RIGHT TO SILENCE-UK, U.S, FRANCE, and GERMANY SALLY RAMAGE (TRADE MARK REGISTERED) WIPO Orchid ID 0000-0002-8854-4293 Pages 2-30 Current Criminal Law, Volume 1, Issue 2, -/- Sally Ramage, BA (Hons), MBA, LLM, MPhil, MCIJ, MCMI, DA., ASLS, BAWP. Orchid ID 0000-0002-8854-4293 Publisher & Managing Editor Criminal Lawyer series [1980-2022](ISSN 2049-8047) Current Criminal Law series [2008-2022] (ISSN 1758-8405) and Criminal Law News series [2008-2022] (ISSN 1758-8421). Sweet & Maxwell (Thomson Reuters) (Licensed Annotator of UK Statutes) in annual law books Current Law (...) Statutes Annotated, (2006, 2009, 2010 editions) (sole and separate S&M contracts) for 7 UK Criminal Justice Statutes: UK Safeguarding Vulnerable Persons Act 2006; UK International Development Act 2006; UK Fraud Act 2006; UK Policing and Crime Act 2009, UK Local Democracy Act 2009; UK Bribery Act 2010; and UK Crime and Security Act 2010. TradeMark SALLY RAMAGE ® (2005-2025) in the UK, 2401827; WIPO TradeMark SALLY RAMAGE® 900614; USA TradeMark 3,440,910) (2008-2028). WARNING: The doing of an unauthorized act in relation to a copyright work may result in both a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution. -/- ABSTRACT The privilege of the right to silence can be traced back to the 12th century, becoming more developed in later centuries. -/- Table of cases European Court of Human Rights Deweer v Belgium [1980], Eckle v Germany [1982], DN v The Netherlands [1975], Funke v France [1993] 16 EHRR 297, JP v Austria [1989], Kansal v UK [2003] Application No 21413/02 Khan v UK [2000] 31 EHRR 45, Saunders v UK [1997] 23 EHRR 313, Schenk v Switzerland [1991] 13 EHRR 242, and Tora Tolmos v Spain [1995] Table of Cases United Kingdom Brown v Procurator Fiscal, Dunfermline, [2000] , The Times, Feb 14, High Ct Scot.; HM Advocate v Friel [1978] SLT; Lambe v Munster [1882] 10 QBD 110.; Pearse v Pearse [1846] Eng Rep 950 (on truth); Re Pantmaenog Timber Co Ltd [2003] HL; R v Bryce [1992] 95 Cr App Rep 320; R v Canale [1990] 2 All ER 187; R v Fitzpatrick [1995] 4 SCR 154; R v Herbert [1990] 2 SCR 151; R V Hertfordshire County Council, ex parte Green Environmental Industries and another [2000] 1 All ER 773; R v Keenan [1989] Crim LR 720; R v Maguire [1990] Cr App Rep 115; R v Pound, Green and ors [2004]; R v Sang [1979] Crim LR 655; R v Saunders [1986] unreported; R v Seelig, R v Spens [1991] CA; R v Smith [1992] 95 Cr App. R. 191; R v Steen and ors [2003] unreported; R v Walsh [1981] CrimLR 822; R V Ward 96 Cr App R [1993]; R v Weekes [1993] Crim LR 211; R v White [1999] 2 SCR 417; R v Young [2003] unreported; Thompson Newspaper v Canada [1990] 1 SCR 425; Walsh Automation (Europe) Ltd v Bridgeman and ors [2002] EWHC 1344 QB France-Law France 1789 Declaration des driots de l‟homme et du citoyen 1808 Code d ‟instruction criminelle 1946 Constitution 1958 Code de procedure penale 2000 Penal Code Germany-Law Germany 1871 Criminal Code 1877 Criminal Procedure Code (St PO) 1877 Judicial Organisation Law 1949 Constitution 1975 Criminal Code 1998 Criminal Code Table of Cases Germany Germany BGH Admissibility of secret tape recordings judgement 14 June 1960, in BGHSt 14, 358 BGH Lie detector judgement 16 Feb 1954, in BGHSt 5, 332. BberfG Decision concerning the applicability of ne bis in idem 31 March 1987, in BberfGE 75,1; BGH Sweeping deception of suspect judgement 24 August 1988, in BGHSt 36, 328. BGH Judgement 24 August 1993, in BGHSt 39, 305 Table of Cases United States United States of America California v Byres [1971] 402 U.S. 424; Fisher v United States 475 U.S. 391 [1986]; Griffin v California [1965] 380 US 609 [; Hoffman v United States [1950] 341 U.S. 479; Supreme Court Baldwin v NY, 399 US 143 [1970]; Supreme Court Chavez v Martinez , U.S. 123 [2003]; Supreme Court Doyle v Ohio, 426 U.S. 610 [1976]; Supreme Court Escobedo v Illinois, 378 U.S. 478 [1964]; Supreme Court Giglio v US, 405 U.S. 150 [1972] Supreme Court Harris v NY, 401 U.S. 222 [1971]; Supreme Court Kirby v Illinois, 406 U.S. 682 [1972]; Supreme Court Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 [1966]; Supreme Court Moore v Illinois, 408 U.S. 768 [1972]; Supreme Court Moran v Burbine, 475 U.S. [1986]; Supreme Court Orzoco v Texas, 324 U.S.24 [1969]; Supreme Court US v Hale [1975] 422 US 17; Supreme Court US v Leon, 468 U.S. 897 [1984]; Supreme Court US v Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 [1987]; Twining v New Jersey 211 US 78 113 -/- . (shrink)

