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Reliable knowledge: an exploration of the grounds for belief in science

New York: Cambridge University Press (1978)

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  1. Computation and cognition: Issues in the foundation of cognitive science.Zenon W. Pylyshyn - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):111-32.
    The computational view of mind rests on certain intuitions regarding the fundamental similarity between computation and cognition. We examine some of these intuitions and suggest that they derive from the fact that computers and human organisms are both physical systems whose behavior is correctly described as being governed by rules acting on symbolic representations. Some of the implications of this view are discussed. It is suggested that a fundamental hypothesis of this approach is that there is a natural domain of (...)
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  • Data and phenomena.James Woodward - 1989 - Synthese 79 (3):393 - 472.
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  • From knowledge to wisdom: a revolution in the aims and methods of science.Nicholas Maxwell - 1984 - Oxford: Blackwell.
    This book argues for the need to put into practice a profound and comprehensive intellectual revolution, affecting to a greater or lesser extent all branches of scientific and technological research, scholarship and education. This intellectual revolution differs, however, from the now familiar kind of scientific revolution described by Kuhn. It does not primarily involve a radical change in what we take to be knowledge about some aspect of the world, a change of paradigm. Rather it involves a radical change in (...)
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  • Précis of The evolution of human sexuality.Donald Symons - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):171-181.
    Patterns in the data on human sexuality support the hypothesis that the bases of sexual emotions are products of natural selection. Most generally, the universal existence of laws, rules, and gossip about sex, the pervasive interest in other people's sex lives, the widespread seeking of privacy for sexual intercourse, and the secrecy that normally permeates sexual conduct imply a history of reproductive competition. More specifically, the typical differences between men and women in sexual feelings can be explained most parsimoniously as (...)
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  • Cognitive representation and the process-architecture distinction.Zenon W. Pylyshyn - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):154-169.
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  • Foundations of social epistemics.Alvin I. Goldman - 1987 - Synthese 73 (1):109 - 144.
    A conception of social epistemology is articulated with links to studies of science and opinion in such disciplines as history, sociology, and political science. The conception is evaluative, though, rather than purely descriptive. Three types of evaluative approaches are examined but rejected: relativism, consensualism, and expertism. A fourth, truth-linked, approach to intellectual evaluation is then advocated: social procedures should be appraised by their propensity to foster true belief. Standards of evaluation in social epistemics would be much the same as those (...)
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  • Distributed cognition without distributed knowing.Ronald N. Giere - 2007 - Social Epistemology 21 (3):313-320.
    In earlier works, I have argued that it is useful to think of much scientific activity, particularly in experimental sciences, as involving the operation of distributed cognitive systems, as these are understood in the contemporary cognitive sciences. Introducing a notion of distributed cognition, however, invites consideration of whether, or in what way, related cognitive activities, such as knowing, might also be distributed. In this paper I will argue that one can usefully introduce a notion of distributed cognition without attributing other (...)
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  • Towards a Typology of Experimental Errors: an Epistemological View.Giora Hon - 1989 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 20 (4):469.
    This paper is concerned with the problem of experimental error. The prevalent view that experimental errors can be dismissed as a tiresome but trivial blemish on the method of experimentation is criticized. It is stressed that the occurrence of errors in experiments constitutes a permanent feature of the attempt to test theories in the physical world, and this feature deserves proper attention. It is suggested that a classification of types of experimental error may be useful as a heuristic device in (...)
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  • Evolutionary causation: how proximate is ultimate?Richard E. Whalen - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):202-203.
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  • Fitness, function, fidelity, fornication, and feminine philandering.Jack P. Hailman - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):189-189.
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  • Error types.Douglas Allchin - 2001 - Perspectives on Science 9 (1):38-58.
    : Errors in science range along a spectrum from those relatively local to the phenomenon (usually easily remedied in the laboratory) to those more conceptually derived (involving theory or cultural factors, sometimes quite long-term). One may classify error types broadly as material, observational, conceptual or discoursive. This framework bridges philosophical and sociological perspectives, offering a basis for interfield discourse. A repertoire of error types also supports error analytics, a program for deepening reliability through strategies for regulating and probing error.
