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  1. Gender Differences in the Provision of Job-Search Help.Min Zhou - 2019 - Gender and Society 33 (5):746-771.
    The existing literature has well studied the use of social contacts in job search, including gender inequality, in using social contacts. What is missing is the perspective of social contacts who help others find jobs. Using a large data set from the 2012 China Labor-Force Dynamics Survey, this study reveals significant gender differences in the provision of job-search help. Compared with women, men are more likely to provide job-search help and especially show a greater likelihood of exerting direct influence on (...)
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  • Women Quotas vs. Men Quotas in Academia: Students Perceive Favoring Women as Less Fair Than Favoring Men.Miriam K. Zehnter & Erich Kirchler - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  • Does the Pandemic Affect Inequality Within Families?: The Case of Dual-Earner Couples in Israel.Meir Yaish, Tali Kristal & Efrat Herzberg-Druker - 2022 - Gender and Society 36 (6):895-921.
    This article exploits the unique consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak to examine whether time constraints drive the unequal division of unpaid labor between dual-earner couples in Israel. Using the first wave of longitudinal household data that was collected in Israel since the outbreak of the pandemic, we focused on 325 dual-earner couples who stayed employed during the first lockdown. By employing OLS regressions, we examined the association between changes in employment hours and changes in unpaid labor for partnered men (...)
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  • Gender Inequality and Time Allocations Among Academic Faculty.Sarah Winslow - 2010 - Gender and Society 24 (6):769-793.
    This article focuses on faculty members’ allocation of time to teaching and research, conceptualizing these—and the mismatch between preferred and actual time allocations—as examples of gender inequality in academic employment. Utilizing data from the 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty, I find that women faculty members prefer to spend a greater percentage of their time on teaching, while men prefer to spend more time on research, although these preferences are themselves constrained; women faculty members spend a greater percentage of their (...)
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  • Blinded by Love: Women, Men, and Gendered Age in Relationship Stories.Amy C. Wilkins & Cristen Dalessandro - 2017 - Gender and Society 31 (1):96-118.
    While young people today expect gender equity in relationships, inequality persists. In this article, we use interviews with 25 young adults to investigate the link between gender meanings, age meanings, and continued inequality in relationships. Middle-class young adults tell relationship stories in a gender and age context that both reflect and perpetuate ideas about adult masculinity and femininity. While women often tell stories of poor treatment in relationships, they are able to reclaim agency over their experiences and believe that they (...)
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  • “I Feel Like It’s a Heavier Burden...”: The Gendered Contours of Heterosexual Partnering after Welfare Reform.Jill Weigt - 2010 - Gender and Society 24 (5):565-590.
    One of the explicit goals of the 1996 welfare reform in the United States was to create conditions that would encourage marriage as a means of reducing poverty and welfare “dependency.” With the exception of a few notable studies that examine reliance on abusive partners and former partners, relatively little scholarly attention has been given to the contours of partnering after welfare reform. Using a feminist lens on data from two qualitative studies, the author examines the partnership experiences of a (...)
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  • Occupational Gender Segregation, Globalization, and Gender Earnings Inequality in U.S. Metropolitan Areas.Michael Wallace, Maura Kelly & Gordon Gauchat - 2012 - Gender and Society 26 (5):718-747.
    Previous research on gender-based economic inequality has emphasized occupational segregation as the leading explanatory factor for the gender wage gap. Yet the globalization of the U.S. economy has affected gender inequality in fundamental ways and potentially diminished the influence of occupational gender segregation. We examine whether occupational gender segregation continues to be the main determinant of gender earnings inequality and to what extent globalization processes have emerged as important determinants of inequality between women’s and men’s earnings. We study factors contributing (...)
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  • Youth Privilege: Doing Age and Gender in Russia’s Single-Mother Families.Jennifer Utrata - 2011 - Gender and Society 25 (5):616-641.
