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The Elements of Sport

In William John Morgan (ed.), Ethics in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. pp. 9--19 (2007)

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  1. The ontology of team: a teleo-structural account.Steven Gimbel, William Rasmussen & Stephen Stern - 2020 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 47 (3):462-476.
    An explication of the notion of sports team involves a structural and a teleological element. The basis of a team is structural – a team is a group that containing a Distributed Internal Decision (...
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  • Code is Law: Subversion and Collective Knowledge in the Ethos of Video Game Speedrunning.Michael Hemmingsen - 2020 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 15 (3):435-460.
    Speedrunning is a kind of ‘metagame’ involving video games. Though it does not yet have the kind of profile of multiplayer e-sports, speedrunning is fast approaching e-sports in popularity. Aside from audience numbers, however, from the perspective of the philosophy of sport and games, speedrunning is particularly interesting. To the casual player or viewer, speedrunning appears to be a highly irreverent, even pointless, way of playing games, particularly due to the incorporation of “glitches”. For many outside the speedrunning community, the (...)
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  • Does play constitute the good life? Suits and Aristotle on autotelicity and living well.Francisco Javier Lopez Frías - 2020 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 47 (2):168-182.
    Bernard Suits’ account of play as an autotelic activity has been greatly influential in the philosophy of sport. Suits borrows the notion of ‘autotelicity’ from Aristotle’s ethics, formulating diff...
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  • Mountaineering, Myth and the Meaning of Life: psychoanalysing alpinism.Rufus Duits - 2020 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 47 (1):33-48.
    I attempt to provide a new answer to the enduring question of why people take the acute risks of climbing mountains. In so doing, I aim to explain, but not necessarily justify, participation in suc...
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  • From ‘philosophy of sport’ to ‘philosophies of sports’? History, identity and diversification of sport philosophy.Gunnar Breivik - 2019 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 46 (3):301-320.
    ABSTRACTMy goal in this article is to give a portrait of how modern sport philosophy, which started in 1972, developed from relatively narrow paradigmatic borders to become a diverse and multi-para...
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  • Not everything is a contest: sport, nature sport, and friluftsliv.Leslie A. Howe - 2019 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 46 (3):437-453.
    Two prevalent assumptions in the philosophy of sport literature are that all sports are games and that all games are contests, meant to determine who is the better at the skills definitive of the sport. If these are correct, it would follow that all sports are contests and that a range of sporting activities, including nature sports, are not in fact sports at all. This paper first confronts the notion that sport and games must seek to resolve skill superiority through (...)
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  • The Goal Triad in Games. A Conceptual Map and Case Studies.Filip Kobiela - 2016 - Recerca.Revista de Pensament I Anàlisi 18:13-27.
    The paper is devoted to detailed analysis of the notion of goal in games. It is argued that Suits’ analysis which provides a distinction between prelusory goal and lusory goal is insufficient, and thus introduction of a third kind of goal is necessary. I suggest to call this third kind of goal institutional goal. The paper discusses the definition of this kind of goal as well as its relations to other kinds of goals in games and other elements of game-playing. (...)
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  • Should chess and other mind sports be regarded as sports?Filip Kobiela - 2018 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 45 (3):279-295.
    ABSTRACTIn the philosophy of sport, an opinion that chess is in fact not sports because it lacks physical skills is a standard position. I call the argument that leads to this conclusion a mind sport syllogism. Its analysis enables me to explicate four possible positions concerning the sport-status of chess. Apart from the standard position, which excludes chess from the sport family, I also present analysis of other possible positions, which – for various reasons – do not deny that chess (...)
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  • E-sports are Not Sports.Jim Parry - 2018 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 13 (1):3-18.
