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  1. Chimeras and "human dignity".Josephine Johnston & Christopher Eliot - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):6 – 8.
    One argument Robert and Baylis do not raise in their article on the creation of interspecies chimeras using human cellular material is that the creation of these chimeras would, or could, offend human dignity. Yet, human dignity is one of the most common concerns raised in public debates, academic arguments, and policy documents regarding biotechnology in general, and the creation animal-human chimeras in particular. … The concept is ill-defined within bioethics and … risks being dismissed as meaningless or uselessly vague. (...)
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  • Thinking about the human neuron mouse.Henry T. Greely, Mildred K. Cho, Linda F. Hogle & Debra M. Satz - 2007 - American Journal of Bioethics 7 (5):27 – 40.
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  • At the edge of humanity: Human stem cells, chimeras, and moral status.Robert Streiffer - 2005 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 15 (4):347-370.
    : Experiments involving the transplantation of human stem cells and their derivatives into early fetal or embryonic nonhuman animals raise novel ethical issues due to their possible implications for enhancing the moral status of the chimeric individual. Although status-enhancing research is not necessarily objectionable from the perspective of the chimeric individual, there are grounds for objecting to it in the conditions in which it is likely to occur. Translating this ethical conclusion into a policy recommendation, however, is complicated by the (...)
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  • Chimeras intended for human gamete production: an ethical alternative?César Palacios-González - 2017 - Reproductive Biomedicine Online 35 (4):387-390.
    Human eggs for basic, fertility and stem-cell research are in short supply. Many experiments that require their use cannot be carried out at present, and, therefore, the benefits that could emerge from these are either delayed or never materialise. This state of affairs is problematic for scientists and patients worldwide, and it is a matter that needs our attention. Recent advances in chimera research have opened the possibility of creating human/non-human animal chimeras intended for human gamete production (chimeras-IHGP). In this (...)
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  • Human–Animal Chimeras: Not Only Cell Origin Matters.Gisela Badura-Lotter & Heiner Fangerau - 2014 - American Journal of Bioethics 14 (2):21-22.
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  • Remaking Homo: ethical issues on future human enhancement.Arthur Saniotis - 2013 - Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics 13 (1):15-21.
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  • Who Are My Parents? Why Assigning Moral Categories to Genealogical Relations Leads to More Confusion.Monika Piotrowska - 2012 - American Journal of Bioethics 12 (9):28-30.
    According to Haber and Benham (2012), a sufficient condition for full moral consideration is that a creature bears a genealogical relation to the Homo sapiens lineage. Since part-humans do not bear such a relation, they are not due full moral consideration on that basis. Given this argument, my aim in this commentary is twofold. First, I want to challenge its soundness by showing that it is possible for part-humans to bear a genealogical relation to the H. sapiens lineage. Second, I (...)
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  • How to write a systematic review of reasons.Daniel Strech & Neema Sofaer - 2012 - Journal of Medical Ethics 38 (2):121-126.
    Systematic reviews, which were developed to improve policy-making and clinical decision-making, answer an empirical question based on a minimally biased appraisal of all the relevant empirical studies. A model is presented here for writing systematic reviews of argument-based literature: literature that uses arguments to address conceptual questions, such as whether abortion is morally permissible or whether research participants should be legally entitled to compensation for sustaining research-related injury. Such reviews aim to improve ethically relevant decisions in healthcare, research or policy. (...)
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  • A Response to Commentators on "Crossing Species Boundaries".Jason Scott Robert & Françoise Baylis - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):66-66.
    This paper critically examines the biology of species identity and the morality of crossing species boundaries in the context of emerging research that involves combining human and nonhuman animals at the genetic or cellular level. We begin with the notion of species identity, particularly focusing on the ostensible fixity of species boundaries, and we explore the general biological and philosophical problem of defining species. Against this backdrop, we survey and criticize earlier attempts to forbid crossing species boundaries in the creation (...)
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  • Metaphysical and Ethical Perspectives on Creating Animal-Human Chimeras.J. T. Eberl & R. A. Ballard - 2009 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 34 (5):470-486.
    This paper addresses several questions related to the nature, production, and use of animal-human (a-h) chimeras. At the heart of the issue is whether certain types of a-h chimeras should be brought into existence, and, if they are, how we should treat such creatures. In our current research environment, we recognize a dichotomy between research involving nonhuman animal subjects and research involving human subjects, and the classification of a research protocol into one of these categories will trigger different ethical standards (...)
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  • Chimeras and human dignity.Inmaculada de Melo-Martín - 2008 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 18 (4):pp. 331-346.