    Relative to gender, race, and class, age relations are undertheorized. Yet age, like gender, is routinely accomplished in daily life. Grandmothers and adult daughters simultaneously do age and gender as they support one another in managing paid work and domestic responsibilities. Drawing on ethnographic data and interviews with 90 single mothers and 30 grandmothers in Russia, I explore intergenerational negotiations for support. Both single mothers and grandmothers are held accountable for doing gendered age, but labor and marriage markets tip the (...)
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  • Invisible Labor and Women’s Double Binds: Collusive Femininity and Masculine Drinking in Russia.Jennifer Utrata - 2019 - Gender and Society 33 (6):911-934.
    The heavy drinking of alcohol remains primarily a hegemonically masculine ritual worldwide. Yet scholarship has undertheorized women’s practices in shaping the boundaries of masculine rituals, including drinking. Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork and 151 interviews with single mothers, married mothers, nonresident fathers, and grandmothers from diverse class backgrounds, I demonstrate that Russian women perform extensive invisible management labor in attempting to produce responsible men. Constrained by a starkly unequal gender division of domestic labor, wives and mothers engage in (...)
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  • Caring Revolutionary Transformation: Combined Effects of a Universal Basic Income and a Public Model of Care.Zuzana Uhde - 2018 - Basic Income Studies 13 (2).
    This paper explores the possibilities of the recognition and valuation of care by implementing an unconditional basic income and presents a feminist redefinition of the concept of a UBI. The author proposes the notion of a caring revolutionary transformation as a process of institutionalising the social and economic conditions for recognition of care which is a cornerstone of struggles for women’s emancipation and gender equity. It is a process of practically realisable transformative steps which together with their combined and mutually (...)
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  • Making A Career: Reproducing Gender within a Predominately Female Profession.Latonya J. Trotter - 2017 - Gender and Society 31 (4):503-525.
    In this study, I apply the perspective of gendered organizations to nursing and use ethnographically informed career biographies of nurse practitioners, a subset of highly credentialed nurses, to investigate the reproduction of gender by inclusionary institutional practices. My findings illustrate how nursing’s historically subordinate position as a female profession has led to institutional arrangements and aspirational resources for contemporary careers. Features such as flexible educational institutions and an extended credentials ladder allow women to recast structural constraints into individual possibilities. This (...)
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  • Women in Blue: Structural and Individual Determinants of Sex Segregation in Blue-Collar Occupations.Margarita Torre - 2019 - Gender and Society 33 (3):410-438.
    The number of women occupying male-dominated blue-collar jobs continues to be very low. This study examines segregation in the blue-collar trades, taking into consideration both structural and individual factors. Using nationally representative data for 25 countries, the study shows that segregation in the blue-collar sector does not vary with the strength of vocational education and training programs. At the individual level, findings reveal higher degrees of social reproduction among working-class families, but parental background alone does not fully account for the (...)
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  • The Specter of Motherhood: Culture and the Production of Gendered Career Aspirations in Science and Engineering.Catherine J. Taylor & Sarah Thébaud - 2021 - Gender and Society 35 (3):395-421.
    Why are young women less likely than young men to persist in academic science and engineering? Drawing on 57 in-depth interviews with PhD students and postdoctoral scholars in the United States, we describe how, in academic science and engineering, motherhood is constructed in opposition to professional legitimacy, and as a subject of fear, repudiation, and public controversy. We call this the “specter of motherhood.” This specter disadvantages young women and amplifies anticipatory concerns about combining an academic career with motherhood. By (...)
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  • Gender Segregation in Elite Academic Science.Cassandra Tansey, Anne E. Lincoln & Elaine Howard Ecklund - 2012 - Gender and Society 26 (5):693-717.
    Efforts to understand gender segregation within and among science disciplines have focused on both supply- and demand-side explanations. Yet we know little about how academic scientists themselves view the sources of such segregation. Utilizing data from a survey of scientists at thirty top U.S. graduate programs in physics and biology and semistructured interviews with 150 of them, this article examines the reasons academic scientists provide for differences in the distribution of women in biology and physics. In quantitative analyses, gender is (...)