INTRODUÇÃO Segundo Pond (1975), os antepassados mais remotos dos suínos remontam há 40 milhões de anos, e parece que seu parente mais distante é o porco-do-cabo (Orycteropus afer), que viveu na região da Etiópia. Este é da ordem dos tubulidentados com focinho e orelhas alongadas, de hábitos noturnos e que se alimenta de insetos e raízes. Embora não exista um consenso unânime ao respeito, estima-se que a domesticação do porco doméstico atual iniciou-se na Europa entre os anos 7.000 e 3.000 (...) a. C., embora investigadores chineses reivindiquem a origem chinesa do porco doméstico atual que havia iniciado na região sul do país entre o ano 10.000 a. C. Aceita-se que a domesticação tenha se realizado de maneira lenta e progressiva e que os primeiros porcos eram pequenos e estavam em rebanhos pouco numerosos. Os porcos atuais pertencem ao gênero Sus e compreendem os porcos asiáticos (Sus vittatus) de tamanho pequeno; os célticos (Sus scrofa) provenientes do javali europeu e os porcos ibéricos (Sus mediterraneaus) de origem africana, de tamanho maior que os anteriores e introduzidos em todas as regiões do sul da Europa. A capacidade de adaptação do porco às diferentes condições climáticas determinou que sua exploração se realize em todos os continentes e em quase todos os países do mundo, com exceção daqueles onde, por razões de ordem cultural e religiosa, a sua exploração é vedada. O seu caráter cosmopolita está relacionado a sua grande capacidade de adaptação aos variados regimes alimentares, já que sua qualidade de onívoro lhes permite transformar diferentes produtos e subprodutos, alimentando-se tanto de recursos vegetais quanto de animais. Pode ser explorado de forma tradicional com recursos limitados ou de forma intensiva, combinando as mais sofisticadas técnicas de manejo relacionado à alimentação, sanidade, reprodução, transformação e comercialização. POPULAÇÃO MUNDIAL DE SUÍNOS DE RAÇAS LOCAIS Não existem estatísticas diferenciadas para a população mundial de suínos de raças locais. A Organização das Nações Unidas para a Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO), estima que a população mundial de suínos em 2018 foi de 781,3 milhões de cabeças, que compreendem 460 milhões de cabeças na Ásia, 155 milhões na União Europeia, 75 milhões na América do Norte, 70 milhões na América Central e do Sul e 21 milhões de cabeças na África e Oceania. Observe o anexo e o gráfico: Figura 1: População mundial de suínos de produção industrial em 2018. Fonte: FAO, 2019. -/- G 1: Efetivo suíno mundial em 2018. FAO, 2019. G 2: 11 maiores países criadores de suínos em 2018. FAO, 2019. A elevada população de suínos no continente asiático é um indicador da importância que estes animais têm na alimentação dos habitantes dessa região. Na China, que possui o maior efetivo suíno do mundo, 440 milhões (FAO, 2019), os porcos estão geralmente incorporados sob sistemas integrados com a agricultura. O mesmo ocorre no Vietnã, onde a maior parte dos milhões de cabeças também estão em sistemas tradicionais de produção. Sobressaem, em importância, as raças Mong Cai, Thouc Nhieu e Ba Xuyen ambas com milhares e até milhões de exemplares cada uma. Na Indonésia, dados desatualizados obtidos por Aritonang et. al. 1993, a população de suínos chegou a 8,6 milhões de cabeças, e que esses porcos locais representavam mais de 95% da população de distritos como Deli Serdang, North Tapanuli e Nias em Sumatra. As raças asiáticas, com as suas múltiplas características, foram objeto, nos respectivos países, de programas especiais para melhorar a sua produção. Outros países, principalmente a França e os Estados Unidos da América, iniciaram estudos sobre as raças asiáticas com o propósito de aproveitar alguns fatores genéticos próprios destas, como a alta fertilidade. Na Europa, países como Portugal e Espanha, tentaram conservar alguns genótipos de raças locais. Segundo dados do Anuário Estatístico do Ministério da Agricultura (1985), citado por Paz Saez e Hernández Crespo (Sf.), a Espanha tinha em 1996 uma população suína local estimada em 1,5 milhões de cabeças das raças ibérica, celta, morcego e suas cruzes. As referências relativas à presença de suínos locais são escassas na África. Sarniguet, citado por D’Orgeval Dubouchet (1997), dava conta que em 1985 existiam apenas 564 porcos exóticos, o que põe em evidência a importância do rebanho local. No Burkina Faso (Kabore, 1996), a exploração de suínos ocupa o quarto lugar entre as explorações animais e, em 1994, contava com uma população de 552,3 mil cabeças, sendo ao dizer da autora, «a raça local de maior presença». Tal como noutros países, a informação é genérica e a maioria dos autores sustenta que os suínos locais apresentam uma grande variedade e que se distinguem em três tipos: pequenos, grandes e pesados. Os genótipos são de grande rusticidade e de baixa produtividade, mas de boa adaptação às mais variadas formas de manejo e sistemas de alimentação. A América Latina, conta com uma população significativa de porcos locais, provenientes dos porcos introduzidos por Colombo, em sua segunda viagem ao Novo Continente em 1493, e de outros que foram introduzidos posteriormente à medida que se generalizou a conquista do continente. Infelizmente, não existem dados precisos sobre a população de suínos locais em cada um dos países e os dados oficiais generalizam, quando sustentam que estas populações são «maioritárias». Na Colômbia, um trabalho realizado por C. Espinosa (comunicação pessoal em 1997) indica que o porco local, conhecido como crioulo ou "zungo" provém dos porcos ibéricos conhecidos como lisos ou pelados e que estes localizaram-se inicialmente no departamento de Córdoba e depois no resto do país. Demonstra que os suínos locais estão a desaparecer rapidamente em consequência da introdução de "raças modernas". No entanto, não se quantifica o seu número e sustenta-se que, até há algumas décadas, constituíam a maioria dos animais explorados pelos camponeses das regiões afastadas. Na Bolívia, Amurrio (1996) indica que, segundo o Instituto Nacional de Estatísticas, a população suína total era de 2,2 milhões de cabeças, que forneceram 25% da carne consumida. Embora não precise da população local, considera-se que este genótipo «é menor do que no passado» e que os animais que se encontram com maior frequência provém de cruzamentos com raças importadas. No Equador, os trabalhos realizados por Alvarado e Gómez (1982) e por Molina (1988-1995), põem em evidência que os rebanhos locais estão compostos em 50% dos casos por 1-4 mães e que contribuem com 25% da produção nacional de carne e com 30% da gordura. Iaso indica a sua importância na alimentação. Em um trabalho realizado por Benítez (1995), descobriu-se que no país existiam 2,1 milhões de suínos explorados no sistema tradicional, e que desta população tão somente de 3 a 5%, segundo a região, eram animais provenientes das raças ibéricas. Na zona central e no sul do país encontram-se genótipos provenientes dos suínos ibéricos conhecidos como «runas», «jungas» ou «crioulos». A população de suínos tende a aumentar em quase todos os países da América Latina como resultado dos cruzamentos entre as populações de raças ibéricas e as raças modernas. No Equador, há uma população de porcos de 2,7 milhões de cabeças (FAO, 2000). O Banco Central do Equador, no Boletim Anuário 19 (1997), assinala que em 1996 existiam 2,7 milhões de suínos e que produziram 36 mil toneladas de carne. Quanto ao Brasil, a deficiência de dados acerca do plantel de suínos locais é resultado das grandes críticas relativas aos sistemas de produção tradicionais e integrados. No entanto, dados obtidos pela FAO revelam que o efetivo total de suínos em 2018 foi de 38,8 milhões de cabeças, fazendo do país o quarto maior criador e produtor de suínos do mundo, gerando movimentação de toda cadeia produtiva de R$ 150 bilhões de reais, um produto bruto de R$ 62 bilhões de reais e 1,1 milhões de empregos diretos e indiretos (ABCS, 2016). É indiscutível que, pelas suas características zootécnicas e por terem sido explorados de maneira tradicional, sem investimentos maiores de tempo, recursos e tecnologia, os suínos locais não foram objeto de muitos estudos que permitam conhecer o seu verdadeiro potencial genético e a sua capacidade produtiva. -/- IMPORTÂNCIA DOS SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO INTEGRADOS Desde os primórdios da civilização, o homem tem tentado obter alimentos suficientes. Infelizmente, em muitos países, por variadas razões, ainda há muita gente mal alimentada e que sofre com a fome. No início do século XXI, a subordinação afetou 800 milhões de habitantes e mais de 100 milhões têm uma alimentação desequilibrada (FAO, 1995). Enquanto, nos países industrializados, os excedentes produtivos tornam-se elementos desestabilizadores da economia e dão lugar à especulação. Geralmente, os animais, principalmente os monogástricos, são considerados como concorrentes do homem por recursos alimentares. Esquece-se que são também importantes transformadores de produtos e subprodutos não comestíveis diretamente pelos seres humanos e que uma adequada e racional exploração deles pode realizar-se a complementação das necessidades alimentares das populações. Os sistemas produtivos compreendem uma série de elementos que interagem com a finalidade de aumentar a produção. Os sistemas pecuários integram um território, as forragens e outros alimentos, as práticas, os rebanhos, as instalações, os recursos financeiros e a comercialização. Diversas espécies animais que coexistem na mesma exploração constituem subsistemas (Gibon, 1981). Os sistemas integrados de produção permitem a participação de diferentes espécies domésticas, incluindo os suínos. Sua capacidade de transformação digestiva assegura a eliminação, segundo Ensminger (1976), de até 36 toneladas de excrementos para cada 1.000 kg de peso vivo por ano, isto é, 3.600 kg anuais de excremento por animal de 100 kg. Por exemplo, um animal de 45 kg, peso aproximado dos porcos locais, elimina diariamente 3,5 kg entre fezes e urina, conforme Jensen (1974). Estes resíduos são de grande utilidade para manter a fertilidade dos solos, bem como para servir de alimento a espécies com grande poder de transformação como os peixes (Little e Edwars, 2001) e palmípedes, além de servir para o mercado de produção de gás através dos biodigestores. Nos sistemas tradicionais, a sua utilização adequada permitiu a exploração de sistemas integrados com várias espécies de peixes como a tilápia (Tilapia spp.), carpas (Cyprinus spp.) e peixes-gato (Clarias spp.). Segundo Holmess (1991), entre cinquenta e sessenta suínos produzem suficientes efluentes para satisfazer as necessidades alimentares de 20 mil a 50 mil peixes por hectare, com uma produção anual de 3,5 a 5,0 ton./ha/ano de peixes. Em algumas explorações, em particular nos países asiáticos, os suínos desempenham um papel importante nos sistemas integrados. Além de transformar produtos e subprodutos agrícolas e agroindustriais, suas excreções recicladas para a agricultura são utilizadas para gerar biogás em biodigestores (FAO). A energia produzida por este meio, satisfaz as necessidades das famílias tanto para a preparação de alimentos, usos artesanais e até mesmo aquecimento de moradias. Holnees (1991), sustenta que sete porcos são suficientes para produzir o biogás necessário como combustível para uma família de cinco membros. A necessidade de aprofundar-se em estudos relacionados com a integração de sistemas, é mais evidente se tiver em conta que os sistemas intensivos requerem um elevado investimento econômico e tecnológico, e que muitas vezes originam uma grande contaminação. Chirgwin et. al. (1997) expressam que no balanço de «eficiência» esses fatores se mostram pouco rentáveis, se considerar a «energia consumida em insumos e serviços requerida para gerar o produto». As experiências acumuladas nos países asiáticos (FAO), e em alguns outros países da África e da América Latina, mostram que os sistemas integrados de produção estão mais próximos de cumprir com os postulados universais de produzir para garantir um adequado nível nutricional da população, através da utilização de tecnologias que não alteram nem deterioram o ambiente. Não há dúvida de que ainda são necessários grandes esforços como o empreendido pela FAO, que