    Discussions about whether new biomedical technologies threaten or violate human dignity are now common. Indeed, appeals to human dignity have played a central role in national and international debates about whether to allow particular kinds of biomedical investigations. The focus of this paper is on chimera research. I argue here that both those who claim that particular types of human-nonhuman chimera research threaten human dignity and those who argue that such threat does not exist fail to make their case. I (...)
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  • Crossing species boundaries.Jason Scott Robert & Françoise Baylis - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):1 – 13.
    This paper critically examines the biology of species identity and the morality of crossing species boundaries in the context of emerging research that involves combining human and nonhuman animals at the genetic or cellular level. We begin with the notion of species identity, particularly focusing on the ostensible fixity of species boundaries, and we explore the general biological and philosophical problem of defining species. Against this backdrop, we survey and criticize earlier attempts to forbid crossing species boundaries in the creation (...)
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  • A framework for the ethical assessment of chimeric animal research involving human neural tissue.Sebastian Porsdam Mann, Rosa Sun & Göran Hermerén - 2019 - BMC Medical Ethics 20 (1):10.
    Animal models of human diseases are often used in biomedical research in place of human subjects. However, results obtained by animal models may fail to hold true for humans. One way of addressing this problem is to make animal models more similar to humans by placing human tissue into animal models, rendering them chimeric. Since technical and ethical limitations make neurological disorders difficult to study in humans, chimeric models with human neural tissue could help advance our understanding of neuropathophysiology. In (...)
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  • Using non-human primates to benefit humans: research and organ transplantation.David Shaw, Wybo Dondorp & Guido de Wert - 2014 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 17 (4):573-578.
    Emerging biotechnology may soon allow the creation of genetically human organs inside animals, with non-human primates and pigs being the best candidate species. This prospect raises the question of whether creating organs in primates in order to then transplant them into humans would be more acceptable than using them for research. In this paper, we examine the validity of the purported moral distinction between primates and other animals, and analyze the ethical acceptability of using primates to create organs for human (...)
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  • Transferring Morality to Human–Nonhuman Chimeras.Monika Piotrowska - 2014 - American Journal of Bioethics 14 (2):4-12.
    Human–nonhuman chimeras have been the focus of ethical controversies for more than a decade, yet some related issues remain unaddressed. For example, little has been said about the relationship between the origin of transferred cells and the morally relevant capacities to which they may give rise. Consider, for example, a developing mouse fetus that receives a brain stem cell transplant from a human and another that receives a brain stem cell transplant from a dolphin. If both chimeras acquire morally relevant (...)
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  • The Two-Essence Problem That Wasn’t.Russell DiSilvestro - 2012 - American Journal of Bioethics 12 (9):34-35.
    The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 12, Issue 9, Page 34-35, September 2012.
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  • The Moral Insignificance of Crossing Species Boundaries.Andrew W. Siegel - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):33-34.
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  • Chimera Research and Stem Cell Therapies for Human Neurodegenerative Disorders.Françoise Baylis & Andrew Fenton - 2007 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 16 (2):195-208.
    This work was supported, in part, by a Stem Cell Network grant to Françoise Baylis and Jason Scott Robert and a CIHR grant to Françoise Baylis. We sincerely thank Alan Fine, Rich Campbell, Cynthia Cohen, and Tim Krahn for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Thanks are also owed to Tim Krahn for his research assistance. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the Department of Bioethics and the Novel Tech Ethics research team. We thank (...)
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  • The kingdom of genes: Why genes from animals and plants will make better humans.Julian Savulescu & Loane Skene - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (12):35 – 38.
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  • Human-animal chimeras: Human dignity, moral status, and species prejudice.David Degrazia - 2007 - Metaphilosophy 38 (2-3):309–329.
    The creation of chimeras by introducing human stem cells into nonhu- man animals has provoked intense concerns. Addressing objections that appeal to human dignity, I focus in this essay on stem cell research intended to generate human neurons in Great Apes and rodents. After considering samples of dignity- based objections from the literature, I examine the underlying assumption that nonhuman animals have lower moral status than personsFwith particular attention to what it means to speak of higher and lower moral statusFbefore (...)
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  • Drawing the line at not-fully-human: What we already know.Sarah Franklin - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):25 – 27.
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  • Moral uncertainty and the farming of human-pig chimeras.Julian Koplin & Dominic Wilkinson - 2019 - Journal of Medical Ethics 45 (7):440-446.
