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  1. Time and the observer: The where and when of consciousness in the brain.Daniel C. Dennett & Marcel Kinsbourne - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):183-201.
    _Behavioral and Brain Sciences_ , 15, 183-247, 1992. Reprinted in _The Philosopher's Annual_ , Grim, Mar and Williams, eds., vol. XV-1992, 1994, pp. 23-68; Noel Sheehy and Tony Chapman, eds., _Cognitive Science_ , Vol. I, Elgar, 1995, pp.210-274.
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  • Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems.David R. Shanks & Mark F. St John - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):367-447.
    A number of ways of taxonomizing human learning have been proposed. We examine the evidence for one such proposal, namely, that there exist independent explicit and implicit learning systems. This combines two further distinctions, (1) between learning that takes place with versus without concurrent awareness, and (2) between learning that involves the encoding of instances (or fragments) versus the induction of abstract rules or hypotheses. Implicit learning is assumed to involve unconscious rule learning. We examine the evidence for implicit learning (...)
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  • Implicit learning: News from the front.Axel Cleeremans, Arnaud Destrebecqz & Maud Boyer - 1998 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2 (10):406-416.
    69 Thompson-Schill, S.L. _et al. _(1997) Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex 59 Buckner, R.L. _et al. _(1996) Functional anatomic studies of memory in retrieval of semantic knowledge: a re-evaluation _Proc. Natl. Acad._ retrieval for auditory words and pictures _J. Neurosci. _16, 6219–6235 _Sci. U. S. A. _94, 14792–14797 60 Buckner, R.L. _et al. _(1995) Functional anatomical studies of explicit and 70 Baddeley, A. (1992) Working memory: the interface between memory implicit memory retrieval tasks _J. Neurosci. _15, 12–29 and cognition (...)
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  • Introspective physicalism as an approach to the science of consciousness.Anthony I. Jack & T. Shallice - 2001 - Cognition 79 (1):161-196.
    Most ?theories of consciousness? are based on vague speculations about the properties of conscious experience. We aim to provide a more solid basis for a science of consciousness. We argue that a theory of consciousness should provide an account of the very processes that allow us to acquire and use information about our own mental states ? the processes underlying introspection. This can be achieved through the construction of information processing models that can account for ?Type-C? processes. Type-C processes can (...)
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  • Replicable unconscious semantic priming.Sean Draine & Anthony G. Greenwald - 1998 - Journal Of Experimental Psychology-General 127 (3):286-303.
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  • Begging the question against phenomenal consciousness.Ned Block - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):205-206.
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  • Can sequence learning be implicit? New evidence with the process dissociation procedure.Arnaud Destrebecqz & Axel Cleeremans - 2001 - Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 8 (2):343-350.
    Running head: Implicit sequence learning ABSTRACT Can we learn without awareness? Although this issue has been extensively explored through studies of implicit learning, there is currently no agreement about the extent to which knowledge can be acquired and projected onto performance in an unconscious way. The controversy, like that surrounding implicit memory, seems to be at least in part attributable to unquestioned acceptance of the unrealistic assumption that tasks are process-pure, that is, that a given task exclusively involves either implicit (...)
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  • Principles for Implicit Learning.Axel Cleeremans - 1997 - In Dianne Berry (ed.), How Implicit is Implicit Learning? Oxford University Press.
    Complete URL to this document: http://srsc.ulb.ac.be/axcWWW/93-Principles.html.
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  • The where in the brain determines the when in the mind.M. Jeannerod - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):212-213.
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  • Escape from the Cartesian Theater.Daniel C. Dennett & Marcel Kinsbourne - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):234-247.
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  • Know thyself: Metacognitive networks and measures of consciousness.Antoine Pasquali, Bert Timmermans & Axel Cleeremans - 2010 - Cognition 117 (2):182-190.
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  • Wagering demonstrates subconscious processing in a binary exclusion task.Navindra Persaud & Peter McLeod - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (3):565-575.
