A collection of material on Husserl's Logical Investigations, and specifically on Husserl's formal theory of parts, wholes and dependence and its influence in ontology, logic and psychology. Includes translations of classic works by Adolf Reinach and Eugenie Ginsberg, as well as original contributions by Wolfgang Künne, Kevin Mulligan, Gilbert Null, Barry Smith, Peter M. Simons, Roger A. Simons and Dallas Willard. Documents work on Husserl's ontology arising out of early meetings of the Seminar for Austro-German Philosophy.

According to Heidegger's Being and Time, social relations are constitutive of the core features of human agency. On this view, which I call a ‘strong conception’ of sociality, the core features of human agency cannot obtain in an individual subject independently of social relations to others. I explain the strong conception of sociality captured by Heidegger's underdeveloped notion of ‘being-with’ by reconstructing Heidegger's critique of the ‘weak conception’ of sociality characteristic of Kant's theory of agency. According to a weak conception, (...) sociality is a mere aggregation of individual subjects and the core features of human agency are built into each individual mind. The weak conception of sociality remains today widely taken for granted. I show that Christine Korsgaard, one of the most creative contemporary appropriators of Kant, operates with a weak conception of sociality and that this produces a problematic explanatory deficiency in her view: she is unable to explain the peculiar motivational efficacy of shared social norms. Heidegger's view is tailor made to explain this phenomenon. I end by sketching how Heidegger provides a social explanation of a major systematic concern animating Korsgaard, the concern with the importance of individual autonomy and answerability in human life. (shrink)

En el presente texto se aborda la discusión entre economistas y abogados acerca del control judicial en aspectos económicos con el propósito de mostrar el carácter democrático de éste. El análisis contendrá tres partes: (i) contextualización del debate a partir del principio de distribución de poderes; (ii) planteamiento del debate a partir de dos lecturas de la Constitución de 1991, ya sea que se enfatice en el liberalismo clásico contenido en la carta o en lo “social” del Estado Social de (...) Derecho de la misma; (iii) por último, se abordarán algunas de las principales críticas al control constitucional en cuestiones económicas, así como el análisis de la legitimidad y conveniencia de dicho control. En esta última parte se hará especial énfasis en la objeción de que la intervención judicial en la economía sería antidemocrática y la respuesta que a la misma puede plantearse. (shrink)

The aim of this text is to examine the issue of truth telling in doctor-patient relationships, namely in the case of terminal patients. We analyze the problems and attitudes regarding truth telling that there are present when patients suffer from mortal diseases. We conclude that it is very important to keep a fluent and truthful communication in the doctor-patient relationship. We also examine and stress the role that general practitioners can play in the care of terminal patients at their home (...) and with their friends and/or relatives. (shrink)

In parts of his Notebooks, Tractatus and in “Lecture on Ethics”, Wittgenstein advanced a new approach to the problems of the meaning of life. It was developed as a reaction to the explorations on this theme by Bertrand Russell. Wittgenstein’s objective was to treat it with a higher degree of exactness. The present paper shows that he reached exactness by treating themes of philosophical anthropology using the formal method of topology.

"Continental philosophy" is now a well-established term in the English-speaking world: it has a point and is taken to refer to a fairly well-defined entity. It is, for example, regularly used in job descriptions. But any explanation that goes beyond something like the following, "Continental philosophy is the sort of philosophy produced by or in the wake of philosophers such as Heidegger and Adorno, Habermas and Apel, Sartre and Lévinas, Foucault, Lacan, Althusser and Derrida" is likely to be controversial. The (...) term excludes analytical and other types of exact philosophy done on the continent.1 Nor is the contrast between Analytic and Continental Philosophy supposed to encourage the assumption that Wittgenstein and Carnap are honorary Anglo-Saxons. (shrink)

This paper provides an introduction to the relevant debates revolving the three topics the connections between which are the being discussed in this volume--justice, autonomy, and love--outlining various conceptions and related questions. It also contains an overview of the contributions to the three sections of the volume: I) Justice Within Relationships of Love, II) Loving Partiality and Moral Impartiality, and III) The Political Dimension of Love and Justice.

