرة مجموعة من المفاهيم والوظائف والأساليب الإدارية المتعلقة بإدارة المؤسسات الإعلامية ومنها : (المؤسسات) .. المفهوم، الأنواع والعناصر (الإدارة).. المفهوم، الفروع والوظائف (الرؤية والرسالة) .. المفهوم والأهمية وظيفة (التخطيط) في المؤسسة الإعلامية (التخطيط الإعلامي).. المفهوم، الخصائص والشروط وظيفة (التنظيم) في المؤسسة الإعلامية (تفويض السلطة) و(التمكين الإداري) وظيفة (التوجيه) في المؤسسة الإعلامية وظيفة (الرقابة) في المؤسسة الإعلامية (اتخاذ القرارات) جوهرالعمليات والوظائف الإدارية (التدريب الإداري) المفهوم، الأهداف والتحديات .

The study aimed to identify the knowledge management processes and their role in achieving competitive advantage at Al-Quds Open University. The study was based on the descriptive analytical method, and the study population consists of academic and administrative staff in each of the branches of Al-Quds Open University in (Tulkarm, Nablus and Jenin). The researchers selected a sample of the study population by the intentional non-probability method, the size of (70) employees. A questionnaire was prepared and supervised by a number (...) of specialists in order to obtain the results of the study. The study concluded that there is a positive direct relationship, that is, the higher the degree of application of knowledge management processes, the greater the degree of competitive advantage. Knowledge Technology came first with a score of 80.02% on all items. Competitive advantage came second with 81.74%. In the third place came "knowledge generation" where the total score on all paragraphs in this area (78.24%). In the fourth place, "knowledge transfer" (77.21%). "Developing and storing knowledge" came in fifth place (77.13%). "Acquisition of knowledge" came in sixth place (76.45%). Knowledge Organization ranked seventh (74.26%). The study recommended that the university should enable the employees to benefit from the experiences and expertise available to help generate knowledge. The University encourages the creation of knowledge through the system of incentives and open the way for creators to apply their creations and spread and invest in excellence and creativity. The university should design work performance levels based on the integration of knowledge and organize it according to policies that support freedom of research. The need for Palestinian universities to adopt a knowledge management approach. The need to adopt a system of incentives that rewards cognitive efforts, and give workers enough freedom to enable them to apply their knowledge. (shrink)

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الإذاعات المحلية في تعزيز منظومة القيم التربوية من وجهة نظر طلبة الإعلام في الجامعات بمحافظات غزة. وكذلك الكشف عما إذا كان هناك فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى دلالة (α ≤ 0.05) بين متوسطات درجات تقدير أفراد العينة لهذا الدور تعزى إلى متغيري (الجنس، الجامعة)، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وأعد استبانة مكونة من ثلاثة مجالات تندرج تحتها 31 فقرة وطبقها على عينة الدراسة المكونة من (124) طالباً وطالبة من جامعة الأزهر، (...) والجامعة الإسلامية، وجامعة الأقصى، وجامعة فلسطين. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى النتائج التالية: 1. وفقا لتقدير أفراد العينة حول درجة إسهام الإذاعات المحلية في تعزيز منظومة القيم التربوية، فقد جاء ترتيب مجالات القيم جاءت كالتالي "مجال القيم الأخلاقية حصل على الترتيب الأول بوزن نسبي (68.9%)، أما مجال القيم الاجتماعية فقد حصل على الترتيب الثاني بوزن نسبي (67.5%), يليه مجال القيم السياسية الذي حصل على الترتيب الأخير بوزن نسبي (61.8%)"، والدرجة الكلية للاستبانة حصلت على وزن نسبي (66%)، ويعتبر ذلك درجة جيدة نوعا ما. 2. أظهرت النتائج عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائياً عند مستوى (01.0=α) بين متوسطي درجات أفراد العينة في جميع أبعاد دور الإذاعات المحلية في تدعيم منظومة القيم التربوية والدرجة الكلية للاستبانة تبعا لمتغيري الدراسة (الجنس، الجامعة). وأوصت الدراسة بما يلي: 1. ضرورة الانتباه إلى الدور المحوري للإذاعات المحلية وأهميتها في خدمة مجتمعاتها من خلال تحملها المسؤولية الوطنية لتعمل بحرص على غرس ثقافة الحوار وقبول الآخر في إطار من الشراكة والوحدة لتعزيز القيم التربوية باعتبارها مرتكزاً أساسيا لخدمة المجتمع الفلسطيني. 