    We briefly presented either the letter ‘b’ or the letter ‘h’ to participants who were instructed to respond by saying the letter that was not shown. This binary version of the exclusion task avoids problems with assessing baseline completion rates. When the letters were shown for 5–10 ms participants erroneously responded with the shown letter at a rate greater than chance. They were capable of following the instructions when the letter was shown for longer . Given the chance to wager (...)
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  • The unified theory of repression.Matthew Hugh Erdelyi - 2006 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29 (5):499-511.
    Repression has become an empirical fact that is at once obvious and problematic. Fragmented clinical and laboratory traditions and disputed terminology have resulted in a Babel of misunderstandings in which false distinctions are imposed (e.g., between repression and suppression) and necessary distinctions not drawn (e.g., between the mechanism and the use to which it is put, defense being just one). “Repression” was introduced by Herbart to designate the (nondefensive) inhibition of ideas by other ideas in their struggle for consciousness. Freud (...)
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  • Is consciousness integrated?Max Velmans - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):229-230.
    In the visual system, the represented features of individual objects (shape, colour, movement, and so on) are distributed both in space and time within the brain. Representations of inner and outer event sequences arrive through different sense organs at different times, and are likewise distributed. Objects are nevertheless perceived as integrated wholes - and event sequences are experienced to form a coherent "consciousness stream." In their thoughtful article, Dennett & Kinsbourne ask how this is achieved.
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  • Lost in dissociation: The main paradigms in unconscious cognition.Luis M. Augusto - 2016 - Consciousness and Cognition 42:293-310.
    Contemporary studies in unconscious cognition are essentially founded on dissociation, i.e., on how it dissociates with respect to conscious mental processes and representations. This is claimed to be in so many and diverse ways that one is often lost in dissociation. In order to reduce this state of confusion we here carry out two major tasks: based on the central distinction between cognitive processes and representations, we identify and isolate the main dissociation paradigms; we then critically analyze their key tenets (...)
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  • Do conscious perception and unconscious processing rely on independent mechanisms? A meta-contrast study.Ziv Peremen & Dominique Lamy - 2014 - Consciousness and Cognition 24:22-32.
    There is currently no consensus regarding what measures are most valid to demonstrate perceptual processing without awareness. Likewise, whether conscious perception and unconscious processing rely on independent mechanisms or lie on a continuum remains a matter of debate. Here, we addressed these issues by comparing the time courses of subjective reports, objective discrimination performance and response priming during meta-contrast masking, under similar attentional demands. We found these to be strikingly similar, suggesting that conscious perception and unconscious processing cannot be dissociated (...)
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  • Implicit preferences: The role(s) of familiarity in the structural mere exposure effect.D. Zizak - 2004 - Consciousness and Cognition 13 (2):336-362.
    In four experiments using an artificial grammar learning procedure, the authors examined the links between the “classic” mere exposure effect [heightened affect for previously encountered stimulus items ] and the “structural” mere exposure effect [greater hedonic appreciation for novel stimuli that conform to an implicitly acquired underlying rule system ]. After learning, participants: classified stimuli according to whether they conformed to the principles of the grammar and, rated them in terms of how much they liked them. In some experiments unusual (...)
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  • Subliminal perception and its cognates: Theory, indeterminacy, and time.Matthew Hugh Erdelyi - 2004 - Consciousness and Cognition 13 (1):73-91.
    Unconscious processes, by whatever name they may be known , are invariably operationalized by the dissociation paradigm, any situation involving the dissociation between two indicators , one of availability and the other, of accessibility , such that, ε>α. Subliminal perception has been traditionally defined by a special case of the dissociation paradigm in which availability exceeds accessibility when accessibility is null . Construct validity issues bedevil all dissociation paradigms since it is not clear what might constitute appropriate indicators that, moreover, (...)
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  • Accounting for the computational basis of consciousness: A connectionist approach.Ron Sun - 1999 - Consciousness and Cognition 8 (4):529-565.