permita a combinação de tecnologias, de programas sanitários, de produção e de marketing. A abordagem holística deve constituir a base de futuros programas para uma adequada utilização da energia para converter o porco, e outros animais, em transformadores de produtos e subprodutos com rendimento para a população humana. CONCENTRADORES DE NUTRIENTES A conformação gástrica do porco, em particular a estrutura anatômica do seu intestino e a sua qualidade de onívoro, permite-lhe consumir todos os tipos de alimentos. Dotado de um estômago com uma capacidade de armazenamento de 6 kg (para um porco de 100 kg), dispõe de um intestino delgado que pode atingir até 14 vezes o comprimento do corpo do animal e de um fígado volumoso que permite um adequado metabolismo, garantindo uma grande capacidade de transformação dos alimentos e de assimilação. Proporcionalmente, tem um intestino equivalente ao dobro do de um homem adulto (Serres, 1973). No porco, a baixa transformação do azoto inorgânico é compensada pela disponibilidade de uma variada e rica microflora intestinal, localizada ao longo do intestino, o que lhe permite uma excelente utilização de amidos e de gorduras, provenientes de cereais e leguminosas. Os porcos nos sistemas tradicionais, na maioria das vezes, recebem uma alimentação desequilibrada. No entanto, a sua rusticidade e o seu instinto de sobrevivência permitem-lhes encontrar uma dieta que assegure, além de sua mantença, a sua reprodução e produção, fornecendo energia e proteínas à dieta humana. Esta grande capacidade transformadora de alimentos é o que permitiu ao porco, de maneira ancestral e às novas raças, a integração nos sistemas industriais com grandes benefícios econômicos, como consequência da melhoria das taxas de conversão alimentar. SUÍNOS LOCAIS E A ECONOMIA RURAL A economia dos camponeses, em particular dos países em desenvolvimento, é majoritariamente rural, com disponibilidade de pequenas parcelas e onde os cultivos e as espécies animais exploradas são adaptadas às mais variadas condições climáticas. Nestas unidades de produção, a tecnologia utilizada é ancestral, os ciclos produtivos são regidos pelo costume, os calendários astrais de suas respectivas culturas e condicionados às condições climáticas. A tecnologia utilizada não foi inovada senão de uma forma muito parcial. Não são efetuados investimentos em fatores de produção externos e, muitas vezes, grande parte das colheitas perdem-se durante o armazenamento. Em muitos casos, apesar da grande variedade de culturas por parcela (CATER, 1982), a produtividade é baixa e apenas satisfaz as necessidades familiares com escassos remanescentes para ao câmbio ou «troca» e com uma quase nula disponibilidade de excedentes para a comercialização (Benitez et. al., 1987). A pecuária, nestas unidades de produção, caracteriza-se pela diversidade de espécies, entre as quais predominam os animais menores: porcos, cabras, galinhas, patos, e espécies autóctones, como os cuyes e camelídeos nos países andinos (Benitez, 1987), roedores como a capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) nos países amazônicos e pequenos ruminantes e roedores nos países africanos (Malaisse In. CIUF, 1987). Neste contexto, os suínos, alimentados com produtos e subprodutos provenientes da propriedade, com desperdícios de cozinha e de restaurantes, com resíduos de plantações industriais, de fábricas e mesmo das lixeiras das pequenas e grandes cidades, constituem-se na esperança econômica das populações de baixos rendimentos que assentam sua economia na possibilidade de economizar por este mecanismo (Benitez, 1995). Com o propósito de dispor de recursos para satisfazer urgentes necessidades derivadas de suas atividades religiosas, sociais e culturais, os moradores contam com pequenos rebanhos de animais de 1 a 4 matrizes (Alvarado e Gómez, 1982; Benitez, 1995), ou pequenos rebanhos de 2,5 animais em média (Proaño e Chávez, 1998), que são alimentados com os recursos alimentares locais. Quando os excedentes são suficientes, os pequenos produtores mantêm um ou mais animais para engorda, mas a grande maioria das crias é destinada à venda. Os suínos destinados a criação ou engorda são uma fonte de poupança para a família. As fêmeas em gestação, como os animais de acabamento, quando alimentados com milho ou com produtos regionais: banana, tubérculos, cana e outros produtos geralmente pobres em proteínas, tentam satisfazer as suas necessidades nutricionais escavando a terra em busca de raízes, insetos e pequenos animais ricos em proteínas. Os animais entram em engorda quando deixam de ser utilizados como reprodutores e os machos são, geralmente castrados. O ciclo de engorda ou de acabamento pode durar entre dois e quatro meses, dependendo da disponibilidade de alimentos, depois são destinados à venda em feiras ou na unidade de produção até onde chegam os intermediários e compradores. A vida média destes animais ultrapassa largamente um ano de idade e pode chegar aos sete e nove anos, como no caso dos reprodutores que são engordados quando terminam o seu ciclo reprodutivo. Em todo o caso, a poupança, a disponibilidade de gordura e de proteínas são a contribuição substancial para uma família de escassos recursos. ZOONOSES E ANTROPOZOONOSES Embora uma grande variedade de doenças parasitárias, bacterianas, virais, micóticas e até nutricionais possam afetar os porcos, sua curta vida produtiva faz com que estas tenham uma mínima expressão nos ciclos produtivos, principalmente quando são prestados os cuidados necessários. Está provado que os suínos, e outros animais explorados extensivamente, não são atacados por doenças infectocontagiosas como acontece nas explorações intensivas com densidades elevadas. No entanto, estas doenças podem existir, como foi o caso dos suínos ibéricos que sofreram da Peste Suína Africana com graves perdas nos rebanhos e na economia dos produtores. Somente um trabalho organizado e grandes investimentos do Estado permitiram sua erradicação e declarar a Espanha livre dela em 1995. No entanto, existem algumas doenças zoonóticas que merecem a atenção dos criadores para evitar o contágio, entre as quais destaco: 1. Enfermidades bacterianas Tuberculose: Tem como agente etiológico no homem o Mycobacterium tuberculosis, entretanto, algumas outras espécies como M. bovis, M. avium, M. intracelular e M. tuberculose, podem atacar o porco. M. bovis é a causa de até 90% da doença em suínos, produzindo lesões hiperplásicas a nível intestinal, inflamação na região orofaríngea e nos gânglios submaxilares. O contágio ocorre geralmente em contato com pessoas ou bovinos doentes, através de alimentos para animais, de resíduos alimentares de leitaria, de cozinha, de hospitais e de outros produtos contaminados. A vacinação nas áreas endêmicas reduziu a incidência desta doença. Brucelose: É uma doença generalizada em todo o mundo, causada pelas bactérias do gênero Brucella, do qual se conhecem seis espécies e múltiplos biotipos, sendo as mais difundidas: B. abortus, B. melitensis e B. suis, na sua ordem. Os suínos são atacados pela B. suis, principalmente, mas as outras espécies de brucelas podem também produzir a doença. Os animais são infectados no coito. Os sintomas são abortos e baixa fertilidade do rebanho. Os casos de artrite e a presença de nodulações, também podem ser indicadores da doença. Um reconhecimento atempado da doença e o destino adequado dos animais doentes pode evitar a presença de portadores e o contágio. 2 Enfermidades virais Febre aftosa: É uma doença que ataca o porco na sua qualidade de animal biungulado, produzida pelos vírus do genoma ARN, gênero Aphtovirus, com sete tipos: A, O, C; SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 e Ásia 1, facilmente modificáveis. Em todo o mundo, existem áreas que se livraram da doença com a vacinação, controles migratórios e abate de animais, principalmente. Entretanto, uma grande superfície do planeta fica sob observação permanente. A presença de vesículas na cavidade bucal, inflamação ou perda dos cascos e dificuldade ao caminhar, põem em evidência a doença. A introdução de animais contaminados e de produtos à base de carne pode acelerar a disseminação da doença, ao passo que a vacinação da maioria dos animais com a estirpe adequada evita as epizootias. 3. Enfermidades parasitárias Cisticercose: É uma parasitose associada às condições higiênicas e à pobreza, encontra-se em todos os países onde o porco é explorado de maneira tradicional. Os animais são infestados pelo consumo de excrementos de seres humanos contendo os embriões hexacantos da Taenia solium. Estes embriões, também conhecidos como óvulos, ao penetrar no intestino passam por via sanguínea aos diferentes músculos onde continuam seu desenvolvimento embrionário para logo se transformarem em cisticercos. A parasitose é assintomática nos porcos, mas podem-se palpar ou observar nodulações, in vivo, na língua do animal e em algumas ocasiões na pálpebra interna, enquanto que a inspeção, post morten, podem ser observados cisticercos na língua, coração, diafragma, masseteres, glúteos, dorsais e músculo psoas, principalmente. As pessoas adquirem a tênia consumindo carne parasitada na qual os cisticercos estão vivos. A teníase é a causa da terrível parasitose humana, conhecida como neurocisticercose, que é estabelecida como resultado do alojamento de cistos no cérebro humano, derme, epiderme e região ocular. Pode causar graves transtornos patológicos no homem e inclusive a morte. O portador de T. solium se converte no transmissor da neurocisticercose já que as proglotis da tênia adulta, que são expulsos em número de 3 a 7 diariamente, contêm entre 40 e 60 mil filhotes, que, por contato ou contágio de alimentos, podem ser transmitidos às pessoas. Em muitos casos, o fecalismo ao ar livre, ou próximo das vertentes de água, pode causar contaminação de porcos coprofágicos e das culturas, principalmente hortaliças ou outras de sistema radicular e caule curto. Triquinose: A triquinose do porco é produzida por um nematódeo conhecido como Trichinella spiralis. As pessoas são infestadas com carne de porco que contém larvas de triquina. As larvas entram no intestino onde amadurecem rapidamente e se reproduzem para depois, por meio dos vasos linfáticos, chegar aos músculos estriados onde se encapsulam. As larvas alojadas nos músculos lisos geralmente morrem. Os suínos são contaminados pelo consumo de resíduos de alimentos à base de carne contendo triquinas. A emaciação e a dor muscular das extremidades posteriores servem para dificultar o diagnóstico. Segundo Acha e Szyfres (1986), um porco de 100 kg parasitado pode infestar 360 pessoas. Estes autores também sustentam que a parasitose tende a desaparecer no mundo, sendo sua incidência, em muitos países europeus, inferior a 0,1%, e que em países como Brasil, Paraguai, Colômbia, Venezuela e Equador não se detectou esta parasitose. No caso equatoriano, os trabalhos realizados por Ayabaca e Vizuete (1997) confirmam a inexistência da doença no país. CONCLUSÃO A criação de suínos é de extrema importância para o mundo agropecuário. Seja nas criações de pequenos produtores, ou mesmo de grandes produtores, os suínos têm papel importante na obtenção de proteína para a alimentação humana, de emprego para milhões de pessoas, de renda, de produtos diversos, de gordura, de biogás etc. O sistema consorciado da criação de suínos com o meio agrícola é uma criação majoritária e presente em todos os países. Os suínos beneficiam o solo com suas excretas; o homem, por meio delas obtém o biogás necessário para produção de energia, de aquecimento etc. Milhões de camponeses criadores de suínos consorciados com outras culturas animais e vegetais, demonstram a eficiência da modalidade para o mundo contemporâneo e que podem, em muitos casos, obter renda necessária para sustento de suas famílias e da comunidade local. Todavia, vale salientar que os suínos tradicionais são resistentes à inúmeros agentes patogênicos, porém além de serem resistentes, a falta de higiene e profilaxia, além da medicina preventiva, podem ser cruciais para a disseminação da doença e morte total do plantel de animais. Os suínos produzem carne, produzem renda, produzem emprego, produzem a comunhão local, os suínos são animais peculiares, transformadores e contemporâneos. Pense, crie, recrie! (shrink)