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  • Alternative food networks and food provisioning as a gendered act.Rebecca L. Som Castellano - 2015 - Agriculture and Human Values 32 (3):461-474.
    Alternative food networks are exemplified by organic, fair trade and local foods, and promote forms of food provisioning that are ‘corrective’ to conventional agriculture and food systems. Despite enthusiasm for AFNs, scholars have increasingly interrogated whether inequalities are perpetuated by AFNs. Reproduction of gender inequality in AFNs, particularly at the level of consumption, has often been left empirically unexamined, however. This is problematic given that women continue to be predominantly responsible for food provisioning in the US, and that this responsibility (...)
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  • The Uneven Pace of Change in Heterosexual Romantic Relationships: Comment on England.Christine R. Schwartz & Nikki L. Graf - 2011 - Gender and Society 25 (1):101-107.
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  • Closing the Happiness Gap: The Decline of Gendered Parenthood Norms and the Increase in Parental Life Satisfaction.Julia M. Schaub, Ariane Bertogg, Franz Neuberger & Klaus Preisner - 2020 - Gender and Society 34 (1):31-55.
    In recent decades, normative expectations for parenthood have changed for both men and women, fertility has declined, and work–family arrangements have become more egalitarian. Previous studies indicate that the transition to parenthood and work–family arrangements both influence life satisfaction and do so differently for men and women. Drawing on constructivism and utility maximization, we theorize how gendered parenthood norms influence life satisfaction after the transition to parenthood, and how decisions regarding motherhood and fatherhood are made in order to maximize life (...)
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  • Unfair Tournaments: Gender Stereotyping and Wage Discrimination among Italian Graduates.Luisa Rosti & Carolina Castagnetti - 2013 - Gender and Society 27 (5):630-658.
    This paper addresses the gender pay gap among Italian university graduates on entry to the labor market, and stresses the potential for gender stereotypes to impact subjective assessment of individual productivity. We build upon previous research about gender and wage inequality, introducing tournament theory as a framework for the gender pay gap analysis. We hypothesize that the effects of gender make occupational tournaments less fair in some arenas compared with others. As a consequence, men workers have higher probabilities of winning (...)
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  • Attitudes and the Stalled Gender Revolution: Egalitarianism, Traditionalism, and Ambivalence from 1977 through 2016.Barbara Risman, Ray Sin & William J. Scarborough - 2019 - Gender and Society 33 (2):173-200.
    Empirical studies show that though there is more room for improvement, much progress has been made toward gender equality since the second wave of feminism. Evidence also suggests that women’s advancements have been more dramatic in the public sphere of work and politics than in the private sphere of family life. We argue that this lopsided gender progress may be traced to uneven changes in gender attitudes. Using data from more than 27,000 respondents who participated in the General Social Survey (...)
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  • Gendered Interpretations of Job Loss and Subsequent Professional Pathways.Aliya Hamid Rao - 2021 - Gender and Society 35 (6):884-909.
    While we know that career interruptions shape men’s and women’s professional trajectories, we know less about how job loss may matter for this process. Drawing on interviews with unemployed, college-educated men and women in professional occupations, I show that while both men and women interpret their job loss as due to impersonal “business” decisions, women additionally attribute their job loss as arising from employers’ “personal” decisions. Men’s job loss shapes their subsequent preferred professional pathways, but never in a way that (...)
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  • Covid-19 and The Gender Gap in Employment Among Parents of Young Children in Canada.Yue Qian & Sylvia Fuller - 2021 - Gender and Society 35 (2):206-217.
    Economic and social disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic have important implications for gender and class inequality. Drawing on Statistics Canada’s monthly Labour Force Survey, we document trends in gender gaps in employment and work hours over the pandemic. Our findings highlight the importance of care provisions for gender equity, with gaps larger among parents than people without children, and most pronounced when care and employment were more difficult to reconcile. When employment barriers eased, so did the gender–employment gap. The pandemic (...)
