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  1. Selected articles & chapters, by date.Anthony Greenwald - manuscript
    Lane, K. A., Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2007). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we know (so far) (Pp. 59–102). In B. Wittenbrink & N. S. Schwarz (Eds.). Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies . New York: Guilford Press. PDF - 652KB ].
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  • Mechanisms for the generation and regulation of sequential behaviour.Richard P. Cooper - 2003 - Philosophical Psychology 16 (3):389 – 416.
    A critical aspect of much human behaviour is the generation and regulation of sequential activities. Such behaviour is seen in both naturalistic settings such as routine action and language production and laboratory tasks such as serial recall and many reaction time experiments. There are a variety of computational mechanisms that may support the generation and regulation of sequential behaviours, ranging from those underlying Turing machines to those employed by recurrent connectionist networks. This paper surveys a range of such mechanisms, together (...)
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  • Consciousness of the self (COS) and explicit knowledge.Guy Pinku & Joseph Tzelgov - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (4):655-661.
    Starting with Dienes and Perner’s distinction between explicit and implicit knowledge and the traditional philosophical distinction between COS as an object and COS as a subject, we suggest a triple classification of COS experience into three modes, each corresponding to a different state of consciousness. When one acts automatically COS is totally embedded within the representation of the environment. When one monitors or attends to one’s experience, the self is implied by an explicit representation of one’s attitudes, consistent with Descartes’ (...)
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  • Cognitive architectures as Lakatosian research programs: Two case studies.Richard P. Cooper - 2006 - Philosophical Psychology 19 (2):199-220.
    Cognitive architectures - task-general theories of the structure and function of the complete cognitive system - are sometimes argued to be more akin to frameworks or belief systems than scientific theories. The argument stems from the apparent non-falsifiability of existing cognitive architectures. Newell was aware of this criticism and argued that architectures should be viewed not as theories subject to Popperian falsification, but rather as Lakatosian research programs based on cumulative growth. Newell's argument is undermined because he failed to demonstrate (...)
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  • Rational adaptation under task and processing constraints: Implications for testing theories of cognition and action.Andrew Howes, Richard L. Lewis & Alonso Vera - 2009 - Psychological Review 116 (4):717-751.
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  • Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition.Richard E. Nisbett, Kaiping Peng, Incheol Choi & Ara Norenzayan - 2001 - Psychological Review 108 (2):291-310.
    The authors find East Asians to be holistic, attending to the entire field and assigning causality to it, making relatively little use of categories and formal logic, and relying on "dialectical" reasoning, whereas Westerners, are more analytic, paying attention primarily to the object and the categories to which it belongs and using rules, including formal logic, to understand its behavior. The 2 types of cognitive processes are embedded in different naive metaphysical systems and tacit epistemologies. The authors speculate that the (...)
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  • Accounting for the computational basis of consciousness: A connectionist approach.Ron Sun - 1999 - Consciousness and Cognition 8 (4):529-565.
    This paper argues for an explanation of the mechanistic (computational) basis of consciousness that is based on the distinction between localist (symbolic) representation and distributed representation, the ideas of which have been put forth in the connectionist literature. A model is developed to substantiate and test this approach. The paper also explores the issue of the functional roles of consciousness, in relation to the proposed mechanistic explanation of consciousness. The model, embodying the representational difference, is able to account for the (...)
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  • Restoration of Attention by Rest in a Multitasking World: Theory, Methodology, and Empirical Evidence.Frank Schumann, Michael B. Steinborn, Jens Kürten, Liyu Cao, Barbara Friederike Händel & Lynn Huestegge - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    In this work, we evaluate the status of both theory and empirical evidence in the field of experimental rest-break research based on a framework that combines mental-chronometry and psychometric-measurement theory. To this end, we provide a taxonomy of rest breaks according to which empirical studies can be classified. Then, we evaluate the theorizing in both the basic and applied fields of research and explain how popular concepts relate to each other in contemporary theoretical debates. Here, we highlight differences between all (...)
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  • Dual-Task Processing With Identical Stimulus and Response Sets: Assessing the Importance of Task Representation in Dual-Task Interference.Eric H. Schumacher, Savannah L. Cookson, Derek M. Smith, Tiffany V. N. Nguyen, Zain Sultan, Katherine E. Reuben & Eliot Hazeltine - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • Threaded cognition: An integrated theory of concurrent multitasking.Dario D. Salvucci & Niels A. Taatgen - 2008 - Psychological Review 115 (1):101-130.