In this article we introduce the concept of implied optical perspective in deep learning computer vision systems. Taking the BBC's experimental television programme “Made by Machine: When AI met the Archive” as a case study, we trace a conceptual and material link between the system used to automatically “watch” the television archive and a specific type of photographic practice. From a computational aesthetics perspective, we show how deep learning machine vision relies on photography, its technical regimes and epistemic advantages, and (...) we propose a novel way to identify the latent camera through which the BBC archive was seen by machine. (shrink)

We argue that all comparative expressions in natural language obey a principle that we call Comparability: if x and y are at least as F as themselves, then either x is at least as F as y or y is at least as F as x. This principle has been widely rejected among philosophers, especially by ethicists, and its falsity has been claimed to have important normative implications. We argue that Comparability is needed to explain the goodness of several patterns (...) of inference that seem manifestly valid, that the purported failures of Comparability would have absurd consequences, and that the influential arguments against Comparability are less compelling than they may have initially seemed. (shrink)

Automatic detection of diseases and anatomical landmarks in medical images by the use of computers is important and considered a challenging process that could help medical diagnosis and reduce the cost and time of investigational procedures and refine health care systems all over the world. Recently, gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease diagnosis through endoscopic image classification is an active research area in the biomedical field. Several GI tract disease classification methods based on image processing and machine learning techniques have been proposed (...) by diverse research groups in the recent past. However, yet effective and comprehensive deep ensemble neural network-based classification model with high accuracy classification results is not available in the literature. In this thesis, we review ways and mechanisms to use deep learning techniques to research on multi-disease computer-aided detection about gastrointestinal and identify these images. We re-trained five state-of-the-art neural network architectures, VGG16, ResNet, MobileNet, Inception-v3, and Xception on the Kvasir dataset to classify eight categories that include an anatomical landmark (pylorus, z-line, cecum), a diseased state (esophagitis, ulcerative colitis, polyps), or a medical procedure (dyed lifted polyps, dyed resection margins) in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Our models have showed results with a promising accuracy which is a remarkable performance with respect to the state-of-the-art approaches. The resulting accuracies achieved using VGG, ResNet, MobileNet, Inception-v3, and Xception were 98.3%, 92.3%, 97.6%, 90% and 98.2%, respectively. As it appears, the most accurate result has been achieved when retraining VGG16 and Xception neural networks with accuracy reache to 98% due to its high performance on training on ImageNet dataset and internal structure that support classification problems. (shrink)

The Rachels–Temkin spectrum arguments against the transitivity of better than involve good or bad experiences, lives, or outcomes that vary along multiple dimensions—e.g., duration and intensity of pleasure or pain. This paper presents variations on these arguments involving combinations of good and bad experiences, which have even more radical implications than the violation of transitivity. These variations force opponents of transitivity to conclude that something good is worse than something that isn’t good, on pain of rejecting the good altogether. That (...) is impossible, so we must reject the spectrum arguments. (shrink)