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  • An Unfinished Revolution: England Symposium Introduction.Anastasia Prokos - 2011 - Gender and Society 25 (1):75-80.
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  • Marital Name Change as a Window into Gender Attitudes.Brian Powell, Claudia Geist & Laura Hamilton - 2011 - Gender and Society 25 (2):145-175.
    The need to revise scholars’ approach to the measurement of gender attitudes—long dominated by the separate-spheres paradigm—is growing increasingly timely as women’s share of the labor force approaches parity with men’s. Recent years have seen revived interest in marital name change as a gendered practice with the potential to aid in this task; however, scholars have yet to test its effectiveness as one possible indicator of gender attitudes. In this article we present views toward marital name change as a potential (...)
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  • Beauvoir or Butler? Comparing ‘Becoming a Woman’ with ‘Performing Gender’ Through the Life Course.Susan Pickard - 2023 - Analyse & Kritik 45 (2):215-241.
    Judith Butler claims to have based her theory of gender performance on Simone de Beauvoir’s path-breaking idea that one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman. However, Butler’s interpretation of Beauvoir’s work departs considerably from Beauvoir’s own expressed view which is that women are shaped by an interplay of femininity (construed by cultural and structural norms) and sexed bodies and that the concept of woman is a mutable one that can accommodate increasing degrees of freedom. In this paper I (...)
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  • Masculinity and the Stalled Revolution: How Gender Ideologies and Norms Shape Young Men’s Responses to Work–Family Policies.David S. Pedulla & Sarah Thébaud - 2016 - Gender and Society 30 (4):590-617.
    Extant research suggests that supportive work–family policies promote gender equality in the workplace and in the household. Yet, evidence indicates that these policies generally have stronger effects on women’s preferences and behaviors than men’s. In this article, we draw on survey-experimental data to examine how young, unmarried men’s gender ideologies and perceptions of normative masculinity may moderate the effect of supportive work–family policy interventions on their preferences for structuring their future work and family life. Specifically, we examine whether men’s prescriptive (...)
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  • Gender Segregation and Trajectories of Organizational Change: The Underrepresentation of Women in Sports Leadership.Madeleine Pape - 2020 - Gender and Society 34 (1):81-105.
    This article offers an account of organizational change to explain why women leaders are underrepresented compared to women athletes in many sports organizations. I distinguish between accommodation and transformation as forms of change: the former includes women without challenging binary constructions of gender, the latter transforms an organization’s gendered logic. Through a case study of the International Olympic Committee from 1967-1995, I trace how the organization came to define gender equity primarily in terms of accommodating women’s segregated athletic participation. Key (...)
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  • Who Deserves to Work? How Women Develop Expectations of Child Care Support in Korea.Eunsil Oh - 2018 - Gender and Society 32 (4):493-515.
    This study extends our understanding of the positive relationship between kin-based child care support and mothers’ ability to stay in the workforce by examining why and how women seek such help. Using 100 in-depth interviews with Korean mothers, I find that although child care provided by grandmothers helps mothers maintain their employment, a mother will ask for support only when she constructs strong career aspirations and generates agreement amongst family members that she deserves support. Both of these center around the (...)
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  • Programs for Undergraduate Women in Science and Engineering: Issues, Problems, and Solutions.Irina Nikiforova, Gerhard Sonnert & Mary Frank Fox - 2011 - Gender and Society 25 (5):589-615.
    We analyze programs for undergraduate women in science and engineering as strategic research sites in the study of disparities between women and men in scientific fields within higher education. Based on responses to a survey of the directors of the universe of these programs in the United States, the findings reveal key patterns in the programs’ definitions of the issues of women in science and engineering, their solutions to address the issues, their goals and perceived success with goals, and their (...)
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  • A Dangerous Subject: The Fashion Model and the Beauty/Narcissism Double Bind.Cecilie Basberg Neumann - 2017 - Hypatia 32 (2):380-396.