Based on critical readings of Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time and Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, the paper offers a phenomenological study of the ontology of well-being that transcends the opposition between subjective and objective being. By interpreting the Heideggerian notion of Befindlichkeit as the fundamental way in which humans find themselves in the world, being affected by and faced with their own existence, the paper opens a way to understanding well-being that locates the possibility of elevating one’s own being not inside (...) or outside the I but in the affective bond to others called friendship. Aristotle’s reflections on philia play a crucial role in developing this understanding of well-being, according to which humans find themselves well by sharing joy with each other and making a vital contribution to the realization of their own possibilities. (shrink)

Reconstroem-se, neste artigo, as objeções de Daniel Dahlstrom e Rufus Duits à crítica de Tugendhat à tese heideggeriana de que o conceito primordial de verdade consiste na noção de desvelamento. De diferentes modos, ambos os autores mantêm que Heidegger, ao contrário das acusações de Tugendhat, seria capaz de dar conta da falsidade. Grosso modo, enquanto Dahlstrom propõe que Tugendhat não apreciou o caráter transcendental do conceito originário de verdade em Heidegger, Duits acusa Tugendhat de haver se prendido à perspectiva metafísica (...) da Vorhandenheit. O objetivo deste artigo é indicar, com a ajuda dessa discussão, a questão fundamental da crítica de Tugendhat que, como parte da literatura mostrou, reside não tanto na exigência de uma explicação para a falsidade, mas muito mais na exigência de uma justificação para a transição semântica de ‘verdade’. Após mostrar nas duas primeiras seções como, respectivamente, Dahlstrom e Duits não atingem o cerne da crítica de Tugendhat, defendo na terceira seção minha interpretação da crítica de Tugendhat contra certas reservas recentemente articuladas por Wrathall. Concluo indicando a consonância dessa interpretação com a concessão de Heidegger em Das Ende der Philosophie und die Aufgabe des Denkens e apontando algumas questões pendentes. (shrink)

Dieser Aufsatz entfaltet die Implikationen des endlichen Charakters der Gegenstände von Marx‘ epistemologischen Durchbrüchen in seiner Kritik der politischen Ökonomie bzw. in seiner Kritik der Politik, entwickelt eine klare Unterscheidung zwischen marxistischer Wissenschaft und marxistischer Politik, und kontrastiert diesen ‚endlichen Marxismus‘, welcher auf dieser Grundlage daran arbeitet, diese unvollendeten Durchbrüche zu festigen und weiter auszubauen, mit der in jüngerer Zeit vertretenen Konzeption eines „postmodernen Marxismus“. Weiterhin entfaltet er, was die Rolle einer erneuerten marxistischen Philosophie sein sollte, welche eine effektive marxistische (...) Praxis in den Bereichen der wissenschaftlichen Ausarbeitung und einer auf Transformation angelegten Politik als solche in der Ausarbeitung unterstützt und weiterhin reflektiert. Er vertritt die Auffassung, dass ein derartiger, bewusst endlicher Marxismus sowohl einen Beitrag dazu leisten kann, die Probleme zu überwinden, auf die eine weitere Ausarbeitung marxistischer Wissenschaft und Politik als solcher immer wieder stößt, als auch dazu beiträgt, dass der Marxismus die Fähigkeit entwickelt, ein wechselseitiges Verständnis, sowie eine gezielte Bündnisarbeit mit radikal feministischen, dependenzialistischen und ökologischen Kräften zu entfalten, welche fähig wird, in gegenwärtige Lagen wirksam einzugreifen. (shrink)

Resumen El artículo analiza el acto de darse muerte por razones políticas (suicidio hétero-referido) y la huelga de hambre como un proceso en que se está dispuesto a perder la vida por razones altruistas. Se sostiene que ambos actos amplían y radicalizan los términos que dan sentido a la vida política y se los concebirá como actos que subvierten el estado de cosas en el ámbito de la polis. El texto sitúa la reflexión en Chile y en el presente histórico, (...) se revisan algunos casos emblemáticos de huelgas de hambre y el conflicto principal entre autonomía y derecho a la vida; se releva el lugar que ocupa el cuerpo como el soporte de esta forma de protesta. Finalmente se proponen algunas conclusiones que permiten interpretar la tensión que provocan estos actos en el orden social.Palabras clave: Suicidio hétero-referido; huelga de hambre reivindicativa; vida con sentido; autonomía. (shrink)