I defend the following version of the ought-implies-can principle: (OIC) by virtue of conceptual necessity, an agent at a given time has an (objective, pro tanto) obligation to do only what the agent at that time has the ability and opportunity to do. In short, obligations correspond to ability plus opportunity. My argument has three premises: (1) obligations correspond to reasons for action; (2) reasons for action correspond to potential actions; (3) potential actions correspond to ability plus opportunity. In the (...) bulk of the paper I address six objections to OIC: three objections based on putative counterexamples, and three objections based on arguments to the effect that OIC conflicts with the is/ought thesis, the possibility of hard determinism, and the denial of the Principle of Alternate Possibilities. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the critical success factors and investigate the benefits that might be gained once implementing Electronic Customer Relationship Management at HEI from employee perspective. The study conducted at Al Quds Open University in Palestine and data collected from (300) employee through a questionnaire which consist of four variables. A number of statistical tools were intended for hypotheses testing and data analysis, including Spearman correlation coefficient for Validity, reliability correlation using Cronbach’s alpha, and Frequency (...) and Descriptive analysis. The overall findings of the current study show that all the features were important for staff and it was critical success factors, at the same time, websites were providing all the features discussed by the theory whereas staff showed their willingness to use those features if provided. It is also discovered that implementing Electronic Customer Relationship Management can cause staff retention, were provided efficiently and needed to be improved. Research limitations: The survey findings were based on QOU employee in Palestine, UAE and KSA branches not included in the study. (shrink)

Diabetes is a major public health issue that affects the nations of our time to a large extent and is described as a non-communicable epidemic. Diabetes mellitus is a common disease where there is too much sugar (glucose) floating around in your blood. This occurs because either the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin or the cells in body have become resistant to insulin. The concentration in this paper is on diagnosis diabetes by designing a proposed expert system. The main goal (...) of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosing of the illness, dealing with it quickly, and tips for permanent treatment whenever possible is given out. SL5 object expert system language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. (shrink)

En este texto se ofrece una interpretación de la crítica de la Modernidad de Bolívar Echeverría a partir de la noción de subsunción de la imaginación a la razón, y de un reflexión sobre la locura. Para dar significado a la noción mencionada se ofrece un breve estudio del uso del concepto de imaginación en Descartes y Kant. Para ofrecer la reflexión sobre la locura se recurre a las ideas de Foucault, Derrida y Echeverría sobre el asunto. Finalmente, se presenta (...) a la imaginación no subsumida a la razón y a la locura como elementos de crítica y resistencia a la modernidad capitalista, en el marco del planteamiento de Echeverría. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to bring recent work on metaphysical grounding to bear on the phenomenon of social construction. It is argued that grounding can be used to analyze social construction and that the grounding framework is helpful for articulating various claims and commitments of social constructionists, especially about social identities, e.g., gender and race. The paper also responds to a number of objections that have been leveled against the application of grounding to social construction from Elizabeth Barnes, (...) Mari Mikkola, and Jessica Wilson. (shrink)

It is commonplace in discussions of modern cosmology to assert that the early universe began in a special state. Conventionally, cosmologists characterize this fine-tuning in terms of the horizon and flatness problems. I argue that the fine-tuning is real, but these problems aren't the best way to think about it: causal disconnection of separated regions isn't the real problem, and flatness isn't a problem at all. Fine-tuning is better understood in terms of a measure on the space of trajectories: given (...) reasonable conditions in the late universe, the fraction of cosmological histories that were smooth at early times is incredibly tiny. This discussion helps clarify what is required by a complete theory of cosmological initial conditions. (shrink)

The study evaluated the implementation of research-based extension programs among mainland campuses of State Universities and Colleges in the Bicol Region. Specifically, it determined the profile of extension programs implemented, the extent of implementation, and the extent of involvement of stakeholders in implementing research-based extension programs. Descriptive and evaluative research methods were employed in the study using purposive random sampling. Respondents were the 105 stakeholders of research-based extension programs from 7 SUCs mainland campuses in the Bicol Region. Data were interpreted (...) using frequency count, percentage, mid-rank, and weighted mean. Data revealed that the implementation of research-based extension programs among SUCs varies. SUCs, except SUC G, “highly implement” research-based extension programs aligned with the needs of the community and are anchored to the curricular offerings of the institution and stakeholders’ involvement in the implemented research-based extension programs. (shrink)

Philosophers of science turned to historical case studies in part in response to Thomas Kuhn's insistence that such studies can transform the philosophy of science. In this issue Joseph Pitt argues that the power of case studies to instruct us about scientific methodology and epistemology depends on prior philosophical commitments, without which case studies are not philosophically useful. Here I reply to Pitt, demonstrating that case studies, properly deployed, illustrate styles of scientific work and modes of argumentation that are not (...) well handled by currently standard philosophical analyses. I illustrate these claims with exemplary findings from case studies dealing with exploratory experimentation and with interdisciplinary cooperation across sciences to yield multiple independent means of access to theoretical entities. The latter cases provide examples of ways that scientists support claims about theoretical entities that are not available in work performed within a single discipline. They also illustrate means of correcting systematic biases that stem from the commitments of each discipline taken separately. These findings illustrate the transformative power of case study methods, allow us to escape from the horns of Pitt's "dilemma of case studies," and vindicate some of the post-Kuhn uses to which case studies have been put. (shrink)

The study aimed to identify the knowledge management processes and their role in achieving competitive advantage at Al-Quds Open University. The study was based on the descriptive analytical method, and the study population consists of academic and administrative staff in each of the branches of Al-Quds Open University in (Tulkarm, Nablus and Jenin). The researchers selected a sample of the study population by the intentional non-probability method, the size of (70) employees. A questionnaire was prepared and supervised by a number (...) of specialists in order to obtain the results of the study. The study concluded that there is a positive direct relationship, that is, the higher the degree of application of knowledge management processes, the greater the degree of competitive advantage. Knowledge Technology came first with a score of 80.02% on all items. Competitive advantage came second with 81.74%. In the third place came "knowledge generation" where the total score on all paragraphs in this area (78.24%). In the fourth place, "knowledge transfer" (77.21%). "Developing and storing knowledge" came in fifth place (77.13%). "Acquisition of knowledge" came in sixth place (76.45%). Knowledge Organization ranked seventh (74.26%). The study recommended that the university should enable the employees to benefit from the experiences and expertise available to help generate knowledge. The University encourages the creation of knowledge through the system of incentives and open the way for creators to apply their creations and spread and invest in excellence and creativity. The university should design work performance levels based on the integration of knowledge and organize it according to policies that support freedom of research. The need for Palestinian universities to adopt a knowledge management approach. The need to adopt a system of incentives that rewards cognitive efforts, and give workers enough freedom to enable them to apply their knowledge. (shrink)

There is no doubt that tomato diseases are one of the important reasons that destroy the tomato plant and its crops. This leads to clear damage to these plants and they become inedible. Discovering these diseases after a good step for proper and correct treatment. Determining the treatment with high accuracy depends on the method used in the diagnosis. Correctly, expert systems can greatly help to avoid damage to these plants. The expert system diagnoses tomato disease correctly to facilitate farmers (...) to find the correct treatment based on the appropriate diagnosis. Objectives: An expert system has been established based on CLIPS to diagnose tomato plant disease. (shrink)

Background: A bean is the seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes throughout the world. Beans are one of the longest-cultivated plants. Broad beans, also called fava beans, in their wild state the size of a small fingernail, were gathered in Afghanistan and the Himalayan foothills. (...) In a form improved from naturally occurring types, Beans were an important source of protein throughout old and new world history, and still are today. Objectives: The main goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosis of disease and the correct treatment. Methods: In this paper, the design of the proposed Expert System was produced to help farmers and those interested in agriculture in diagnosing many of the Bean diseases such as Fusarium wilt, Charcoal rot or ashy stem blight, Bacterial leaf spot and blight, Mung bean yellow mosaic virus, Cercospora leaf spot. The proposed expert system presents an overview of Bean diseases are given, the cause of diseases outlined and the treatment of disease whenever possible is given out. CLIPS Expert System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed Bean diseases diagnosis expert system was evaluated by Agricultural experts and some friends interested in agriculture and they were satisfied with its performance. Conclusions: The proposed expert system is very useful for Farmers and those interested in agriculture. (shrink)

En este artículo se sostiene la siguiente hipótesis: si una hipótesis tiene valor epistémico para Hume, este valor tiene que provenir de la intuición. Para ello se consideran las tres posibles fuentes de conocimiento en su pensamiento: la demostración, la experiencia y la intuición. Considerando que Hume presenta su doctrina de la creencia como una hipótesis, se argumenta que el valor epistémico de las hipótesis no puede provenir de la demostración ni de la experiencia y, por tanto, o las hipótesis (...) carecen de valor epistémico o su valor epistémico proviene de la intuición. Para sostener la hipótesis propuesta se ofrece un análisis de la evidencia textual sobre la hipótesis y la intuición a la luz de la literatura disponible sobre el tema. (shrink)