    In the wake of modernity, women's sexuality was positioned in a way that created a beauty/narcissism double bind that is still with us today. My concern in this article is that the subject position of “fashion model” serves as a constant reminder of this split, which is directed at all women and weakens the generalized woman's political agency. Fashion models themselves experience harassment and humiliation as well as pleasure and desire in their work as fashion models. However, the small portion (...)
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  • “If I’m Going to Do It, I’m Going to Do It Right”: Intensive Mothering Ideologies among Childless Women Who Elect Egg Freezing.Kit Myers - 2017 - Gender and Society 31 (6):777-803.
    Researchers have documented the dominance of intensive mothering ideologies and their impact on mothers and their families. However, the effect of these ideologies on childless women has received little attention. I draw on interview data to examine the parenting ideologies of childless women with electively frozen eggs. I demonstrate that incorporation of and commitment to intensive mothering ideologies affect fertility decision making among these childless women. I find that concerns about the heavy burdens of intensive motherhood, coupled with unsupportive partners (...)
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  • Forms of Femininity at the End of a Customary Marriage.Elena Moore - 2015 - Gender and Society 29 (6):817-840.
    This paper explores women’s daily practice of resistance built into the racialized and gendered social structure of customary marriages in South Africa. I argue that women resist, accommodate, adapt, and contest power and authority in the decision to leave the marriage, in negotiating the exit from the marriage, and in their approach to the financial consequences of the separation. By using the myriad of daily practices as evidence for resistance, the study identifies three forms of femininities that emerge from the (...)
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  • “From Fizzle to Sizzle!” Televised Sports News and the Production of Gender-Bland Sexism.Michael A. Messner, Cheryl Cooky & Michela Musto - 2017 - Gender and Society 31 (5):573-596.
    This article draws upon data collected as part of a 25-year longitudinal analysis of televised coverage of women’s sports to provide a window into how sexism operates during a postfeminist sociohistorical moment. As the gender order has shifted to incorporate girls’ and women’s movement into the masculine realm of sports, coverage of women’s sports has shifted away from overtly denigrating coverage in 1989 to ostensibly respectful but lackluster coverage in 2014. To theorize this shift, we introduce the concept of “gender-bland (...)
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  • Who Speaks and Who Listens: Revisiting the Chilly Climate in College Classrooms.Janice M. Mccabe & Jennifer J. Lee - 2021 - Gender and Society 35 (1):32-60.
    Almost 40 years ago, scholars identified a “chilly climate” for women in college classrooms. To examine whether contemporary college classrooms remain “chilly,” we conducted quantitative and qualitative observations in nine classrooms across multiple disciplines at one elite institution. Based on these 95 hours of observation, we discuss three gendered classroom participation patterns. First, on average, men students occupy classroom sonic space 1.6 times as often as women. Men also speak out without raising hands, interrupt, and engage in prolonged conversations during (...)
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  • Women and Men as Class and Race Actors: Comment on England.Leslie McCall - 2011 - Gender and Society 25 (1):94-100.
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  • Gender, Debt, and Dropping Out of College.Laura McCloud, Randy Hodson & Rachel E. Dwyer - 2013 - Gender and Society 27 (1):30-55.
    For many young Americans, access to credit has become critical to completing a college education and embarking on a successful career path. Young people increasingly face the trade-off of taking on debt to complete college or foregoing college and taking their chances in the labor market without a college degree. These trade-offs are gendered by differences in college preparation and support and by the different labor market opportunities women and men face that affect the value of a college degree and (...)
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  • What Trends? Whose Choices?: Comment on England.Michelle L. Maroto & Barbara F. Reskin - 2011 - Gender and Society 25 (1):81-87.
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  • Are the Processes Underlying Discrimination the Same for Women and Men? A Critical Review of Congruity Models of Gender Discrimination.Francesca Manzi - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • “He’s a Mr. Mom”: Cultural Ambivalence in Print News Depictions of Stay-at-Home Fathers, 1987–2016.Torie Lucas, Pamela Stone & Arielle Kuperberg - 2022 - Gender and Society 36 (3):313-341.