Es sabido que Levinas pasa por ser uno de los primeros y mejores intérpretes de la obra de Husserl y tampoco nadie duda ya, a estas alturas de la investigación, de la decisiva mediación histórica que significó para la naciente fenomenología francesa la labor pionera de nuestro joven autor. Filósofos como Sartre, Ricoeur o Henry no se podrían entender completamente sin el concurso de la obra más temprana de Levinas. La tesis principal que ha vertebrado mi exposición defiende que una (...) parte considerable de la carrera intelectual de nuestro autor -la desarrollada concretamente en los años anteriores a la Shoah- debe ser comprendida como una meditación de la filosofía de Husserl y lo que es aún más importante, que el original tratamiento que nuestro autor irá otorgando con posterioridad a la misma no supone, de hecho, sino su prolongación más allá, incluso, de los límites precisos que el propio fundador de la fenomenología llegara tal vez a prever para ella. La hipótesis de la que he partido es que nos hallamos ante una influencia que supera la mera referencia instrumental a Husserl para convertirse en una de las claves más determinantes y permanentes en la filosofía de Levinas. La contribución principal de mi tesis consiste en haber mostrado ese carácter peculiar y dinámico con el que Levinas fue asimilando la doctrina fenomenológica al tiempo que comenzaban ya a barruntarse en él muchas de las preocupaciones más acuciantes de su posterior filosofía. -/- . (shrink)

Both Martin Heidegger and Harry Frankfurt have argued that the fundamental feature of human identity is care. Both contend that caring is bound up with the fact that we are finite beings related to our own impending death, and both argue that caring has a distinctive, circular and non-instantaneous, temporal structure. In this paper, I explore the way Heidegger and Frankfurt each understand the relations among care, death, and time, and I argue for the superiority of Heideggerian version of this (...) nest of claims. Frankfurt claims that we should conceive of the most basic commitments which practically orient a person in the world and define his identity (“volitional necessities”) as naturalistic facts, foundational for and located completely without the normative space of reasons. In support of this he appeals to the supposedly foundational role played in human life by the instinct for self-preservation, what Frankfurt calls the “love of living.” The claim is that in questions of practical identity there is a definite priority of the factual over the normative. Frankfurt’s naturalistic model of volitional necessity is motivated by a misunderstanding of the temporal structure of care, a misunderstanding that helps lead him to an implausible conception of the basic structures of human identity. Heidegger advances an anti-naturalistic conception of caring, one bound up with his way of understanding how human beings relate to their own future. I argue that the existential, temporal, and normative significance that Frankfurt attributes to the naturalized “love of living” is better captured by the Heideggerian claim that human identity is defined by being “for-the-sake-of” certain projects and commitments, a way of being lived out in the way Heidegger calls “being-towards-death.”. (shrink)

Tugendhat ha propuesto tentativamente en los últimos quince años recuperar el papel de la antropología como disciplina filosófica central o filosofía primera. Este peculiar regreso al pensamiento alemán de los años 20 es una proyección del conjunto de la trayectoria intelectual del autor. Pero además nos permite encarar problemas epistemo­lógicos clásicos de la disciplina: su objeto y conteni­dos, su método, su lugar en los estudios filosóficos. Básicamente se critica la posi­ción de Tugendhat a estos respectos, pero valorando como estimable esas (...) especie de regreso a Kant que considera la antropología como el motor y el telos autorreflexivo último de los estudios filosóficos. (shrink)