You may not know me well enough to evaluate me in terms of my moral character, but I take it you believe I can be evaluated: it sounds strange to say that I am indeterminate, neither good nor bad nor intermediate. Yet I argue that the claim that most people are indeterminate is the conclusion of a sound argument—the indeterminacy paradox—with two premises: (1) most people are fragmented (they would behave deplorably in many and admirably in many other situations); (2) (...) fragmentation entails indeterminacy. I support (1) by examining psychological experiments in which most participants behave deplorably (e.g., by maltreating “prisoners” in a simulated prison) or admirably (e.g., by intervening in a simulated theft). I support (2) by arguing that, according to certain plausible conceptions, character evaluations presuppose behavioral consistency (lack of fragmentation). Possible reactions to the paradox include: (a) denying that the experiments are relevant to character; (b) upholding conceptions according to which character evaluations do not presuppose consistency; (c) granting that most people are indeterminate and explaining why it appears otherwise. I defend (c) against (a) and (b). (shrink)

Imperatives cannot be true or false, so they are shunned by logicians. And yet imperatives can be combined by logical connectives: "kiss me and hug me" is the conjunction of "kiss me" with "hug me". This example may suggest that declarative and imperative logic are isomorphic: just as the conjunction of two declaratives is true exactly if both conjuncts are true, the conjunction of two imperatives is satisfied exactly if both conjuncts are satisfied—what more is there to say? Much more, (...) I argue. "If you love me, kiss me", a conditional imperative, mixes a declarative antecedent ("you love me") with an imperative consequent ("kiss me"); it is satisfied if you love and kiss me, violated if you love but don't kiss me, and avoided if you don't love me. So we need a logic of three -valued imperatives which mixes declaratives with imperatives. I develop such a logic. (shrink)

Recently, I was reading Kant's Critique of Pure Reason: Background Source Materials, and read selections from Wolff, Baumgarten, Crusius, and Kant's own teacher, Martin Knutzen. It was dope - real philosophical comfort food - and inspired this piece, written in the style of one of their textbooks.

The research aims to identify the learning organizations and their role in achieving organizational excellence in the Palestinian universities in Gaza Strip. The researchers used descriptive analytical approach and used the questionnaire as a tool for information gathering. The questionnaires were distributed to senior management in the Palestinian universities. The study population reached (344) employees in senior management is dispersed over (3) Palestinian universities. A stratified random sample of (182) workers from the Palestinian universities was selected and the recovery rate (...) was (69.2%). Statistical analysis (SPSS) program was used for analysis and processing the data. The research found the following results: there is a fair degree of approval on "cognitive dimension", there is a high approval about the importance of "organizational dimension", there is moderately consent of the importance of "Community dimension", there is a large degree of consent about the importance of axis of the "leadership excellence", there is a large degree of consent about the importance of axis of the "service-excellence", there is a fair degree approval about the importance of the axis of "cognitive excellence", and there is a moderately consent of the importance of "Organizational Excellence". The research found a group of recommendations including: the need to develop appropriate strategies for the University, employ modern technology in information systems, in addition to provide appropriate environment that achieve learning organizations, develop technological infrastructure, adopt universities for knowledge management in the academic and administrative departments because knowledge is the core of the work of these departments, create technological incubators in universities to adopt excellence academic research projects, and protected them, support them, and market them. Establishing of centers of excellence for scientific research in the university.The need for cooperation and coordination between local, Arab and international universities for the exchange of knowledge, information, and participation programs and training courses, as it provides an opportunity to develop the capabilities and skills of personnel and expertise. (shrink)

The paper considers contemporary models of presumption in terms of their ability to contribute to a working theory of presumption for argumentation. Beginning with the Whatelian model, we consider its contemporary developments and alternatives, as proposed by Sidgwick, Kauffeld, Cronkhite, Rescher, Walton, Freeman, Ullmann-Margalit, and Hansen. Based on these accounts, we present a picture of presumptions characterized by their nature, function, foundation and force. On our account, presumption is a modal status that is attached to a claim and has the (...) effect of shifting, in a dialogue, a burden of proof set at a local level. Presumptions can be analysed and evaluated inferentially as components of rule-based structures. Presumptions are defeasible, and the force of a presumption is a function of its normative foundation. This picture seeks to provide a framework to guide the development of specific theories of presumption. (shrink)

Slurs such as spic, slut, wetback, and whore are linguistic expressions that are primarily understood to derogate certain group members on the basis of their descriptive attributes and expressions of this kind have been considered to pack some of the nastiest punches natural language affords. Although prior scholarship on slurs has uncovered several important facts concerning their meaning and use –including that slurs are potentially offensive, are felicitously applied towards some targets yet not others, and are often flexibly used not (...) only derogatorily to convey offense towards out-group members but also non-derogatorily to convey affiliation with in-group members– the literature remains largely focused on slurs that typically target African Americans, male homosexuals, and sexually active females. Since no account of slurs that typically target Hispanics or Mexican-Americans has so far been proposed, here I offer the first systematic and empirically informed analysis of these that accounts for both their derogatory and appropriative use. Importantly, this article reviews over a dozen Spanish stereotypes and slurs and explains how the descriptive attributes involved in a stereotype associated with a slur can contribute to the predication of certain content in the application of that slur toward its target in context. This article further explains how the psychological effects of stereotype threat and stereotype lift can be initiated through the application of a relevant slur towards its target in context as well. -/- ----- -/- Las expresiones peyorativas tales como spic (‘spic’), slut (‘zorra’), wetback (‘espalda mojada’) y whore (‘puta’) son expresiones lingüísticas que se entienden principalmente para minusvalorar ciertos miembros de un grupo sobre la base de sus atributos descriptivos (como la raza o el sexo). Se ha considerado que las expresiones de este tipo conllevan algunos de los puñetazos más desagradables que el lenguaje natural puede proporcionar. Aunque la literatura especializada sobre expresiones peyorativas ha descubierto varios hechos importantes en cuanto a significado y uso –entre los que se incluyen que tales expresiones son potencialmente ofensivas, apuntan efectivamente hacia unos objetivos pero no hacia otros, y con frecuencia se utilizan con flexibilidad no sólo despectivamente para ofender a miembros por fuera de un grupo, sino que también de forma no despectiva para afiliar con miembros dentro de un mismo grupo–, tal literatura sigue centrada en gran medida en las expresiones peyorativas que típicamente apuntan contra los afroamericanos (nigger ‘negro’), los homosexuales varones (fagot ‘maricón’), y las mujeres sexualmente activas (slut ‘zorra’). En tanto que no se ha propuesto al momento dar cuenta de expresiones peyorativas dirigidas contra hispanos o mexicano-americanos, en este trabajo se ofrece el primer análisis sistemático y empíricamente informado de tales expresiones, tanto en sus usos despectivos y de apropiación. Es importante destacar que en este artículo se revisan más de una docena de estereotipos y expresiones peyorativas en español, además de explicar cómo los atributos descriptivos que participan de un estereotipo asociado con una difamación pueden contribuir a la predicación de determinados contenidos en la aplicación de esa expresión hacia su objetivo en contexto. Asimismo, en este artículo se explica cómo comienzan los efectos psicológicos de la amenaza estereotipada y el realce estereotipado cuando se emplea una expresión peyorativa relevante contra un objetivo en contexto. (shrink)

Imperatives cannot be true, but they can be obeyed or binding: `Surrender!' is obeyed if you surrender and is binding if you have a reason to surrender. A pure declarative argument — whose premisses and conclusion are declaratives — is valid exactly if, necessarily, its conclusion is true if the conjunction of its premisses is true; similarly, I suggest, a pure imperative argument — whose premisses and conclusion are imperatives — is obedience-valid (alternatively: bindingness-valid) exactly if, necessarily, its conclusion is (...) obeyed (alternatively: binding) if the conjunction of its premisses is. I argue that there are two kinds of bindingness, and that a vacillation between two corresponding variants of bindingness-validity largely explains conflicting intuitions concerning the validity of some pure imperative arguments. I prove that for each of those two variants of bindingness-validity there is an equivalent variant of obedience-validity. Finally, I address alternative accounts of pure imperative inference. (shrink)

There is growing concern that a global economic system fueled predominately by financial incentives may not maximize human flourishing and social welfare externalities. If so, this presents a challenge of how to get economic actors to adopt a more virtuous motivational mindset. Relying on historical, psychological, and philosophical research, we show how such a mindset can be instilled. First, we demonstrate that historically, financial self-interest has never in fact been the only guiding motive behind free markets, but that markets themselves (...) are representations of our individual and collective moral identities. Building on this understanding, we review the research on how economic incentives crowd out virtue-oriented concerns. We then introduce the concept of moral self-awareness (MSA), an evolving mindset informed by reflection on moral identity, namely what one’s actions say about oneself given the impacts on others or society that one’s action may effect. MSA comprises three fundamental aspects of virtue-oriented reasoning: pride, shame, and guilt. Finally, we offer a four-stage model anchored in systems theory, yielding ever more refined motivating strategies for maximizing human flourishing and social welfare externalities. (shrink)

These comments are part of a book symposium on Karen Bennett's book, _Making Things Up_.