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  • (1 other version)What might philosophy of science look like if chemists built it?Roald Hoffmann - 2007 - Synthese 155 (3):321 - 336.
    Had more philosophers of science come from chemistry, their thinking would have been different. I begin by looking at a typical chemical paper, in which making something is the leitmotif, and conjecture/refutation is pretty much irrelevant. What in fact might have been, might be, different? The realism of chemists is reinforced by their remarkable ability to transform matter; they buy into reductionism where it serves them, but make no real use of it. Incommensurability is taken without a blink, and actually (...)
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  • Reducing Ethical Hazards in Knowledge Production.Alan Cottey - 2016 - Science and Engineering Ethics 22 (2):367-389.
    This article discusses the ethics of knowledge production from a cultural point of view, in contrast with the more usual emphasis on the ethical issues facing individuals involved in KP. Here, the emphasis is on the cultural environment within which individuals, groups and institutions perform KP. A principal purpose is to suggest ways in which reliable scientific knowledge could be produced more efficiently. The distinction between ethical hazard and ethical behaviour is noted. Ethical hazards cannot be eliminated but they can (...)
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  • The epistemology of scientific evidence.Douglas Walton & Nanning Zhang - 2013 - Artificial Intelligence and Law 21 (2):173-219.
    In place of the traditional epistemological view of knowledge as justified true belief we argue that artificial intelligence and law needs an evidence-based epistemology according to which scientific knowledge is based on critical analysis of evidence using argumentation. This new epistemology of scientific evidence (ESE) models scientific knowledge as achieved through a process of marshaling evidence in a scientific inquiry that results in a convergence of scientific theories and research results. We show how a dialogue interface of argument from expert (...)
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  • Search Regimes and the Industrial Dynamics of Science.Andrea Bonaccorsi - 2008 - Minerva 46 (3):285-315.
    The article addresses the issue of dynamics of science, in particular of new sciences born in twentieth century and developed after the Second World War (information science, materials science, life science). The article develops the notion of search regime as an abstract characterization of dynamic patterns, based on three dimensions: the rate of growth, the degree of internal diversity of science and the associated dynamics (convergent vs. proliferating), and the nature of complementarity. The article offers a conceptual discussion for the (...)
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  • Notes on the cultural significance of the sciences.Wallis A. Suchting - 1994 - Science & Education 3 (1):1-56.
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  • Going Public: Good Scientific Conduct.Gitte Meyer & Peter Sandøe - 2012 - Science and Engineering Ethics 18 (2):173-197.
    The paper addresses issues of scientific conduct regarding relations between science and the media, relations between scientists and journalists, and attitudes towards the public at large. In the large and increasing body of literature on scientific conduct and misconduct, these issues seem underexposed as ethical challenges. Consequently, individual scientists here tend to be left alone with problems and dilemmas, with no guidance for good conduct. Ideas are presented about how to make up for this omission. Using a practical, ethical approach, (...)
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  • (1 other version)Is science sexist?Michael Ruse - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):197-198.
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  • Normal Accidents of Expertise.Stephen P. Turner - 2010 - Minerva 48 (3):239-258.
    Charles Perrow used the term normal accidents to characterize a type of catastrophic failure that resulted when complex, tightly coupled production systems encountered a certain kind of anomalous event. These were events in which systems failures interacted with one another in a way that could not be anticipated, and could not be easily understood and corrected. Systems of the production of expert knowledge are increasingly becoming tightly coupled. Unlike classical science, which operated with a long time horizon, many current forms (...)
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  • The Public Understanding of Science—A Rhetorical Invention.Simon Locke - 2002 - Science, Technology, and Human Values 27 (1):87-111.
    This article contributes to the development of a rhetorical approach to the public understanding of science or science literacy. It is argued that rhetoric promises an alternative approach to deficit models that treat people as faulty scientists. Some tensions in the relevant rhetorical literature need resolution. These center on the application to science of an Aristotelian conception of rhetorical reasoning as enthymematic, without breaking from the Platonic/aristotelian division between technical and public spheres. The former opens science to the potential of (...)