Human affectivity is a research topic situated at the intersection of psychology, philosophical anthropology, theory of action and ethics. This article reconstructs the Aristotelian theory of emotions in the context of his theory of aspiration /recij ) and in terms of their function as primary evaluators of situations, which forms the basis for virtue ethics. The Aristotelian model integrates desire, motivation and morality for a rational being in community. Affects reveal the profile of relevance of the world to a person (...) as an indispensable basis for the work of practical reason. They are analysed in the dimensions of their cognitive core, their social, bodily, and motivational aspects. Affectivity constitutes a primary evaluative response to situations and thereby disposes human beings to realise their call to morally good, virtuous and fulfilling action. (shrink)

la théorie de l'argumentation est l'un des points les moins travaillés par Habermas dans ses considérations théoriques. Mais son importance est radicale, puisqu'elle définit le statut même de la rationalité, si l'on accepte une prétention de validité qui était problématique. Nous cherchons ici à définir le statut et le cadre de la théorie de l'argumentation chez Habermas. Nous prétendons aussi suggérer que la façon de parler sur l’argumentation a partir de la notion de l'intérêt général est problématique, ce qui peut (...) être corrigé selon le fondement de la propre théorie habermasienne, à condition qu'elle soit bien comprise. (shrink)

Alle Menschen streben nach Glück. Es dürfte schwierig sein, einen Philosophen zu benennen, der diesen Satz jemals ernsthaft bestritten hat. Auf der Basis eines solchen, fast einzigartigen und mehr als zweitausend Jahre haltenden philosophischen Konsenses, so möchte man meinen, konnte eine konstruktive Philosophie des Glücks gedeihen, die sich in der Ausgestaltung der Begriffe des Glücks und des Strebens differenzierte; eine Philosophie, die Antworten gibt auf die Fragen, ob bzw. auf welche Weise wir das jeweils erstrebte Glück erreichen können, und die (...) sich kritisch analysierend zu den wohlfeilen Glücksangeboten verhält, welche uns Werbeagenturen, (Ersatz-) Religionen und selbsternannte Seelenheiler aufdrängen; eine Philosophie, die uns beratend zur Seite stehen kann, wenn wir unsere Bedürfnisse, Lebenshaltungen, -erwartungen und -kontexte aufeinander abstimmen wollen. (shrink)

This article presents and discusses the meaning of a possible foundation of ethics, both from a philosophical perspective and with regard to religious representations. It proposes to enlarge the conception of rationality in order to take into account the critical contribution of cultures, traditions and religions to an ethics of reconstruction. This also entails rethinking the role of theological ethics and seeking to make more explicit the cultural plausibility and the practical credibility of Christianity in public ethics today.

En este artículo se desarrolla una reflexión acerca del suicidio hetero-referido o no-personal. Se lo analiza en tanto forma de voluntad e instrumento de presión política que tensiona críticamente los modos en que se organiza la vida en nuestras sociedades. Se indaga en el potencial de contra-soberanía que supone en tanto intenta desactivar el poder al que se enfrenta. Se tematiza cierta ética de la pasividad que surge en esta acción y se examina la lógica que recorre el acto de (...) darse muerte. Finalmente, el artículo contribuye a complejizar el debate en torno al suicidio hetero-referido en tanto se destacan sus límites y potencialidades, así como las paradojas que plantean a nuestras democracias liberales las diversas demandas de grupos minorizados. (shrink)

La hermenéutica contemporánea, en general, ha sostenido una autonomía del texto y se le ha reprochado a Schleiermacher el tener una perspectiva psicologizante. No obstante, en este artículo se pretende mostrar que el fundamento de la prioridad de la "parte psicológica", como la llama Schleiermacher, estriba en que éste concibe la interpretación como una forma de diálogo, en la medida que, desde su perspectiva en todo texto alguien le dice algo a alguien, independientemente de que el intérprete sea o no (...) el destinatario original del texto. (shrink)

La idea de que la fenomenología de Husserl representa una suerte de filosofía reflexiva, basada en una metodología que desarrolla la tradición cartesiana, se ha convertido en una creencia ampliamente difundida en la literatura filosófica. Este énfasis puesto por Husserl en la reflexión fue arduamente criticado por Heidegger. Desde entonces resulta frecuente encontrarse con la afirmación de que Husserl y Heidegger desarrollan dos conceptos de fenomenología diferentes, incluso antagónicos. No se trata de seguir alimentando esta discusión historiográfica. Aquí, por una (...) parte, se muestra el complejo proceso de desarrollo de la fenomenología hermenéutica de Heidegger en el transcurso de sus primeras lecciones de Friburgo (1919-1923) y Marburgo (1924-1928) y, por otra, se sopesan algunas de las observaciones críticas de Heidegger a Husserl a la luz de evidencias textuales de la fenomenología husserliana, ignoradas no sólo por Heidegger, sino también por un sorprendente número de reconocidos especialistas en el campo de la filosofía, de las ciencias cognitivas y de la filosofía de la mente. (shrink)