    Stay-at-home fathers challenge norms related to masculinity and gendered divisions of parenting roles. We conduct a content analysis of 94 print news articles about at-home fathers published 1987–2016 in the United States, identifying key themes and comparing results with our earlier research on news depictions of at-home mothers. We also analyze national trends in fathers staying home using Current Population Survey data to understand contexts in which articles were published. Articles were family-centric and disproportionately focused on economic elites, emphasizing their (...)
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  • Cultivating the Edge: An Ethnography of -First-Generation Women Farmers in the American Midwest.Megan Larmer - 2016 - Feminist Review 114 (1):91-111.
    In the US, an emergent cultural icon of resistant agriculture, the agrarian heroine, attests to growing popular interest in first-generation women farmers. Drawing on practice theory, historical geographical materialism, intersubjective ethnography and feminist scholarship, this ethnography focusses on three first-generation women farmers growing organic vegetable crops for the Chicago market, with critical attention to the body, the land and their uses. By applying permaculture's theory of ‘the edge’ anthropologically, this study explores the work these women do to cultivate relational spaces (...)
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  • Negotiating Courtship: Reconciling Egalitarian Ideals with Traditional Gender Norms.Ellen Lamont - 2014 - Gender and Society 28 (2):189-211.
    Traditional courtship norms delineate distinct gendered behaviors for men and women based on the model of a dominant, breadwinning male and a passive, dependent female. Previous research shows, however, that as women have increased their access to earned income, there has been a rising ideological and behavioral commitment to egalitarian relationships. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 38 college-educated women, this article explores how women negotiate these seemingly contradictory beliefs in order to understand how and why gendered courtship conventions persist even (...)
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  • Gendered Organizations in the New Economy.Kristine Kilanski, Chandra Muller & Christine L. Williams - 2012 - Gender and Society 26 (4):549-573.
    Gender scholars draw on the “theory of gendered organizations” to explain persistent gender inequality in the workplace. This theory argues that gender inequality is built into work organizations in which jobs are characterized by long-term security, standardized career ladders and job descriptions, and management controlled evaluations. Over the past few decades, this basic organizational logic has been transformed. In the so-called new economy, work is increasingly characterized by job insecurity, teamwork, career maps, and networking. Using a case study of geoscientists (...)
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  • “Just Let it Pass by and it Will Fall on Some Woman”: Invisible Work in the Labor Market.Amit Kaplan - 2022 - Gender and Society 36 (6):838-868.
    Invisible work is neither defined nor recognized as labor and is not compensated as such. Studies show that manifestations of invisible work at home flow into the marketplace. What is lacking is systematic conceptualization and measurement of invisible work in the labor market built upon women’s and men’s knowledge and experiences. In this study, I address this lacuna using mixed-method sequential analysis. Twelve group interviews of employed women and men of varied socioeconomic locations in Israel yielded diverse expressions of invisible (...)
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  • Revisiting the Gender Revolution: Time on Paid Work, Domestic Work, and Total Work in East Asian and Western Societies 1985–2016.Jiweon Jun, Shohei Yoda, Ekaterina Hertog, Kamila Kolpashnikova, Muzhi Zhou & Man-Yee Kan - 2022 - Gender and Society 36 (3):368-396.
    We analyze time use data of four East Asian societies and 12 Western countries between 1985 and 2016 to investigate the gender revolution in paid work, domestic work, and total work. The closing of gender gaps in paid work, domestic work, and total work time has stalled in the most recent decade in several countries. The magnitude of the gender gaps, cultural contexts, and welfare policies plays a key role in determining whether the gender revolution in the division of labor (...)
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  • The Gender Mobility Paradox: Gender Segregation and Women’s Mobility Across Gender-Type Boundaries, 1970–2018.Jerry A. Jacobs & Margarita Torre - 2021 - Gender and Society 35 (6):853-883.