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  • Computation without representation.Stephen P. Stich - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):152-152.
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  • Using a dialectical scientific brief in Peer review.Arthur Stamps - 1997 - Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1):85-98.
    This paper presents a framework that editors, peer reviewers, and authors can use to identify and resolve efficiently disputes that arise during peer review in scientific journals. The framework is called a scientific dialectical brief. In this framework, differences among authors and reviewers are formatted into specific assertions and the support each party provides for its position. A literature review suggests that scientists use five main types of support; empirical data, reasoning, speculation, feelings, and status. It is suggested that the (...)
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  • Toward preparing students for change: A critical discussion of the contribution of the history of physics in physics teaching.Walter Jung - 1994 - Science & Education 3 (2):99-130.
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  • Uses of cognitive science to science education.W. Jung - 1993 - Science & Education 2 (1):31-56.
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  • The Reinvention of Grand Theories of the Scientific/Scholarly Process.Marion Blute & Paul Armstrong - 2011 - Perspectives on Science 19 (4):391-425.
    This research was inspired by Werner Callebaut's (1993) classic in which he interviewed major contemporary philosophers of science (specifically of biology) at a time when the interdisciplinary label of "science studies" had hardly been invented. The "real" in his title, Taking the Naturalistic Turn: How Real Philosophy of Science is Done, was a playful reference to debates over realism in Philosophy—the title as a whole drawing attention to his intent to study science studies empirically. That, for Callebaut, was "real" philosophy.In (...)
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  • Developing Ideas of Refraction, Lenses and Rainbow Through the Use of Historical Resources.Pavlos Mihas - 2008 - Science & Education 17 (7):751-777.
    The paper examines different ways of using historical resources in teaching refraction related subjects. Experimental procedures can be taught by using Ptolemy’s and Al Haytham’s methods. The student can check the validity of the approximations or rules which were presented by different people. The interpretation of the relations is another subject. Refraction phenomena were interpreted either by the principle of least time or by particles or by waves. The law of refraction can be used as an example of a law (...)
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  • Caminhos do conhecimento comercial: formas e conseqüências da sinergia universidade-empresa nas incubadoras tecnológicas.Terry Shin & Erwan Lamy - 2006 - Scientiae Studia 4 (3):485-508.
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  • Theoretical Practice: the Bohm-Pines Quartet.R. I. G. Hughes - 2006 - Perspectives on Science 14 (4):457-524.
    Quite rightly, philosophers of physics examine the theories of physics, theories like Quantum Mechanics, Quantum Field Theory, the Special and General Theories of Relativity, and Statistical Mechanics. Far fewer, however, examine how these theories are put to use; that is to say, little attention is paid to the practices of theoretical physicists. In the early 1950s David Bohm and David Pines published a sequence of four papers, collectively entitled, ‘A Collective Description of Electron Interaction.’ This essay uses that quartet as (...)
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  • The evolution of human sexuality revisited.Donald Symons - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):203-214.
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  • On the Organism-Environment Distinction in Psychology.Daniel K. Palmer - 2004 - Behavior and Philosophy 32 (2):317 - 347.
    Most psychology begins with a distinction between organism and environment, where the two are implicitly (and sometimes explicitly) conceptualized as flipsides of a skin-severed space. This paper examines that conceptualization. Dewey and Bentley's (1949) account of firm naming is used to show that psychologists have, in general, (1) employed the skin as a morphological criterion for distinguishing organisms from backgrounds, and (2) equated background with environment. This two-step procedure, which in this article is named the morphological conception of organism, is (...)
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  • Using a dialectical scientific brief in peer review.Arthur Stamps Iii - 1997 - Science and Engineering Ethics 3 (1):85-98.
    This paper presents a framework that editors, peer reviewers, and authors can use to identify and resolve efficiently disputes that arise during peer review in scientific journals. The framework is called a scientific dialectical brief. In this framework, differences among authors and reviewers are formatted into specific assertions and the support each party provides for its position. A literature review suggests that scientists use five main types of support; empirical data, reasoning, speculation, feelings, and status. It is suggested that the (...)