Segundo Ser e tempo, o cuidado, como ser do ser-aí, é definível pela expressão complexa “ser-já-precedentemente-a-si-em (o mundo) como ser-junto-a (ente intramundano que vem ao en-contro)”, a qual é apresentada deste modo no Parágrafo 41, que trata de “O ser do ser-aí como cuidado”. Nesta expressão, pretende Heidegger indicar cada um dos existenciais (disposição, compreender, fala, assim como também decair e mundo), e condição da correta compreensão do sentido desta estrutura é o entendimento de que há co-originariedade (Gleichursprünglichkeit) entre eles, (...) isto é, de que a abertura de mundo só ocorre como resultado dos existenciais conjuntamente. Sem pretender contestar tal co-originariedade entre os existenciais no que diz respeito à abertura de mundo (e, portanto, do ser), pretendemos apenas chamar a atenção para o fato de que tal condição da abertura não implica necessariamente que os caracteres do ser do ser-aí tenham que ser entendidos como simultaneamente genéticos na abertura, mas apenas da abertura, e que o ser do ser-aí como cuidado tem seu fundamento originário no carecer. Este último constitui os Em-virtude-de-quê? (Worumwillen) que determinam as disposições, a partir das quais vem a ser as totalidades conformativas (Bewandtnisganzheiten) estabelecidas, como significâncias, no compreender interpretativo, sendo ambos, disposição e compreender, articulados pela fala, com o que tem origem, então, abertura de mundo. Sendo assim, já que o ser do ser-aí é disposição compreensiva e falante no mundo, percebe-se por que se afirma aqui que o fundamento do cuidado como ser do ser-aí é o carecer. Contudo, só é possível dizer que o ser do ser-aí é o cuidado caso a angústia, disposição que corresponde ao saber da morte como compreender projetivo, se manifeste, própria ou impropriamente. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Ser-aí. Disposição. Compreender. Fala. Impessoal. Angústia. Cuidado. ABSTRACT According to Being and Time, care, as the being of Dasein, is definable by the complex expression “ahead-of-itself-Being-already-in-(the world) as Being-alongside (entities encountered within-the-world)”, which is presented this way in Paragraph 41, that approaches “Dasein’s Being as Care”. Through this expression, Heidegger intends to point out each one of the existentialia (state-ofmind, understanding, discourse, as well as falling and world), and as condition to the correct understanding of the meaning of this structure is the understanding of the fact that there is equiprimordiality (Gleichursprünglichkeit) among them, that is, that the world disclosedness only occurs as a result of the existentialia in conjunction. Without intending to contest this equiprimordiality among the existentialia with respect to the disclosedness of world, (and, therefore, of Being) we just intend to call attention to the fact that this condition of the disclosedness does not necessarily mean that the characters of the Being of Dasein have to be understood as simultaneously genetic in the disclosedness, but only for the disclosedness, and that the being of Dasein as care has its original basis in the need. The latter constitutes the for-the-sake-ofwhich (Worumwillen) that determine the state-ofmind, from which the totality of involvements (Bewandtnisganzheiten) are established, as significance, in the interpretative understanding, where both – state-of-mind and understanding – are articulated by discourse, with which there is, therefore, the origin of world disclosedness. This way, as the being of Dasein is a discoursing and understanding state-of-mind in the world, it is possible to realize why it is said here that the basis of care as being of Dasein is the need. However, it is only possible to affirm that the being of beingthere is care if anxiety, the state-of-mind that corresponds to the awareness of death as a projective understanding, manifests itself, either properly or improperly. KEY WORDS – Dasein. State-of-mind. Understanding. Discourse. Anxiety. Care. (shrink)