    The conclusion of this paper will be that e-sports are not sports. I begin by offering a stipulation and a definition. I stipulate that what I have in mind, when thinking about the concept of sport, is ‘Olympic’ sport. And I define an Olympic Sport as an institutionalised, rule-governed contest of human physical skill. The justification for the stipulation lies partly in that it is uncontroversial. Whatever else people might think of as sport, no-one denies that Olympic Sport is sport. (...)
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  • Sport as Liturgy: Towards a Radical Orthodoxy of Sport.Andrew Edgar - 2012 - Studies in Christian Ethics 25 (1):20-34.
    The purpose of this paper is to suggest that sport can be understood as a form of engagement with the fundamental contingency and vulnerability of the human condition, and as such that it expresses a yearning for meaning in a modern society that offers only the illusion of meaning. Sport, at its most profound, is argued to be a negative liturgy, in the sense that it highlights an absence of meaning, rather than offering a positive alternative. The paper draws on (...)
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  • Resilience: Warren P. Fraleigh Distinguished Scholar Lecture.J. S. Russell - 2015 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 42 (2):159-183.
    This paper argues that human psychological resilience is a central virtue in sport and in human life generally. Despite its importance, it is an overlooked virtue in philosophy of sport and classical and contemporary virtue theory. The phenomenon of human resilience has received a great deal of attention recently in other quarters, however. There is a large and instructive empirical psychological literature on resilience, but connections to virtue theory are rarely drawn and there is no agreement about what the concept (...)
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  • The Ethos of Excellence.Adam Berg - 2015 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 42 (2):233-249.
    The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the normative role of conventions in sports. However, the approach I have in mind does not dispatch the theory of interpretivism. What I offer is a synthesis that aims to show how interpretivism works in concert with – and relies heavily on – conventions. To make this point, I will argue that historical, cultural, and even simple preferential needs and desires help to determine what counts as athletic ‘excellence’ in sports.
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  • Was the Roman Gladiator an Athlete?Heather L. Reid - 2006 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 33 (1):37-49.
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  • The Moral Controversy Over Boxing Reform.C. D. Herrera - 2002 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 29 (2):163-173.
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  • Doping in Cycling: Realism, Antirealism and Ethical Deliberation.Carwyn Jones - 2010 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 37 (1):88-101.
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  • Game-Playing Without Rule-Following.A. J. Kreider - 2011 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 38 (1):55-73.
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  • The Value of Dangerous Sport.J. S. Russell - 2005 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 32 (1):1-19.
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  • Defending technology: a normative defence of technologically assisted officiating in binary referee situations.Torben Kjærsgaard - forthcoming - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy:1-13.
    This article discusses how technological official aids influence sporting competitions in terms of fairness and flow. It addresses the main arguments against technological official aids used to assist refereeing in binary referee situations. First, I argue that the criticism directed at the use of ball tracking devices (‘reconstructed track devices’) is mainly unjustified and that these devices provide the opportunity to make refereeing in certain types of sport fairer. In this regard, I also argue that empirical findings about referees’ decision-making (...)
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  • Towards a Value-Neutral Definition of Sport.Michael Hemmingsen - 2023 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy:1-16.
    In this paper I argue that philosophers of sport should avoid value-laden definitions of sport; that is, they should avoid building into the definition of sport that they are inherently worthwhile activities. Sports may very well often be worthwhile as a contingent matter, but this should not be taken to be a core feature included in the definition of sport. I start by outlining what I call the ‘legitimacy-conferring’ element of the category ‘sport’. I then argue that we ought not (...)
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  • Both Physical and Virtual: On Immediacy in Esports.David Ekdahl - 2022 - Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 4.
    This article strives to make novel headway in the debate concerning esports' relationship to sports by focusing on the relationship between esports and physicality. More precisely, the aim of this article is to critically assess the claim that esports fails to be sports because it is never properly “direct” or “immediate” compared to physical sports. To do so, I focus on the account of physicality presented by Jason Holt, who provides a theoretical framework meant to justify the claim that esports (...)