    In this article, we examine trends in women’s mobility among male-dominated, gender-neutral, and female-dominated occupations. Earlier research, largely employing data from the 1970s and early 1980s, showed that along with significant net movement by women into male-dominated fields, there was also substantial attrition from male-dominated occupations. Here, we build on previous research by examining how “gender-type” mobility rates have changed in recent decades. The findings indicate that while still quite high, levels of women’s occupational mobility among female, gender-neutral, and male (...)
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  • Exploring Bias in Math Teachers’ Perceptions of Students’ Ability by Gender and Race/ethnicity.Melissa Humphries & Catherine Riegle-Crumb - 2012 - Gender and Society 26 (2):290-322.
    This study explores whether gender stereotypes about math ability shape high school teachers’ assessments of the students with whom they interact daily, resulting in the presence of conditional bias. It builds on theories of intersectionality by exploring teachers’ perceptions of students in different gender and racial/ethnic subgroups and advances the literature on the salience of gender across contexts by considering variation across levels of math course-taking in the academic hierarchy. Analyses of nationally representative data from the Education Longitudinal Study of (...)
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  • Divergent Gender Revolutions: Cohort Changes in Household Financial Management across Income Gradients.Yang Hu - 2021 - Gender and Society 35 (5):746-777.
    The ways in which partners manage their money provide important clues to gender inequality in and the nature of couple relationships. Analyzing data from nationally representative surveys, I examine changes across British cohorts born between the 1920s and 1990s in their household financial management, and how the changes vary across individuals and couples occupying differential income positions. The results show divergent, nuanced cohort trends toward gender equality in couples’ money management. Across successive cohorts of low-earning women, there has been a (...)
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  • Gender-Typed Skill Co-Occurrence and Occupational Sex Segregation: The Case of Professional Occupations in the United States, 2011–2015.Constance Hsiung - 2022 - Gender and Society 36 (4):469-497.
    Studies of occupational sex segregation rely on the sociocultural model to explain why some occupations are numerically dominated by women and others by men. This model argues that occupational sex segregation is driven by norms about gender-appropriate work, which are frequently conceptualized as gender-typed skills: work-related tasks, abilities, and knowledge domains that society views as either feminine or masculine. The sociocultural model thus explains the primary patterns of occupational sex segregation, which conform to these norms: Requirements for feminine skills increase (...)
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  • Do Female Occupations Pay Less but Offer More Benefits?Leslie Hodges - 2020 - Gender and Society 34 (3):381-412.
    Workers in predominantly female occupations have, on average, lower wages compared to workers in predominantly male occupations. Compensating differentials theory suggests that these wage differences occur because women select into occupations with lower pay but more fringe benefits. Alternatively, devaluation theory suggests that these wage differences occur because work performed by women is not valued as highly as work performed by men. One theory assumes that workers choose between wages and benefits. The other assumes that workers face constraints that restrict (...)
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  • Climax as Work: Heteronormativity, Gender Labor, and the Gender Gap in Orgasms.Melanie Heath, Tina Fetner & Nicole Andrejek - 2022 - Gender and Society 36 (2):189-213.
    Gender scholars have addressed a variety of gender gaps between men and women, including a gender gap in orgasms. In this mixed-methods study of heterosexual Canadians, we examine how men and women engage in gender labor that limits women’s orgasms relative to men. With representative survey data, we test existing hypotheses that sexual behaviors and relationship contexts contribute to the gender gap in orgasms. We confirm previous research that sexual practices focusing on clitoral stimulation are associated with women’s orgasms. With (...)
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  • The Penalties For Self-Reporting Sexual Harassment.Chloe Grace Hart - 2019 - Gender and Society 33 (4):534-559.
    Although sexual harassment in the workplace is illegal, it often goes unreported. This study employs causal evidence to evaluate one deterrent to reporting: bias against women known to be sexual harassment targets. I theorize about the form this bias takes and test the argument with a national survey experiment run in five waves from October 2017 to February 2018, where participants were asked to propose employment outcomes for an employee with one of four harassment experiences. Participants were less likely to (...)
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