A Review of The Remains of Being: Hermeneutic Ontology after Metaphysics , by Santiago Zabala This essay offers a critical assessment of Santiago Zabala’s recent book, The Remains of Being: Hermeneutic Ontology After Metaphysics, with the intent of bringing to light Zabala’s most provocative claims about hermeneutics, post-Heideggerian ontology, and the future of philosophy in the postmetaphysical epoch. After reflecting on the aims (section II) and structure of Zabala’s book (section III), the essay attempts to make clear certain tensions that (...) emerge from Zabala’s basic terminology—specifically, the “remains” and “remnants” of Being—with respect to the “subjective” interpretation of Being Zabala defends (section IV). The paper concludes (section V) by pressing Zabala for a more thoroughgoing defense of his most ambitious claims about the primacy of hermeneutics in postmetaphysical thought, particularly regarding his reading of Heidegger’s works. (shrink)

This paper examines Heidegger's critique of Husserl in its earliest extant formulation, viz. the lecture courses Ontologie from 1923 and Einführung in die phänomenologische Forschung from 1923/4. Commentators frequently ignore these lectures, but I try to show that a study of them can reveal both the extent to which Heidegger remains committed to phenomenological research in something like its Husserlian form, and when and why Heidegger must part with Husserl. More specifically, I claim that Heidegger rightly criticizes Husserl's account of (...) 'equipmental objects', and that he is especially unsatisfied with the terminology in which Husserl presents his phenomenological analyses, not only of 'equipment', but of other types of entities as well. However, it will also emerge that Heidegger's own phenomenological work presupposes the performance of what Husserl calls the 'epoch ', the method of 'bracketing' natural knowledge. In this way, Heidegger's sometimes very severe critique must be understood as an internal critique. (shrink)

Contra el esencialismo de las concepciones de la justicia social como desarrollo, se sostiene que los bienes se configuran siempre en relaciones recíprocas, nunca de manera objetiva e impersonal. El núcleo deontológico de la moral reside en la crítica de las formas de actuary reposa en una ontología natural, mientras que el amplio conjunto de creencias normativas que llamamos ética se basa en la crítica de los bienes y presupone una ontología dialéctica. Revelar que toda cosa buena es ambivalente, es (...) la forma ética -y antigua- de reflexión práctica. La formación de bienes, fines y valores razonables acontece en el terreno de los intercambios recíprocos. (shrink)

In this paper, I take issue with Axel Honneth's proposal for renewing critical theory in terms of the normative ideal of 'self-realisation'. Honneth's proposal involves a break with critical theory's traditional preoccupation with the meaning and potential of modern reason, and the way he makes that break depletes the critical resources of his alternative to Habermasian critical theory, leaving open the question of what form the renewal of critical theory should take.

Ernst Tugendhat’s critique of Martin Heidegger’s conception of truth is an ongoing topic in Heideggerian scholarship. In this paper, I contribute to the ongoing exchange between defenders of Heidegger and those who are in agreement with Tugendhat. Specifically, I contend that Tugendhat’s criticisms fail to situate Heidegger’s account of truth within his broader phenomenological–hermeneutic project. In the end, Tugendhat’s critique is grounded upon philosophical assumptions that Heidegger is bringing under question by rethinking the concept of truth. I suggest that thinking (...) through Tugendhat’s critique and attempting to formulate an adequate Heideggerian response gives us a richer understanding of both Heidegger’s account of truth and his general philosophical project. (shrink)

El trabajo explora críticamente la idea de una justificación débil o pen última de la moral enmarcándola en el conjunto de la filosofía de Tugendhat, reordenan do sus escritos éticos y discriminando los diversos aspectos que incluye dicha idea. Entre ellos, revisa el concepto formal de moral, ligado a los sentimientos, antes de centrarse en el punto crucial: la fundamentación de la ética moderna. Aquí se distingue, por un lado, la justificación comparativa de un contractualismo igualitario frente a otras alternativas (...) teóricas y, por otro, los motivos que pueden llevar a un individuo autónomo a entenderse en términos morales. (shrink)

ABSTRACTIn this article I explore the idea that Heidegger's lectures on The Basic Problems of Phenomenology are of particular importance to our understanding of the relationship between Heidegger and Kant. These lectures can be read as a “historical” commentary on Being and Time. Of course, Heidegger does not present himself as a historian of philosophy, but acts as a philosophical reader of Kant in order to expound the principal ideas of his own philosophy. My central claim is that it is (...) through Kant's philosophy of self-consciousness that Heidegger attempts to provide us with a better understanding of his own conception of self-understanding. (shrink)