En este texto abordo la concepción de la filosofía de Laura Benítez y su propuesta de vías reflexivas. A partir de lo anterior, ofrezco una reflexión metodológica sobre la historia de la filosofía como filosofía.

We defend three controversial claims about preference, credence, and choice. First, all agents (not just rational ones) have complete preferences. Second, all agents (again, not just rational ones) have real-valued credences in every proposition in which they are confident to any degree. Third, there is almost always some unique thing we ought to do, want, or believe.

Recently, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) got much attention from researchers even though ITS educational technology began in the late 1960s and ITS is just embryonic from laboratories into the field. In this paper we outline an intelligent tutoring system for teaching basics of the databases system called (MDB). The MDB was built as education system by using the authoring tool (ITSB). MDB contains learning materials as a group of lessons for beginner level which include relational database system and lessons in (...) the process to install and set up a database. MDB system has exams for each level of the Lessons. An evaluation was done to see the effectiveness the MDB among learners and instructors. The outcome of the evaluation was promising. (shrink)

A consensus exists among contemporary philosophers of biology about the history of their field. According to the received view, mainstream philosophy of science in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s focused on physics and general epistemology, neglecting analyses of the 'special sciences', including biology. The subdiscipline of philosophy of biology emerged (and could only have emerged) after the decline of logical positivism in the 1960s and 70s. In this article, I present bibliometric data from four major philosophy of science journals (Erkenntnis, (...) Philosophy of Science, Synthese, and the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science), covering 1930-59, which challenge this view. (shrink)

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) has a wide influence on the exchange rate, education, health, training, and educational programs. In this paper we describe an intelligent tutoring system that helps student study computer networks. The current ITS provides intelligent presentation of educational content appropriate for students, such as the degree of knowledge, the desired level of detail, assessment, student level, and familiarity with the subject. Our Intelligent tutoring system was developed using ITSB authoring tool for building ITS. A preliminary evaluation of (...) the ITS was done by a group of students and teachers. The results were acceptable. (shrink)

In Flourish, the positive psychologist Seligman (2011) identifies five commonly recognized factors that are characteristic of human flourishing or well-being: (1) “positive emotion,” (2) “relationships,” (3) “engagement,” (4) “achievement,” and (5) “meaning” (p. 24). Although there is no settled set of necessary and sufficient conditions neatly circumscribing the bounds of human flourishing (Seligman, 2011), we would mostly likely consider a person that possessed high levels of these five factors as paradigmatic or prototypical of human flourishing. Accordingly, if we wanted to (...) go about the practical task of actually increasing our level of well-being, we ought to do so by focusing on practically increasing the levels of the five factors that are characteristic of well-being. If, for instance, an activity such as musical engagement can be shown to positively influence each or all of these five factors, this would be compelling evidence that an activity such as musical engagement can positively contribute to one’s living a flourishing life. I am of the belief that psychological research can and should be used, not only to identify and diagnose maladaptive psychological states, but identify and promote adaptive psychological states as well. In this article I advance the hypothesis and provide supporting evidence for the claim that musical engagement can positively contribute to one’s living a flourishing life. Since there has not yet been a substantive and up-to-date investigation of the possible role of music in contributing to one’s living a flourishing life, the purpose of this article is to conduct this investigation, thereby bridging the gap and stimulating discussion between the psychology of music and the psychology of well-being. (shrink)

ArgumentIn the United States, scientific knowledge is brought before the courts by way of testimony – the testimony of scientific experts. We argue that this expertise is best understoodfirstas related to the quality of the underlying scienceand thenin terms of who delivers it. Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA), a contemporary forensic science, serves as the vaulting point for our exploration of objectivity as a metric for the quality of a science in judicial contexts. We argue that BPA fails to meet the (...) minimal standard set by Helen Longino’s social-procedural account of objectivity (1990, 2002). In light of some pressing issues for social-procedural accounts, we offer an infrastructural account of objectivity. This account offers what amounts to a friendly amendment to Longino’s account and adds to the ways in which we might analyze social-procedural objectivity. Finally, we address an issue that is pressing in the legal context: given that scientific knowledge is delivered by individuals, not communities, at least in U.S. courts, we (may) need a way to evaluate individual scientific and epistemic agents. We suggest a means for making this evaluation that is derived from our infrastructural account of objectivity. (shrink)

I use Plotinus to present absolute divine simplicity as the consequence of principles about metaphysical and explanatory priority to which most theists are already committed. I employ Phil Corkum’s account of ontological independence as independent status to present a new interpretation of Plotinus on the dependence of everything on the One. On this reading, if something else (whether an internal part or something external) makes you what you are, then you are ontologically dependent on it. I show that this account (...) supports Plotinus’s claim that any entity with parts cannot be fully independent. In particular, I lay out Plotinus’s case for thinking that even a divine self-understanding intellect cannot be fully independent. I then argue that a weaker version of simplicity is not enough for the theist since priority monism meets the conditions of a moderate version of ontological independence just as well as a transcendent but complex ultimate being. (shrink)

In August 2021, Froese et al. published survey data collected from 2,543 respondents on their subjective experiences living under imposed social distancing measures during COVID-19 (1). The questionnaire was issued to respondents in the UK, Japan, and Mexico. By combining the authors’ expertise in phenomenological philosophy, phenomenological psychopathology, and enactive cognitive science, the questions were carefully phrased to prompt reports that would be useful to phenomenological investigation and theorizing (2–4). These questions reflected the various author’s research interests (e.g., technology, grief, (...) time). Between April 7th and July 31st, 2021, a second questionnaire with the same question set was issued to respondents of the original who had agreed to do a follow-up. This was intended to capture subjective reports of life under social distancing measures a year after the initial survey. By this time–depending on their country of residence and health status–respondents had potentially lived with repeated and prolonged lockdowns and a variety of other restrictions on their social lives. When taken together, Survey I and Survey II provide a cross-cultural and longitudinal dataset that allows for analysis of longer-term impacts of imposed social distancing measures on people’s experiences. For researchers working in diverse disciplines, this dataset offers a rich resource that reflects people’s reactions to the imposition of different social restrictions in different countries and over different time periods. (shrink)

We provide a derivation of the Born Rule in the context of the Everett (Many-Worlds) approach to quantum mechanics. Our argument is based on the idea of self-locating uncertainty: in the period between the wave function branching via decoherence and an observer registering the outcome of the measurement, that observer can know the state of the universe precisely without knowing which branch they are on. We show that there is a uniquely rational way to apportion credence in such cases, which (...) leads directly to the Born Rule. Our analysis generalizes straightforwardly to cases of combined classical and quantum self-locating uncertainty, as in the cosmological multiverse. (shrink)