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  • Sport, meritocracy, and praise.Nicholas Dixon - 2021 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 48 (2):275-292.
    ABSTRACT Meritocracy, in which success depends on ability and effort, is a desirable goal for sport, even if sport does not achieve this goal perfectly. However, even in a meritocracy whether athletes deserve praise is questionable, given that a determinant of success, genetic endowments, is beyond their control. From a hard determinist perspective, even the elements of athletes’ actions that appear to be within their control—their diligence in developing their skill and strategy and their good sportsmanship—are themselves a function of (...)
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  • Routledge Handbook for the Philosophy of Sport.Mike McNamee & William J. Morgan - 2015 - New York: Routledge.
    The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Sport is a landmark publication in sport studies. It goes further than any book has before in tracing the contours of the discipline of the philosophy of sport and in surveying the core themes, approaches and theories that form its disciplinary fabric. The book explores the ways in which an understanding of philosophy can inform our understanding of important prevailing issues in sport. Edited by two of the most significant figures in the development (...)
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  • (1 other version)Rules in games and sports: why a solution to the problem of penalties leads to the rejection of formalism as a useful theory about the nature of sport.Sinclair A. MacRae - 2019 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 47 (1):49-62.
    Bernard Suits and other formalists endorse both the logical incompatibility thesis and the view that rule-breakings resulting in penalties can be a legitimate part of a game. This is what Fred D’Ag...
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  • The Real Value of Fake Teams: An Ethical Defense of Fantasy Sports.Steven Weimer - 2019 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 14 (2):226-240.
    In the only two articles on the topic of which I am aware, Chad Carlson and Scott Aikin have leveled three objections against fantasy sports—namely, that participation in fantasy sports elicits...
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  • Questions of Athletic Excellence and Justice in Sport.Adam Berg - 2018 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 12 (3):292-303.
    This essay delineates and analyzes two kinds of questions that sport ethicists tend to ask: questions about athletic excellence and questions about justice. To pass ethical judgements when delving into questions concerning athletic excellence, sportspeople rely largely on a sport’s internal values, primary skills, or sport-specific athletic excellences. In contrast, questions about justice do not and should not include the reference or application of principles derived from the nature of a sport. Instead, sportspeople must refer to general theories, most often (...)
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  • Searle, Merleau-Ponty, Rizzolatti – three perspectives on Intentionality and action in sport.Gunnar Breivik - 2017 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 44 (2):199-212.
    Actions in sport are intentional in character. They are directed at and are about something. This understanding of intentional action is common in continental as well as analytic philosophy. In sport philosophy, intentionality has received relatively little attention, but has more recently come on the agenda. In addition to what we can call ‘action intentionality,’ studied by philosophers like Searle, the phenomenological approach forwarded by Merleau-Ponty has opened up for a concept of ‘motor intentionality,’ which means a basic bodily attention (...)
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  • One Play Cannot be Known to Win or Lose a Game: a Fallibilist Account of Game.Tamba Nlandu - 2011 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 5 (1):21-33.
    This paper discusses what it means to be a good sport. It offers an account of sportsmanship rooted in the proper understanding of the limited role each participant plays during a specific sporting contest. It aims at showing that, from a fallibilist perspective, although it may perhaps be logically possible for a single play to win or lose a sporting event, it makes epistemologically no sense to single out a particular game action, moment or decision as the crucial one which (...)
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  • Ants, grasshoppers, asshoppers, and crickets cohabit in Utopia: the anthropological foundations of Bernard Suits’ analyses of gameplay and good living.Francisco Javier Lopez Frías - 2021 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 49 (1):117-133.
    In this article, I consider Alkis Kontos’ and Allan Bäck’s critiques to Suits that his theory of games and good living lack ontological grounds or rests on the wrong foundations. Taking these criti...
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  • Athletic skill and the value of close contests.Erin Flynn - 2021 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 48 (2):186-201.