    This paper argues for an explanation of the mechanistic (computational) basis of consciousness that is based on the distinction between localist (symbolic) representation and distributed representation, the ideas of which have been put forth in the connectionist literature. A model is developed to substantiate and test this approach. The paper also explores the issue of the functional roles of consciousness, in relation to the proposed mechanistic explanation of consciousness. The model, embodying the representational difference, is able to account for the (...)
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  • Subjective measures of unconscious knowledge of concepts.Eleni Ziori & Zoltán Dienes - 2006 - Mind and Society 5 (1):105-122.
    This paper considers different subjective measures of conscious and unconscious knowledge in a concept formation paradigm. In particular, free verbal reports are compared with two subjective measures, the zero-correlation and the guessing criteria, based on trial-by-trial confidence ratings (a type of on-line verbal report). Despite the fact that free verbal reports are frequently dismissed as being insensitive measures of conscious knowledge, a considerable bulk of research on implicit learning has traditionally relied on this measure of consciousness, because it is widely (...)
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  • Comparing direct and indirect measures of sequence learning.Jimenez Luis, Mendez Castor & Cleeremans Axel - 1996 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 22 (4):948-969.
    Comparing the relative sensitivity of direct and indirect measures of learning is proposed as the best way to provide evidence for unconscious learning when both conceptual and operative definitions of awareness are lacking. This approach was first proposed by Reingold & Merikle (1988) in the context of subliminal perception. In this paper, we apply it to a choice reaction time task in which the material is generated based on a probabilistic finite-state grammar (Cleeremans, 1993). We show (1) that participants progressively (...)
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  • Cinema 1-2-Many of the Mind.Adina L. Roskies & C. C. Wood - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):221-223.
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  • The dissociation paradigm and its discontents: How can unconscious perception or memory be inferred?Michael Snodgrass - 2004 - Consciousness and Cognition 13 (1):107-116.
    Erdelyi does us all a great service by his customarily incisive discussion of the various ways in which our field tends to neglect, confuse, and misunderstand numerous critical issues in attempting to differentiate conscious from unconscious perception and memory. Although no single commentary could hope to comprehensively assess these issues, I will address Erdelyi’s three main points: How the dissociation paradigm can be used to validly infer unconscious perception; The implications of below-chance effects; and The role of time. I suggest (...)
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  • Dissociable learning and memory systems of the brain.Larry R. Squire, Stephan Hamann & Barbara Knowlton - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):422-423.
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  • The mere exposure effect is differentially sensitive to different judgment tasks.John G. Seamon, Patricia A. McKenna & Neil Binder - 1998 - Consciousness and Cognition 7 (1):85-102.
    The mere exposure effect is the increase in positive affect that results from the repeated exposure to previously novel stimuli. We sought to determine if judgments other than affective preference could reliably produce a mere exposure effect for two-dimensional random shapes. In two experiments, we found that brighter and darker judgments did not differentiate target from distracter shapes, liking judgments led to target selection greater than chance, and disliking judgments led to distracter selection greater than chance. These results for brighter, (...)
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  • The selfless consciousness.Antonio R. Damasio - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):208-209.
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  • Mental representation: Always delayed but not always ephemeral.Roger N. Shepard - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):223-224.
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  • Dynamic variations in affective priming.P. Wong - 2003 - Consciousness and Cognition 12 (2):147-168.
    The present study investigates the dynamics of emotional processing and awareness using an affective facial priming paradigm in conjunction with a multimodal assessment of awareness. Key facial primes are visually masked, and are presented for brief and extended durations. Using a preference measure, we examine whether the effects of the primes differ qualitatively . We show that: unconscious affective priming with faces emerges strongly in initial presentations and diminishes rapidly with repetition; conscious affective priming also emerges strongly in initial presentations, (...)
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  • Models of conscious timing and the experimental evidence.Benjamin Libet - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):213-215.
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  • A unitary signal-detection model of implicit and explicit memory.Christopher J. Berry, David R. Shanks & Richard N. A. Henson - 2008 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12 (10):367-373.