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  • An Evaluation of the Belief in Science Scale.Neil Dagnall, Andrew Denovan, Kenneth Graham Drinkwater & Andrew Parker - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • Information Giving and Enactment of Consent in Written Consent Forms and in Participants' Talk Recorded in a Hospital Setting.Marilena Fatigante & Franca Orletti - 2014 - Human Studies 37 (2):211-238.
    The paper examines the attainment and adequacy of informed consent in an ethnographic–discursive study on gynecological visits involving doctors, patients, and nurses. Starting from a theoretical discussion on informed consent and the principles upon which it relies, the paper highlights the changes and the adjustments that these principle undergo in practice, from the planning of the research till later stages of the researcher’s fieldwork and data recording. Analyses first focus on the informed consent as a written artifact and show how (...)
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  • Some remarks on the re-building of the category of essence and the reflective modernity.Zhen Han - 2010 - Frontiers of Philosophy in China 5 (1):134-141.
    If modernity is manifested as essentialism, postmodernity is manifested as anti-essentialism. Modernity is, in essence, human beings’ discovery of their own power, and is based on rational knowledge that has grasped the essence of things. In fact, in the discourse system of modernity, the various concepts of “essence” connote nothing but people’s imaginative constructions and rational conjectures about objects. In the past, our order, be it internal or external, was in essence guaranteed by God. Afterwards, all “essences”, as essences, must (...)
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  • Experts within Democracy.Joseph Agassi - 2015 - Philosophy of the Social Sciences 45 (3):370-384.
    Stephen Turner defends the sociopolitical role that experts—mainly but not only of the scientific kind—play in modern democratic society and explores means for increasing the rationality of their employment. Laudable though this is, at times Turner goes into more detail than democratic principles require; in his enthusiasm for rationality, he aims at levels of adequacy that are not always within the grasp of democracy.
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  • Beyond the sociobiology of sexuality: predictive hypotheses.John Alcock - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):181-182.
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  • Motives, intentions, science, and sex.Irwin S. Bernstein - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):182-183.
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  • Neuroscience and psychology: should the labor be divided?Patricia Smith Churchland - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):133-133.
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  • Plasticity: conceptual and neuronal.Paul M. Churchland - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):133-134.
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  • From computational metaphor to consensual algorithms.Kenneth Mark Colby - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):134-135.
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  • A remark on the completeness of the computational model of mind.William Demopoulos - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):135-135.
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  • Methods in the two sociobiologies.Donald A. Dewsbury - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):183-184.
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  • The biosocial evolution of human sexuality.Milton Diamond - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):184-186.
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  • Sociobiology - standing on one leg.H. J. Eysenck - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):186-186.
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  • In defence of the armchair.Michael Fortescue - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):135-136.
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  • Is sex sufficient?Michael T. Ghiselin - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (2):187-189.
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  • Human and computer rules and representations are not equivalent.Stephen Grossberg - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):136-138.
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  • Psychology and computational architecture.John Haugeland - 1980 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1):138-139.
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  • Hypothesis, faith, and commitment: William James' critique of science.Jack Barbalet - 2004 - Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 34 (3):213–230.
    William James is remembered as the philosopher of pragmatism, but he was principally the founder of modern scientific psychology. During the period of his most intense scientific involvement James developed a trenchant critique of science. This was not a rejection of science but an attempt to identify limitations of the contemporary conceptualization of science. In particular, James emphasized the failure of science to understand its basis in human emotions. James developed a scientific theory of emotions in which the importance of (...)
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  • (1 other version)The Authority of the Scientific Rejection of Pseudo-Science.R. G. A. Dolby - 1989 - Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 9 (3):283-293.
    The following three papers (by R.G.A. Dolby, R.N.D. Martin, and A. Thomson) were presented to the Science & Religion Forum at its annual meeting in Liverpool, Britain, in March 1988, under the general theme of Tradition & Authority in Science and Religion. An abbreviated version of the fourth paper given at that meeting re-entitled STS Perspective: Value Systems, by W.F. Williams, is printed on pp. 219-221 of this volume (Vol. 9, No. 4). A copy of the full version is available (...)
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