    In this paper I defend an Irreconcilability Thesis, claiming that two commonly held views about athletic contests are in fact incompatible. The first view is that athletic contests are essentially...
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  • (1 other version)Rules in games and sports: why a solution to the problem of penalties leads to the rejection of formalism as a useful theory about the nature of sport.Sinclair A. MacRae - 2020 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 47 (1):49-62.
    ABSTRACTBernard Suits and other formalists endorse both the logical incompatibility thesis and the view that rule-breakings resulting in penalties can be a legitimate part of a game. This is what Fred D’Agostino calls ‘the problem of penalties’. In this paper, I reject both Suits’ and D’Agostino’s responses to the problem and argue instead that the solution is to abandon Suits’ view that the constitutive rules of all games are alike. Whereas the logical incompatibility thesis applies to games in which players’ (...)
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  • Aristotle and Cricket: Drama in Retrospect.Anthony D. Buckley - 2006 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 33 (1):21-36.
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  • The Traditional Football Fan: An Ethical Critique of a Selective Construction.Carwyn Jones - 2003 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 30 (1):37-50.
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  • (2 other versions)On Winning and Athletic Superiority.Nicholas Dixon - 1999 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 26 (1):10-26.
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  • The Conceptual Boundaries of Sport for the Disabled: Classification and Athletic Performance.Carwyn Jones & P. David Howe - 2005 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 32 (2):133-146.
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  • Joint Attention in Team Sport.Gordon Birse - 2024 - Topoi 43 (2):361-372.
    This paper explores how the phenomenon of Joint Attention (JA) drives certain core features of team sport and how sport illuminates the nature of JA. In JA, two or more agents focus on the same object in mutual awareness that the content of their experience is thus shared. JA is essential to joint sporting actions. The sporting context is particularly useful for illustrating the phenomenon of JA and provides a valuable lens through which to examine rival theoretical accounts of its (...)
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  • Psychoanalyzing the Grasshopper: Society, Work and Repressed Play in Suits’ Riddle.Francisco Javier Lopez Frias - 2020 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 15 (2):251-265.
    In this article, I draw on psychoanalysis to provide a novel understanding of Suits’ theory of games by analyzing the riddle in the Grasshopper’s recurring dream, which Suits presents in his semina...
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  • Bernard Suits on capacities: games, perfectionism, and Utopia.Christopher C. Yorke - 2018 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 45 (2):177-188.
    ABSTRACTAn essential and yet often neglected motivation of Bernard Suits’ elevation of gameplay to the ideal of human existence is his account of capacities along perfectionist lines and the function of games in eliciting them. In his work Suits treats the expression of these capacities as implicitly good and the purest expression of the human telos. Although it is a possible interpretation to take Suits’ utopian vision to mean that gameplay in his future utopia must consist of the logically inevitable (...)
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  • Intentional Rules Violations in Competitive Sport.Yoshitaka Kondo - 2011 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education 33 (1):1-11.
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  • The Paper World of Bernard Suits.Allan Bäck - 2008 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 35 (2):156-174.
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  • Sport, games, women and warriors : an historical and philosophical examination of the early Irish Ulster cycle.Jaquelyn Osborne - unknown
    This thesis identifies the early Irish Ulster Cycle of tales as a rich source of information relating to the nature and significance of sport-like activity in the ancient world. Taking the tales of the Ulster Cycle as its data, this thesis adopts a method of analysis which combines aspects of historical and postmodern philosophical processes. The relationships between and among sport, history, truth and fiction are investigated in determining the contribution that the early Irish Ulster Cycle of tales might offer (...)
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  • ‘Playing sport playfully’: on the playful attitude in sport.Emily Ryall & Lukáš Mareš - 2021 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 48 (2):293-306.