En el primero de los dos grandes apartados en los que el texto se divide, se pasa revista al medio siglo de «avatares de la razón» atravesado por la ética desde los orígenes del «giro lingüstico» de la filosofía contemporánea al desafío que representa para ella el llamado «pensamiento postmetafísico» característico de la postmodernidad. Haciendo frente a este último, pero asimismo a cualesquiera intentos de restauración de la vieja metafísica premoderna, la segunda parte del texto defiende la conveniencia —o, para (...) ser exactos, la necesidad— de que la filosofía moral mantenga hoy su apertura a lo que se da arangurenianamente en llamar «el horizonte metafísico de la ética». Dicha apertura habría de permitir a los filósofos morales hacerse cargo tanto de «la pregunta por lo real» en que la ética hunde sus raíces cuanto de «la pregunta por lo posible» que hermana a dicha ética con lo mejor del pensamiento utópico, así como encarar, en fin, aquellas preguntas últimas o «preguntas sin respuesta» que, desde la modernidad a nuestros días, insisten en recordarnos que el emblema de la filosofía, y por lo pronto de la filosofía moral, no es otro que el signo de interrogación. (shrink)

A ética aristotélica baseia-se em uma “teoria da ação humana”. Para fins de compreensão , ela pode ser “decomposta” em etapas e analisada em seus componentes, que ficam expostos claramente. Dessa forma, também, podem-se avaliar os diferentes papéis desempenhados, especialmente, pela virtude e pela prudência , entre outros. A “ética teleológica” de Aristóteles, nessa exposição, parece portar componentes deontológicos, o que torna o estudo, além de relevante, também filosoficamente interessante.The Aristotelian ethics is based on a “theory of human action”. For (...) understanding his ethical theory it can be divided in steps, and thus be analyzed in its components, for example, virtue and prudence , which are so clearly exposed. Thus, also, it is possible toevaluate the different roles performed especially by these components. The “teleological ethics” of Aristotle seems, besides, to carry components of a deontological ethics which makes the study presented hear relevant and philosophically interesting. (shrink)

It is sometimes said that questions of form are questions of logic or language. In his "Logical Investigations" Husserl, however, clearly distinguished formal ontology from formal grammar and formal logic. The article attempts to explain Husserl's notion of formal ontology. It investigates the relation between formal and material ontology as well as the relation between epistemic and metaphysical necessity. The article provides an interpretation of Husserl's claim that there are metaphysical necessities which are necessarily recognized by the human mind on (...) the basis of Husserl's well-known distinction between the meanings of mental acts and their objective correlates. (shrink)

A ética trata da interação entre as pessoas e de como esta interação impacta outras pessoas. A ética engloba um conjunto de princípios que buscam direcionar o comportamento dos indivíduos enquanto vivendo em sociedade. Uma vez que é no trabalho que o ser humano normalmente passa a maior parte do seu tempo, este artigo aborda a questão ética nas organizações e no mercado de trabalho, porém sob a ótica cristã. Mais especificamente, este texto trata de como a pessoa cristã deve (...) se comportar nas organizações nos dias de hoje. (shrink)

This paper argues that there is a thread in the philosophy of E. Tugendhat binding together his moral and justice theories with his conceptual analysis. Oriented by the thesis that a conceptual analysis is necessary to explain what justice is, this paper reconstructs some aspects of Tugendhat’s philosophy. It is divided in four sections: First, I delve into the author’s definition and use of conceptual analysis. Second, I describe some features of Tugendhat’s moral theory of contractualism. Third, I examine his (...) theory of justice. Fourth, I conclude by framing my analysis within the debate between Rawls’s and Tugendhat’s theories of justice. (shrink)

A ideia de que juízos de valor são subjetivos, sem garantias teóricas objetivas ou impossíveis de serem objeto de uma justificação racional, não é assunto novo, não apenas no ambiente filosófico, mas também no senso comum. Contra esta posição, pretendemos argumentar que não só é possível, mas que a justificação racional dos valores e regras morais é necessária e que um possível fio condutor para tal tarefa consiste no insight kantiano a partir do princípio de universalização. Além disso, procuramos mostrar (...) que e como tal solução é compatível com o pluralismo moral sem cair em um relativismo moral. (shrink)