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  • Serial modules in parallel: The psychological refractory period and perfect time-sharing.Michael D. Byrne & John R. Anderson - 2001 - Psychological Review 108 (4):847-869.
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  • Evidence for capacity sharing when stopping.Frederick Verbruggen & Gordon D. Logan - 2015 - Cognition 142 (C):81-95.
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  • Rational Task Analysis: A Methodology to Benchmark Bounded Rationality.Hansjörg Neth, Chris R. Sims & Wayne D. Gray - 2016 - Minds and Machines 26 (1-2):125-148.
    How can we study bounded rationality? We answer this question by proposing rational task analysis —a systematic approach that prevents experimental researchers from drawing premature conclusions regarding the rationality of agents. RTA is a methodology and perspective that is anchored in the notion of bounded rationality and aids in the unbiased interpretation of results and the design of more conclusive experimental paradigms. RTA focuses on concrete tasks as the primary interface between agents and environments and requires explicating essential task elements, (...)
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  • Attentional costs in multiple-object tracking.Michael Tombu & Adriane E. Seiffert - 2008 - Cognition 108 (1):1-25.
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  • (1 other version)Modeling individual differences in working memory performance: a source activation account.Lynne M. Reder Larry Z. Daily, Marsha C. Lovett - 2001 - Cognitive Science 25 (3):315.
    Working memory resources are needed for processing and maintenance of information during cognitive tasks. Many models have been developed to capture the effects of limited working memory resources on performance. However, most of these models do not account for the finding that different individuals show different sensitivities to working memory demands, and none of the models predicts individual subjects' patterns of performance. We propose a computational model that accounts for differences in working memory capacity in terms of a quantity called (...)
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  • RACE/A: An Architectural Account of the Interactions Between Learning, Task Control, and Retrieval Dynamics.Leendert van Maanen, Hedderik van Rijn & Niels Taatgen - 2012 - Cognitive Science 36 (1):62-101.
    This article discusses how sequential sampling models can be integrated in a cognitive architecture. The new theory Retrieval by Accumulating Evidence in an Architecture (RACE/A) combines the level of detail typically provided by sequential sampling models with the level of task complexity typically provided by cognitive architectures. We will use RACE/A to model data from two variants of a picture–word interference task in a psychological refractory period design. These models will demonstrate how RACE/A enables interactions between sequential sampling and long-term (...)
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  • When more is less: Adding action effects to reduce crosstalk between concurrently performed tasks.Jonathan Schacherer & Eliot Hazeltine - 2023 - Cognition 230 (C):105318.
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  • On doing multi-act arithmetic: A multitrait-multimethod approach of performance dimensions in integrated multitasking.Frank Schumann, Michael B. Steinborn, Hagen C. Flehmig, Jens Kürten, Robert Langner & Lynn Huestegge - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Here we present a systematic plan to the experimental study of test–retest reliability in the multitasking domain, adopting the multitrait-multimethod approach to evaluate the psychometric properties of performance in Düker-type speeded multiple-act mental arithmetic. These form of tasks capacitate the experimental analysis of integrated multi-step processing by combining multiple mental operations in flexible ways in the service of the overarching goal of completing the task. A particular focus was on scoring methodology, particularly measures of response speed variability. To this end, (...)
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  • On the importance of Task 1 and error performance measures in PRP dual-task studies.Tilo Strobach, Anja Schütz & Torsten Schubert - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  • The cognitive architecture for chaining of two mental operations.Jérôme Sackur & Stanislas Dehaene - 2009 - Cognition 111 (2):187-211.
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  • Perspectives on Modeling in Cognitive Science.Richard M. Shiffrin - 2010 - Topics in Cognitive Science 2 (4):736-750.
    This commentary gives a personal perspective on modeling and modeling developments in cognitive science, starting in the 1950s, but focusing on the author’s personal views of modeling since training in the late 1960s, and particularly focusing on advances since the official founding of the Cognitive Science Society. The range and variety of modeling approaches in use today are remarkable, and for many, bewildering. Yet to come to anything approaching adequate insights into the infinitely complex fields of mind, brain, and intelligent (...)
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  • Executive control of visual attention in dual-task situations.Gordon D. Logan & Robert D. Gordon - 2001 - Psychological Review 108 (2):393-434.