2. الابتعاد عن بث المواد الإعلامية التي من شأنها تأجيج الصراعات الداخلية وتنتهك حقوق الإنسان وحرياته الأساسية، ونبذ الحزبية الضيقة التي تٌفرق المجتمع وتضعفه، والعمل على معالجة قضايا المجتمع المختلفة بمهنية وموضوعية، لإشاعة أجواء التسامح والحوار البناء. (shrink)

ملخص الدراسة: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة دور الفضائيات الفلسطينية في تعزيز قيم المواطنة من وجهة نظر طلبة الجامعات بمحافظات غزة في ضوء عدد من المتغيرات منها النوع، والجامعة، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (777) طالبا وطالبة من طلبة كليات وأقسام الإعلام في جامعات (الأزهر، والإسلامية، والأقصى، وفلسطين، وغزة، والكلية الجامعية). واتبعت الدراسة منهج المسح الإعلامي، واستخدمت الاستبانة كأداة للدراسة. ولقد أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن الفضائيات الفلسطينية لها دور في تعزيز قيم المواطنة بوزن نسبي (77.7%) وهي درجة مرتفعة، وفيها تبين أن (...) مجال (تعزيز الانتماء الوطني) جاء في المرتبة الأولى بوزن نسبي (80.5%)، ومجال (تعزيز الوحدة الوطنية) جاء في المرتبة الثانية بوزن نسبي (78.7%)، ومجال (تعزيز المشاركة السياسية) جاء في المرتبة الأخيرة بوزن نسبي(72.3%). كما قدمت الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات أهمها: ضرورة الاستفادة من الفضائيات الفلسطينية بشكل أفضل لدورها المحوري في تعزيز وغرس القيم والمفاهيم الإيجابية. (shrink)

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة دور الإعلام الفضائي في تعزيز ثقافة الديمقراطية وحقوق الإنسان من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس وطلبة الجامعات بمحافظات غزة في ضوء عدد من المتغيرات ومنها النوع الاجتماعي، والجامعة، والحالة الأكاديمية، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (825) طالب وطالبة، (60) عضو هيئة تدريس من كليات وأقسام الإعلام في جامعات (الأزهر، والإسلامية، والأقصى، وفلسطين، وغزة، والكلية الجامعية). واتبعت الدراسة منهج المسح الإعلامي، واستخدمت الاستبانة كأداة للدراسة، وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن الفضائيات الفلسطينية لها دور في تعزيز ثقافة "الديمقراطية وحقوق (...) الإنسان" بوزن نسبي (70.6%) وهي درجة موافقة مرتفعة، وتبين أن مجال (ثقافة حقوق الإنسان) جاء في المرتبة الأولى بوزن نسبي (73.8%)، ومجال (الديمقراطية) جاء في المرتبة الثانية بوزن نسبي (69.3%)، ومجال (الدفاع عن حقوق الإنسان) جاء في المرتبة الأخيرة بوزن نسبي (69.0%). كما قدمت الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات أهمها: أن يتجنب الإعلام الفضائي الفلسطيني نشر كل ما يمكن أن ينتهك "حقوق الإنسان" والابتعاد عن تأجيج العنف والفوضى والتحريض والاهانة وصولا لإعلام فضائي متعدد، يعكس التنوع ويلتزم بالمعايير المهنية في أداء وظائفه وأدواره. (shrink)

هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور الصحافة الإلكترونية الفلسطينية في تدعيم قيم المواطنة لدى طلبة الجامعات بمحافظات غزة من وجهة نظرهم، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من طلبة جامعة الأزهر، الجامعة الإسلامية، وجامعة الأقصى المسجلين في الفصل الدراسي الأول من العام الجامعي (2011-2012)، والبالغ عددهم (46399) طالباً وطالبة، منهم (17067) طالباً، و(2933) طالبة، وقد تم تطبيق أداة الدراسة على عينة عشوائية قوامها (980) طالباً وطالبة ما يمثل (2.11%) من مجتمع الدراسة. وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى النتائج التالية: 1. أن أكثر المواقع تصفحا لدى (...) أفراد العينة "وكالة معا الإخبارية"، تليها المواقع الحزبية " فلسطين برس، فلسطين الآن، فلسطين اليوم" وفي المراتب الدنيا تأتي المواقع الصحفية التي لها أصل ورقي وهي " فلسطين، القدس، الأيام، الحياة الجديدة". 2. أن قيم المواطنة تم تدعيمها من خلال الصحافة الإلكترونية الفلسطينية بدرجة جيدة بوزن نسبي (65.5%) من تقدير أفراد العينة. 3. وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائياً عند مستوى 0.01 بين متوسطي درجات مجموعتي الطلاب والطالبات في جميع أبعاد دور الصحافة الالكترونية والدرجة الكلية لاستبانه دور الصحافة الالكترونية، وكانت الفروق لصالح مجموعة الطالبات. 4. وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائياً في جميع أبعاد استبانه دور الصحافة الالكترونية في تدعيم قيم المواطنة والدرجة الكلية للاستبانه تبعاً لمتغير الجامعة لأفراد العينة لصالح مجموعة جامعة الأقصى. وأوصت الدراسة بما يلي: 1. ضرورة تكامل جهود الجميع من خلال التنسيق والتعاون المشترك لإيجاد إستراتيجية عامة تعمل على تدعيم قيم المواطنة، والتوعية بأهميتها وإلزام كافة المؤسسات التربوية النظامية من مدارس، وجامعات ومعاهد وكليات والمؤسسات غير النظامية من وسائل الإعلام، وأحزاب سياسية، ومنظمات المجتمع المدني للعمل ضمن برامجها على تحقيق التربية من أجل المواطنة. -/- . (shrink)

A newborn baby is an infant within the first 28 days of birth. Diagnosis and treatment of infant diseases require specialized medical resources and expert knowledge. However, there is a shortage of such professionals globally, particularly in low-income countries. To address this challenge, a knowledge-based system was designed to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal diseases. The system utilizes both machine learning and health expert knowledge, and a hybrid data mining process model was used to extract knowledge from (...) a clinical dataset. The PART algorithm achieved the highest performance result with 98.06% accuracy under 10-fold cross-validation, and the generated rules were used to develop the knowledge-based system. The system achieved 90.9% accuracy in system performance testing and 89.2% in user acceptance testing, and is intended to serve as an assistant tool for healthcare experts. (shrink)

Abū Ishāq al-Ṣaffār was one of scholars of the Western Qarakhānids’ period who followed the Kalām thought of al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944). His theological works Talkhīs al-adilla and Risāla fī al-kalām, his method in kalām, and frequent reference to his works by Ottoman and Arab scholars indicate that al-Ṣaffār is a respected and authorative Māturīdī theologian. The article focuses on his defense of the kalām. By adding a long introduction to Talkhīs about the naming, importance, and religious legitimacy of the science (...) of kalām, Saffār asserted that the kalām should be learned. When systematical vindication of the science of kalām is examined, it is understood that al-Ṣaffār is the first theologian who reserved a private and voluminous part for defensing the kalām among Ḥanafī-Māturīdīs. Even though he does not state its systematic, it can be understood that vindication of kalām in al-Ṣaffār divides into three parts as of explanation, demonstration and refutation. Al-Ṣaffār’s defending the science of kalām shows that there were opposite thoughts against kalām in the 4th/10th and 5th/11th centuries throughout in Transoxania. In this period Aṣḥāb al-Ḥadīth and Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ were the opposite fronts of kalām. In addition, he was trying to go beyond the oppositions of Ḥanafī jurists. His vindication is consistent and has scholarly depth because it is able to be against a strong opposition. -/- SUMMARY: Abū Ishāq Ibrahīm b. Ismāil Zāhid al-Ṣaffār al-Bukhārī is a scholar belonging to the Ḥanafī theological tradition which was improved by the contribution of Ḥanafī theologians who used thinking system of Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 150/767) as base and adopted Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944) and his thoughts in historical process. The contents of his theological works Talkhīs al-adilla