In this paper, I investigate the relations between the notion of the I and the conception of World history in Hegel’s philosophy. First, I address Hegel’s account of the I by reconstructing its phenomenological and logical development from consciousness to self-consciousness through recognition with the other and arguing that the project of the Philosophy of Right is normative, as it provides an account of the logical process of affirmation of the I as the normative source of the realm of objective (...) spirit. I then argue for an account of World history as the self-conscious development and liberation of the I in time and objectivity, and I consider Hegel’s philosophy of history in light of the Philosophy of Right as the historical emergence of the I through the forms of objective spirit in history. Finally, I focus on two of the allegedly most problematic issues related to Hegel’s conception of World history: the nature and very possibility of an ‘intersubjective consciousness’ and the notion of ‘World spirit’. I conclude by outlining how the conception of World history, if reconstructed in light of Hegel’s conception of the I, can have previously unnoticed political implications. (shrink)

O presente artigo visa explicar o conceito kantiano de máxima. Seu propósito é aduzir uma interpretação capaz de identificar as diferentes funções deste conceito na filosofia de Kant. Além disso, o autor explora as consequências da sua análise na esfera da solução da antinomia da faculdade de julgar teleológica na terceira Crítica. No cerne desta antinomia está a alegação de Kant, segundo a qual toda a “aparência” (Anschein) de conflito entre as máximas mecânica e teleológica provém da confusão de um (...) princípio da faculdade de julgar reflexiva com um princípio da faculdade de julgar determinante. (shrink)

Según Oliver Marchart, autores como Badiou, Lefort, Rancière o Laclau son parte de una misma corriente: el pensamiento político posfundacionalista. Su caracte-rística central no es el rechazo de todo fundamento del orden político, sino de todo fundamento que pretenda ser necesario. En oposición a esta postura y, a partir de un análisis del concepto de hegemonía, se busca mostrar cómo el pensamiento de Laclau no se libra de la metafísica, sino que, por el contrario, desarrolla políticamente la que es -según (...) Heidegger, el padre espiritual del posfundacionalismo- su forma consumada: la metafísica nietzscheana de la voluntad de poder. According to Oliver Marchart, authors such as Badiou, Lefort, Rancière or Laclau are representatives of postfoundationalist political thought, which does not reject all foundations of the political order, but rather those that claim to be necessary. In opposition to this viewpoint and on the basis of an analysis of the concept of hegemony, the paper seeks to show how Laclau's thought fails to free itself of metaphysics. Rather, it develops politically that which according to Heidegger, the "spiritual father" of postfoundationalism, is its consummated form: Nietzsche's metaphysics of the will to power. (shrink)

A Doutrina do direito é um dos últimos trabalhos de Kant. Recomposto para uma nova editoração, o texto tem merecido a atenção de e teóricos do direito. A presente contribuição examina a repercussão da obra jurídica de Kant nos escritos recentes de Tugendhat, um dos críticos mais notórios do pensamento kantiano. O artigo privilegia asrelações entre direito e moral, procura dar uma feição mais nítida à chamada razão trivial, tendo em vista as clássicas objeções de Hegel à razão prática kantiana.

Este trabalho pretende apresentar de modo resumido a defesa de uma ética da responsabilidade nas abordagens de Hans Jonas e Karl-Otto Apel. Apesar de concordarem quanto aos problemas emergentes em nossa época e a urgente necessidade de uma ética universal e voltada para o futuro da humanidade, os autores seguem caminhos divergentes em suas respectivas formulações. É necessário situar a perspectiva em que cada um deles se coloca para dar conta do problema. Enquanto para Jonas a preocupação é oferecer uma (...) resposta mais concreta ou prática, Apel trata de resolver o problema primeiramente no plano teórico. Mesmo seguindo caminhos diferentes, são duas perspectivas contemporâneas que se propõem a oferecer uma resposta para os problemas de nossa época. É preciso elucidar se são propostas incompatíveis ou apresentam traços de complementariedade. (shrink)