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  • PRP-paradigm provides evidence for a perceptual origin of the negative compatibility effect.Daniel Krüger, Susan Klapötke & Uwe Mattler - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (3):866-881.
    Visual stimuli that are made invisible by masking can affect motor responses to a subsequent target stimulus. When a prime is followed by a mask which is followed by a target stimulus, an inverse priming effect has been found: Responses are slow and frequently incorrect when prime and target stimuli are congruent, but fast and accurate when prime and target stimuli are incongruent. To functionally localize the origins of inverse priming effects, we applied the psychological refractory period paradigm which distinguishes (...)
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  • Successful voluntary recruitment of cognitive control under acute stress.Franziska Plessow, Susann Schade, Clemens Kirschbaum & Rico Fischer - 2017 - Cognition 168:182-190.
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  • Transferability of Dual-Task Coordination Skills after Practice with Changing Component Tasks.Torsten Schubert, Roman Liepelt, Sebastian Kübler & Tilo Strobach - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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  • Specifying social cognitive processes with a social dual-task paradigm.Roman Liepelt, Anna Stenzel & Markus Lappe - 2012 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6.
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  • An architecturally constrained model of random number generation and its application to modeling the effect of generation rate.Nicholas J. Sexton & Richard P. Cooper - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
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  • Spanning seven orders of magnitude: a challenge for cognitive modeling.John R. Anderson - 2002 - Cognitive Science 26 (1):85-112.
    Much of cognitive psychology focuses on effects measured in tens of milliseconds while significant educational outcomes take tens of hours to achieve. The task of bridging this gap is analyzed in terms of Newell's (1990) bands of cognition—the Biological, Cognitive, Rational, and Social Bands. The 10 millisecond effects reside in his Biological Band while the significant learning outcomes reside in his Social Band. The paper assesses three theses: The Decomposition Thesis claims that learning occurring at the Social Band can be (...)
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  • Cognitive Control: Componential or Emergent?Richard P. Cooper - 2010 - Topics in Cognitive Science 2 (4):598-613.
    The past 25 years have witnessed an increasing awareness of the importance of cognitive control in the regulation of complex behavior. It now sits alongside attention, memory, language, and thinking as a distinct domain within cognitive psychology. At the same time it permeates each of these sibling domains. This introduction reviews recent work on cognitive control in an attempt to provide a context for the fundamental question addressed within this topic: Is cognitive control to be understood as resulting from the (...)
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  • Attention demands of spoken word planning: a review.Ardi Roelofs - 2011 - Frontiers in Psychology 2.
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  • SA w S u: An Integrated Model of Associative and Reinforcement Learning.Vladislav D. Veksler, Christopher W. Myers & Kevin A. Gluck - 2014 - Cognitive Science 38 (3):580-598.
    Successfully explaining and replicating the complexity and generality of human and animal learning will require the integration of a variety of learning mechanisms. Here, we introduce a computational model which integrates associative learning (AL) and reinforcement learning (RL). We contrast the integrated model with standalone AL and RL models in three simulation studies. First, a synthetic grid‐navigation task is employed to highlight performance advantages for the integrated model in an environment where the reward structure is both diverse and dynamic. The (...)
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  • Domain-general contributions to social reasoning: theory of mind and deontic reasoning re-explored.Margaret C. McKinnon & Morris Moscovitch - 2007 - Cognition 102 (2):179-218.
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  • Queuing network modeling of the psychological refractory period (PRP).Changxu Wu & Yili Liu - 2008 - Psychological Review 115 (4):913-954.
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  • Monitoring supports performance in a dual-task paradigm involving a risky decision-making task and a working memory task.Bettina Gathmann, Johannes Schiebener, Oliver T. Wolf & Matthias Brand - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6:118453.
    Performing two cognitively demanding tasks at the same time is known to decrease performance. The current study investigates the underlying executive functions of a dual-tasking situation involving the simultaneous performance of decision making under explicit risk and a working memory task. It is suggested that making a decision and performing a working memory task at the same time should particularly require monitoring—an executive control process supervising behavior and the state of processing on two tasks. To test the role of a (...)
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  • Deep thinking increases task-set shielding and reduces shifting flexibility in dual-task performance.Rico Fischer & Bernhard Hommel - 2012 - Cognition 123 (2):303-307.
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  • Modeling Two‐Channel Speech Processing With the EPIC Cognitive Architecture.David E. Kieras, Gregory H. Wakefield, Eric R. Thompson, Nandini Iyer & Brian D. Simpson - 2016 - Topics in Cognitive Science 8 (1):291-304.