    ABSTRACT There has been extensive debate among various disciplines about the nature and value of play. From these discussions it seems clear that play is a phenomenon with more than just one dimension: as a specific type of activity, as a form or structure, as an ontologically distinctive phenomenon, as a type of experience, or as a stance or an attitude towards a particular activity. This article focuses on the importance of the playful attitude in sport. It begins by attempting (...)
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  • The ethics of the special ranking for pregnancy in tennis.Cesar R. Torres & Francisco Javier Lopez Frías - 2019 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 47 (1):121-141.
    ABSTRACTIn this paper, we provide a normative analysis of the Women’s Tennis Association revised policy on maternity leave, which is regulated by its special ranking rule. To do so, we first explore how the revised policy functions when probed in relation to the nature of competitive sport. Then, we examine the revised policy through the lens of the literature on maternity discrimination. We argue that, when compared to its previous formulation, the revised special ranking rule is morally defensible because it (...)
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  • Institutionalisation in E-Sports.Cem Abanazir - 2019 - Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 13 (2):117-131.
    Following its economic impact and rising popularity, ‘e-sports’ has become a theme within the academic debate on sports. The current discussion revolves around the definitions of sports provided by the philosophy and sociology of sports and how in turn, this can be adapted to e-sports. The premise of this article is the analysis of ‘institutionalisation’, which is claimed to be an element of modern sport. The governance and production aspects of e-sports will be the main focus where the nature of (...)
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  • Sporting Metaphors: Competition and the Ethos of Capitalism.Ann E. Cudd - 2007 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 34 (1):52-67.
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  • Boxing: The Sweet Science of Constraints.Joseph Lewandowski - 2007 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 34 (1):26-38.
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  • Moral antirealism, internalism, and sport.William J. Morgan - 2004 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 31 (2):161-183.
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  • Sport, tradition and freedom.Michael Burke - unknown
    "Sport, Tradition and Freedom" entails a philosophical examination of the relationship between traditions of rationality and understandings of freedom in sport. Chapter One introduces the ideas of freedom and virtue. Chapter Two involves a critical and historical exploration of the traditions of conservatism, liberalism and Marxism and the effects that these traditions have had on accounts of freedom in sport. Chapter Three examines the issue of freedom in sport from a social critical-formalist perspective, particularly addressing the influence that the process (...)
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  • Suits and the phenomenology of games: a reply to Johnson and Hudecki.Micah D. Tillman - 2022 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 49 (2):230-245.
    Johnson and Hudecki argue that Bernard Suits fails to refute Wittgenstein’s ‘family resemblance’ view of games because Suits’s account of how games begin, how they are played, and the ends they involve, fails to match basic facts of player experience. In reply, the current paper describes three keys to interpreting The Grasshopper: (1) distinguishing the four perspectives from which Suits describes games, (2) recognizing Suits' dispositional view of rule following, and (3) understanding the geometrical metaphor Suits uses to describe rules. (...)
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  • Violence among Beasts. Why is it Wrong to Harm Nonhuman Animals in the Context of a Game.S. P. Morris - 2018 - Philosophical Journal of Conflict and Violence 2 (2).
    The thesis of this paper is that games and sports that harm nonhuman animals are unethical because they exceed the permissible limits of optional harm and the more harm the game imposes on the nonhuman animal(s) it objectifies the worse the ethical transgression. Factors in the analysis include the nature of games and sports, the ontology of beings (i.e., human and nonhuman animals) in games, the mitigating power of informed consent among human game-players and its absence among nonhuman game players, (...)
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  • The Paradoxes of Utopian Game-Playing.Deborah P. Vossen - 2017 - Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 44 (3):315-328.
    In The Grasshopper: Games, Life, and Utopia, Suits maintains the following two theses: game-playing is defined as ‘activity directed towards bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by rules, where the rules prohibit more efficient in favour of less efficient means, and where such rules are accepted just because they make possible such activity’ and ‘game playing is what makes Utopia intelligible.’ Observing that these two theses cannot be jointly maintained absent paradox, this essay explores the (...)
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