    Do dissociations imply independent systems? In the memory field, the view that there are independent implicit and explicit memory systems has been predominantly supported by dissociation evidence. Here, we argue that many of these dissociations do not necessarily imply distinct memory systems. We review recent work with a single-system computational model that extends signal-detection theory (SDT) to implicit memory. SDT has had a major influence on research in a variety of domains. The current work shows that it can be broadened (...)
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  • Awareness and abstraction are graded dimensions.Axel Cleeremans - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):402-403.
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  • Availability, accessibility, and subliminal perception.John F. Kihlstrom - 2004 - Consciousness and Cognition 13 (1):92-100.
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  • Awareness inflated, evaluative conditioning underestimated.Frank Baeyens, Jan De Houwer & Paul Eelen - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):396-397.
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  • The where and when of what?Michael V. Antony - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):201-202.
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  • UnCartesian materialism and Lockean introspection.William G. Lycan - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):216-217.
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  • Response Bias Correction in the Process Dissociation Procedure: Approaches, Assumptions, and Evaluation.Eyal Reingold - 1995 - Consciousness and Cognition 5 (1-2):232-254.
    Buchner, Erdfelder, and Vaterrodt-Plunnecke (1995) advocated an exposition of the process dissociation procedure within the framework of multinomial modeling. Among the misleading aspects of this exposition is its tendency to obscure the overlap between processes. In contrast, clarifying these crucial interactions leads to a general classification of response bias corrections to the process dissociation procedure. This scheme, in which corrective models are classified on the basis of process interactions, clarifies the assumptions underlying previously proposed corrections. As an illustration of the (...)
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  • (1 other version)Unconscious perception: Assumptions and interpretive difficulties.Eyal M. Reingold - 2004 - Consciousness and Cognition 13 (1):117-122.
    Reingold and MerikleÕs (1988, 1990) critique of the classic dissociation paradigm identified several issues as inherent problems that severely undermine the utility of this paradigm. Erdelyi (2004) extending his prior analysis (Erdelyi, 1985, 1986) points out several additional factors that may complicate the interpretation of empirically obtained dissociations. The goal of the present manuscript is to further discuss some of these commonly neglected interpretive difficulties. Ó 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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  • Whither learning, whither memory?Michael A. Stadler & Peter A. Frensch - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):423-424.
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  • Time for more alternatives.Robert Van Gulick - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):228-229.
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  • The Cartesian Theater stance.Bruce Glymour, Rick Grush, Valerie Gray Hardcastle, Brian Keeley, Joe Ramsey, Oron Shagrir & Ellen Watson - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):209-210.
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  • Toward an identity theory of consciousness.Dan Lloyd - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):215-216.
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  • On the Futility of Attempting to Demonstrate Null Awareness.Philip M. Merikle - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):412-412.
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  • Age differences in priming as a function of processing at encoding.Emma V. Ward - 2024 - Consciousness and Cognition 117 (C):103626.
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  • Throwing the conscious baby out with the Cartesian bath water.J. Aronson, E. Dietrich & E. Way - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):202-203.
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  • Is learning during anaesthesia implicit?Jackie Andrade - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):395-396.
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  • Consciousness is associated with central as well as distributed processes.Bernard J. Baars & Michael Fehling - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):203-204.
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  • A step too far?Dianne C. Berry - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):397-398.
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  • Are subliminal mere exposure effects a form of implicit learning?Robert F. Bornstein - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (3):398-399.
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  • What is consciousness for, anyway?Bruce Bridgeman - 1992 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (2):206-207.
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  • Subliminality, consciousness, and temporal shifts in awareness: Implications within and beyond the laboratory.Robert F. Bornstein - 2004 - Consciousness and Cognition 13 (3):613-18.
    In his analysis of subliminal perception research, Erdelyi documented two important phenomena: subchance perception and temporal variability in stimulus availability and accessibility. This Commentary addresses three issues raised by Erdelyi's review: the importance of distinguishing “micro” from “macro” temporal shifts; the need to analyze perception without awareness data at the level of the individual as well as the group; and parallels between the dissociations associated with neuroclinical phenomena and those observed in patients with certain forms of personality pathology. Continued integration (...)
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