    An important application of cognitive architectures is to provide human performance models that capture psychological mechanisms in a form that can be “programmed” to predict task performance of human–machine system designs. Although many aspects of human performance have been successfully modeled in this approach, accounting for multitalker speech task performance is a novel problem. This article presents a model for performance in a two-talker task that incorporates concepts from psychoacoustics, in particular, masking effects and stream formation.
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  • Parallel temporal dynamics in hierarchical cognitive control.Carolyn Ranti, Christopher H. Chatham & David Badre - 2015 - Cognition 142 (C):205-229.
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  • Human Symbol Manipulation Within an Integrated Cognitive Architecture.John R. Anderson - 2005 - Cognitive Science 29 (3):313-341.
    This article describes the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) cognitive architecture (Anderson et al., 2004; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) and its detailed application to the learning of algebraic symbol manipulation. The theory is applied to modeling the data from a study by Qin, Anderson, Silk, Stenger, & Carter (2004) in which children learn to solve linear equations and perfect their skills over a 6‐day period. Functional MRI data show that: (a) a motor region tracks the output of equation solutions, (b) (...)
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  • The Computational and Neural Basis of Cognitive Control: Charted Territory and New Frontiers.Matthew M. Botvinick - 2014 - Cognitive Science 38 (6):1249-1285.
    Cognitive control has long been one of the most active areas of computational modeling work in cognitive science. The focus on computational models as a medium for specifying and developing theory predates the PDP books, and cognitive control was not one of the areas on which they focused. However, the framework they provided has injected work on cognitive control with new energy and new ideas. On the occasion of the books' anniversary, we review computational modeling in the study of cognitive (...)
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  • (1 other version)Modeling individual differences in working memory performance: a source activation account.Larry Z. Daily, Marsha C. Lovett & Lynne M. Reder - 2001 - Cognitive Science 25 (3):315-353.
    Working memory resources are needed for processing and maintenance of information during cognitive tasks. Many models have been developed to capture the effects of limited working memory resources on performance. However, most of these models do not account for the finding that different individuals show different sensitivities to working memory demands, and none of the models predicts individual subjects' patterns of performance. We propose a computational model that accounts for differences in working memory capacity in terms of a quantity called (...)
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  • A Multitasking General Executive for Compound Continuous Tasks.Dario D. Salvucci - 2005 - Cognitive Science 29 (3):457-492.
    As cognitive architectures move to account for increasingly complex real‐world tasks, one of the most pressing challenges involves understanding and modeling human multitasking. Although a number of existing models now perform multitasking in real‐world scenarios, these models typically employ customized executives that schedule tasks for the particular domain but do not generalize easily to other domains. This article outlines a general executive for the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) cognitive architecture that, given independent models of individual tasks, schedules and interleaves (...)
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  • Conditional routing of information to the cortex: A model of the basal ganglia’s role in cognitive coordination.Andrea Stocco, Christian Lebiere & John R. Anderson - 2010 - Psychological Review 117 (2):541-574.
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  • The Role of Falsification in the Development of Cognitive Architectures: Insights from a Lakatosian Analysis.Richard P. Cooper - 2007 - Cognitive Science 31 (3):509-533.
    It has been suggested that the enterprise of developing mechanistic theories of the human cognitive architecture is flawed because the theories produced are not directly falsifiable. Newell attempted to sidestep this criticism by arguing for a Lakatosian model of scientific progress in which cognitive architectures should be understood as theories that develop over time. However, Newell's own candidate cognitive architecture adhered only loosely to Lakatosian principles. This paper reconsiders the role of falsification and the potential utility of Lakatosian principles in (...)
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  • A PRP-study to determine the locus of target priming effects.Susan Klapötke, Daniel Krüger & Uwe Mattler - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (3):882-900.
    Visual stimuli that are made invisible by a following mask can nonetheless affect motor responses. To localize the origin of these target priming effects we used the psychological refractory period paradigm. Participants classified tones as high or low, and responded to the position of a visual target that was preceded by a prime. The stimulus onset asynchrony between both tasks varied. In Experiment 1 the tone task was followed by the position task and SOA dependent target priming effects were observed. (...)
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  • Modeling strategies in Stroop with a general architecture of executive control.Tomasz Smoleń & Adam Chuderski - 2010 - In S. Ohlsson & R. Catrambone (eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society. pp. 931--936.
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