Numerous societal issues, from climate change to pandemics, require public engagement with scientific research. Such engagement reveals challenges that can arise when experts communicate with laypeople. One of the most common frameworks for framing these communicative interactions is the deficit model of science communication, which holds that laypeople lack scientific knowledge and/or positive attitudes towards science, and that imparting knowledge will fill knowledge gaps, lead to desirable attitude/behavior changes, and increase trust in science. §1 introduces the deficit model in more (...) detail and shows that adhering to this model often fails to achieve its aims, which motivates the main question of this chapter: how can Ludwik Fleck’s theory of thinking collectives address the persistent problem of deficit approaches in science communication? I suggest that it can do so by exposing the deficit model’s implicit assumption of an expert-lay divide. Accordingly, §2 lays out Fleck’s theory and §3 contrasts it with contemporary debates about science communication. Following this descriptive work, §4 draws on Fleck’s ideas to make four concrete suggestions for further questioning the expert-lay divide. (shrink)

The study aimed to identify the reality of the use of social networks in the technical colleges in Palestine, where the variables of social networks were included. The analytical descriptive method was used in the study. A questionnaire consisting of (12) items was randomly distributed to college workers Technology in the Gaza Strip. The sample of the study consisted of (205) employees of these colleges. The response rate was 74.5%. The results showed a high degree of approval for the dimensions (...) of the social networks and a relative weight (74.15%) according to the perspective of the employees of the technical colleges in the Gaza Strip. The results of the study showed that there is a high level of social networking areas (site management and Website Content) in the technical colleges in the Gaza Strip. The field of site management ranked first with a relative weight of 74.91%, and second and last (Content Site) with a relative weight (73.38%). The results showed that there were differences between colleges in the use of social networks where the results showed that the most common colleges used these networks (UCAS) and the least used is (GTC). The results showed no differences between male and female employees in the use of social networks in technical colleges. The researchers suggest a number of recommendations, including: the need to raise awareness of the importance of Facebook and other social networking sites, through the holding of courses for employees in technical colleges, and to identify the ways to optimize the use of such sites, and the benefits of this use, and reflected positively on technical colleges. And the adoption of dealing with the various social networking sites as a reality, and the Palestinian and Arab technical colleges, use them in accordance with the objectives of technical colleges. Advise the Department of Technical Colleges to devote time to their presence on social networks to follow the public and respond to their queries. There is a need for the attention of decision-makers in technical colleges in social sites, because they are considered an important and effective means of communication, and the link between beneficiaries and decision-makers. There is a need to promote the use of modern electronic means of work and the need to increase the link of customers to the college through electronic services. (shrink)

Bestrewn with relics of subjugation, the frameworks that hinge on social progress have failed to appraise the plight of the marginalized in the democratic discourse. This is the case in the Philippines, as in other fringed spaces caught in hegemonic world-building. In this setup, emancipation is anchored in salvific attempts – salvaging the marginalized from a messianic standpoint. This tends to produce a pejorative image of the marginalized as incapable of self-determination. I argue in a three-part discussion: (1) reexamine the (...) locus of the margin in critical theorizing; (2) retrace the act of recognition vis-à-vis the emancipative struggle; (3) present that the lifeworld of the marginalized offers redemptive alternatives for emancipation. Further, I argue that this offers a foremost framework in critical theorizing at the margin since their situatedness affords a stance that has not formed a patina of the West but is primarily informed by their rich local periphery. (shrink)

In this article I propose an original view of the nature of shared intention. In contrast to psychological views (Bratman, Searle, Tuomela) and normative views (Gilbert), I argue that both functional roles played by attitudes of individual participants and interpersonal obligations are factors of central and independent significance for explaining what shared intention is. It is widely agreed that shared intention (I) normally motivates participants to act, and (II) normally creates obligations between them. I argue that the view I propose (...) can explain why it is not a mere accident that both (I) and (II) are true of shared intention, while psychological and normative views cannot. The basic idea is that shared intention involves a structure of attitudes of individuals –including, most importantly, attitudes of reliance – which normally plays the relevant motivating roles and creates the relevant obligations. (shrink)

The paper challenges the view that public justification sits well with emancipatory and egalitarian intuitions. I distinguish between the depth, scope and the purchase of the discursive standing that such justification allocates, and situate within this matrix Rawls’s view of public justification. A standard objection to this view is that public justification should be more inclusive in scope. This is both plausible and problematic in emancipatory and egalitarian terms. If inclusive public justification allocates discursive standing that is rich in purchase, (...) as seems desirable in emancipatory terms, it may be unable to allocate equal standing to all relevant people. And if it is to allocate equal standing, then the equality of that standing should be construed in terms that allow for unequal discursive purchase. (shrink)

Every person has his/her own unique signature that is used mainly for the purposes of personal identification and verification of important documents or legal transactions. There are two kinds of signature verification: static and dynamic. Static(off-line) verification is the process of verifying an electronic or document signature after it has been made, while dynamic(on-line) verification takes place as a person creates his/her signature on a digital tablet or a similar device. Offline signature verification is not efficient and slow for a (...) large number of documents. To overcome the drawbacks of offline signature verification, we have seen a growth in online biometric personal verification such as fingerprints, eye scan etc. In this paper we created CNN model using python for offline signature and after training and validating, the accuracy of testing was 99.70%. (shrink)

Fan culture has grown immensely over the past few years. People are constantly looking up to celebrities and personalities as role models for their fashion, identity, and success. During the stage of adolescence, it is normal for teenagers to admire well- known people and form fan attachments as part of their identity formation. However, this admiration of a specific media figure can be associated with one's personality, cognitive processes, and psychological well-being. Thus, the current study aims to investigate the correlation (...) between celebrity admiration and the self-esteem of 238 Filipino male teenagers. The research instruments, namely Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) were both utilized through google forms. Results have shown high scores on celebrity admiration and the normal range of self-esteem of the participants. Using Pearson’s r correlation coefficient, it was found that celebrity admiration and self-esteem of Filipino male teenagers have a significant relationship that exists in a negative direction. (shrink)

This paper considers the prospect of moral transhumanism from the perspective of theological virtue ethics. I argue that the pursuit of goodness inherent to moral transhumanism means that there is a compelling prima facie case for moral enhancement. However, I also show that the proposed enhancements would not by themselves allow us to achieve a life of virtue, as they appear unable to create or enhance prudence, the situational judgement essential for acting in accordance with virtue. I therefore argue that (...) moral enhancement technologies should take a limited or supporting role in moral development, which I call ‘moral supplementation’. (shrink)

Philosophers of action of different persuasions have suggested that there is a tight connection between the phenomenon of intending and the phenomena of “being settled on” and of “settling” a course of action. For many, this connection supports an important constraint on intention: one may only intend what one takes one’s so intending as settling. Traditionally, this has been understood as a doxastic constraint on intention: what one takes one’s intention as settling is what one believes one’s so intending as (...) settling. This paper proposes an alternative conception of such a constraint. The idea is to conceive of it in terms of the attitude of reliance, rather than of belief. The aim of the paper is three-fold: to clarify the connection between intending to act and the phenomena of being settled on and of settling a course of action, to provide support for the reliance conception of the cited constraint, and to show that this conception drives a wedge in the familiar dispute, between doxastic and conative accounts of intention, as to whether intending to act necessarily involves the belief that one will so act. (shrink)

This is a survey article on reductive views of shared intention.

This contribution aims to explore the historical predecessors of the Five Percenter model of self-realization, as popularized by Hip Hop artists such as Supreme Team, Rakim Allah, Brand Nubian, Wu-Tang Clan, or Sunz of Man. As compared to frequent considerations of the phenomenon as a creative mythological background for a socio-political struggle, Five Percenter teachings shall be discussed as contemporary interpretations of historical models of self-realization in various philosophical, religious, and esoteric systems. By putting the coded system of the tenfold (...) Supreme Mathematics as one of its core teachings in context with the Pythagorean Tetractys, an arrangement of ten points in four lines, the commonalities between the sequence and concepts attributed to the respective numbers will be demonstrated. (shrink)

I argue that Evolutionary Psychologists’ notion of adaptationism is closest to what Peter Godfrey-Smith (2001) calls explanatory adaptationism and as a result, is not a good organizing principle for research in the biology of human behavior. I also argue that adopting an alternate notion of adaptationism presents much more explanatory resources to the biology of human behavior. I proceed by introducing Evolutionary Psychology and giving some examples of alternative approaches to the biological explanation of human behavior. Next I characterize adaptation (...) and explain the range of biological phenomena that can count as adaptations. I go onto introduce the range of adaptationist views that have been distinguished by philosophers of biology and lay out explanatory adaptationism in detail. (shrink)