li-qawāʿid al-tawḥīd and Risāla fī al-Kalām, the method that he used, and references to his works made by Ottoman and Arab scholars indicate that he is an important Māturīdī theologian. The article focuses on his defense of the science of Kalām. -/- In Talkhīs al-adilla, there are two sections including the subject of naming, and importance and necessity of Kalām discipline. Here, the necessity of learning Kalām and its value are defended in detail. -/- Besides, rumors “Abū Ḥanīfa turned away from the science of Kalām in his doomsdays” and that “He prohibited to make occupation with Kalām completely” are evaluated. -/- When systematical vindication of the science of Kalām is examined, it is understood that al-Ṣaffār is the first theologian who reserved a private and voluminous part for defensing the Kalām among Ḥanafī Māturīdīs. Even if Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, Abū al-Yusr al-Bazdawī (d. 493/1100) and Abū Muʿīn al-Nasafī (d. 508/1115) defend that the science of Kalām is not wrong for religion; yet, the vindication of Kalām does not take a place under a separate title and in a detailed manner in any of Māturīdī theologians works. -/- The method that al-Ṣaffār used when he is defending the science of Kalām, differs from strategy of Abū Ḥanīfa. While Abū Ḥanīfa has mentioned that there is a need for the science of Kalām under these new circumstances, al-Ṣaffār has defended theologians who were charged with being Ahl al-Bidaʿ, by trying to prove that the prophets especially the Prophet Ibrāhīm, even the Companions of the Prophet Muḥammad (Ṣaḥāba) and the Successors of the Companions (Tābiʿūn) scholars use their minds and make arguments in religious matters. In this respect, he emphasizes that the Qurʾān orders to think and discuss gently, not to be stay in silence: “And dispute with them, using what is best” (16.125-126). Therefore, he states that this discipline which took a mission to explain and defend the creed of Islam (ʿaqīda), cannot be characterized as an innovation (bidʿah) or illicit. -/- His vindication method can be defined as a more developed type of method that Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Ash’arī’s (d. 324/935) used in Risāla fī istiḥsān al-khawḍ fī ʿilm al-kalām. Even though he does not state its systematic, it can be understood that vindication of Kalām in al-Ṣaffār divides into three parts as of explanation, demonstration and refutation: -/- a) Explanation: Explaining the necessity and importance of the science of Kalām by giving information about its definition, names, value and place among other principles. -/- b) Demonstration: Revealing the religious basics of the science of Kalām from the Qurʾān, the Sunna of the Prophet Muḥammad, the Companions of the Prophet, and the Successors of the Companions thus specifying that it is legitimate for religion. -/- c) Refutation: Replying the claims having aim to weaken the value of Kalām principle and its religious legality. -/- Al-Ṣaffār describes ‘the science of Kalām’ as ‘Knowing the Real with the evidences which help to reach the absolute information’. By allocating the concept of 'Ḥaqq', he repeats the definition of Kalām as “it is to know God with certain evidences” in a part of his work, and “it is to know the principles of religion (uṣūl al-dīn) with certain evidences” in another part. He describes Kalām as “Knowing ḥaqq / God / uṣūl al-dīn by depending on evidence”, and tries to prove that it is wrong to consider a science which performs the stated duty, as illicit and abominable and thus turn away from it. -/- Al-Ṣaffār thinks that it is right to call this principle as ‘Kalām’ because of the certain evidences leading to the truth that this science has used. This thought was defended by other theologians as well. -/- For example, according to Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd al-Taftazānī (d. 792/1310) it seems like to say “This is the word (kalām), not the other knowings” by the way of the power of evidences used in Kalām.Thus, it is appropriate to give name Kalām for this science which based on certain evidences. -/- Al-Ṣaffār’s explanations revealed in scope of vindication of the Kalām are adopted by some of following scholars. Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Sighnāqī (d. 714/1314) in his book called al-Tasdīd sharḥ al-Tamhīd fī qawāʿid al-tawḥīd quotes Saffâr’s explanations as the same. -/- Al-Ṣaffār indicates that the method told in the Qurʾān is to reply questions about religion, beliefs and rejection instead of remaining in silence. The duty taken on by Kalām is this vindication activity performed by the prophets whose examples are described in the Qurʾān and which is legal and demanded. His way of thinking and vindication of the Kalām resembles that of Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī. Al-Māturīdī says, “Prophets and we were ordered to invite infidels to Islam. When this invitation happens, the respondents will ask for evidence and explanation, and discussion will be inevitable. Therefore, discussing and talking about subjects of Kalām is not objectionable”. -/- Thoughts of al-Māturīdī and al-Ṣaffār regarding the vindication of the Kalām were repeated by Nūr al-Dīn al-Ṣābūnī (d. 580/1184), and Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210) later. According to al-Ṣābūnī, the evidences put against deniers and especially the discussion made by the Prophet Ibrāhīm to defend his own belief, prove the legality of Kalām discipline. Likewise, according to al-Rāzī, the duty of Kalām is just an activity performed already in the Qurʾān and ordered to the prophets. At this point of view, since the prophets were leading to Kalām, banning this activity is nonsense. -/- According to al-Ṣaffār, the reason for why Abu Hanifa avoids his son Hammād from these discussions is that Abu Hanifa does not like discussions based on obstinate. Otherwise, it cannot be that Abū Ḥanīfa prohibits to learn Kalām and make discussion about Kalām. According to him, this behavior of Abū Ḥanīfa results from that people discussing with him are ignorant about the subject of Kalām, discussion turns to an obstinate, and coming to an end of discussion seems impossible. This comment of al-Ṣaffār is quoted in Miftāḥ al-saʿāda wa-miṣbāḥ al-siyāda by ʿIṣām al-Dīn Aḥmed b. Muṣṭafā Tashköprüzāde (d. 968/1561) and in Minaḥ al-rawḍ al-azhar fī sharḥ al-Fiqh al-akbar by ʿAlī b. Sulṭān Muḥammad al-Qārī (d. 1014/1606) as same as his words. -/- Al-Ṣaffār’s defending the science of Kalām shows that there were opposite thoughts against Kalām in the 4th/10th and 5th/11th centuries throughout in Transoxania.In this period Aṣḥāb al-Ḥadīth and Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ were the opposite fronts of Kalām. In addition, he was trying to go beyond the oppositions of Ḥanafī jurists (fuqahāʾ). Because some of the Ḥanafī jurists thought that Abū Ḥanīfa forsook occupation with the science of Kalām and even he prohibited his son to have interest in this discipline. But some of Ḥanafī theologians such as al-Māturīdī, al-Nasafī and al-Ṣaffār protested this thought which describes Abū Ḥanīfa as a banner for Kalām. -/- His vindication is consistent and has scholarly depth because it is able to be against a strong opposition. -/- His book Talkhīs al-adilla li-qawāʿid al-tawḥīd is a unique source in terms of containing vindication of the Kalām in detail and also influencing the approaches of the next period scholars. (shrink)