    It may soon be possible to generate human organs inside of human-pig chimeras via a process called interspecies blastocyst complementation. This paper discusses what arguably the central ethical concern is raised by this potential source of transplantable organs: that farming human-pig chimeras for their organs risks perpetrating a serious moral wrong because the moral status of human-pig chimeras is uncertain, and potentially significant. Those who raise this concern usually take it to be unique to the creation of chimeric animals with (...)
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  • Uncanny Animals: Thinking Differently About Ethics and the Animal–Human Relationship.Rob Irvine, Chris Degeling & Ian Kerridge - 2012 - American Journal of Bioethics 12 (9):30-32.
    The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 12, Issue 9, Page 30-32, September 2012.
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  • Moral Issues of Human-Non-Human Primate Neural Grafting.Mark Greene, Kathryn Schill, Shoji Takahashi, Alison Bateman-House, Tom Beauchamp, Hilary Bok, Dorothy Cheney, Joseph Coyle, Terrence Deacon, Daniel Dennett, Peter Donovan, Owen Flanagan, Steven Goldman, Henry Greely, Lee Martin & Earl Miller - 2005 - Science 309 (5733):385-386.
    The scientific, ethical, and policy issues raised by research involving the engraftment of human neural stem cells into the brains of nonhuman primates are explored by an interdisciplinary working group in this Policy Forum. The authors consider the possibility that this research might alter the cognitive capacities of recipient great apes and monkeys, with potential significance for their moral status.
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  • Animal Eggs for Stem Cell Research: A Path Not Worth Taking.Françoise Baylis - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (12):18-32.
    In January 2008, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority issued two 1-year licenses for cytoplasmic hybrid embryo research. This article situates the HFEA's decision in its wider scientific and political context in which, until quite recently, the debate about human embryonic stem cell research has focused narrowly on the moral status of the developing human embryo. Next, ethical arguments against crossing species boundaries with humans are canvassed. Finally, a new argument about the risks of harm to women egg providers resulting (...)
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  • No Real Categories, Only Chimeras and Illusions: The Interplay between Morality and Science in Debates over Embryonic Chimeras.Rachel A. Ankeny - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):31-33.
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  • Embryos and pseudoembryos: parthenotes, reprogrammed oocytes and headless clones.H. Watt - 2007 - Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (9):554-556.
    What makes something an embryo—as opposed to what is actually, and not just in biotech parlance, a collection of cells? This question has come to the fore in recent years with proposals for producing embryonic stem cells for research. While some of those opposed to use of standard embryonic stem cells emphasise that adult cells have a clinical track record, others argue that there may be further benefits obtainable from cells very like those of embryos, provided such cells can be (...)
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  • Human‐Animal Chimeras: The Moral Insignificance of Uniquely Human Capacities.Julian J. Koplin - 2019 - Hastings Center Report 49 (5):23-32.
    Human‐animal chimeras—creatures composed of a mix of animal and human cells—have come to play an important role in biomedical research, and they raise ethical questions. This article focuses on one particularly difficult set of questions—those related to the moral status of human‐animal chimeras with brains that are partly or wholly composed of human cells. Given the uncertain effects of human‐animal chimera research on chimeric animals’ cognition, it would be prudent to ensure we do not overlook or underestimate their moral status. (...)
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  • Human-Animal Chimeras and Hybrids: An Ethical Paradox behind Moral Confusion?Dietmar Hübner - 2018 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 43 (2):187-210.
    The prospect of creating and using human–animal chimeras and hybrids that are significantly human-like in their composition, phenotype, cognition, or behavior meets with divergent moral judgments: on the one side, it is claimed that such beings might be candidates for human-analogous rights to protection and care; on the other side, it is supposed that their existence might disturb fundamental natural and social orders. This paper tries to show that both positions are paradoxically intertwined: they rely on two kinds of species (...)
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  • At the Edge of Humanity.Robert Streiffer - 2007 - Journal of Philosophical Research 32 (9999):63-83.
    Experiments involving the transplantation of human stem cells and their derivatives into early fetal or embryonic nonhuman animals raise novel ethical issues due to their possible implications for enhancing the moral status of the chimeric individual. Although status-enhancing research is not necessarily objectionable from the perspective of the chimeric individual, there are grounds for objecting to it in the conditions in which it is likely to occur. Translating this ethical conclusion into a policy recommendation, however, iscomplicated by the fact that (...)
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  • Chimeras, Moral Status, and Public Policy: Implications of the Abortion Debate for Public Policy on Human/Nonhuman Chimera Research.Robert Streiffer - 2010 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 38 (2):238-250.
    Moral status is the moral value that something has in its own right, independently of the interests or concerns of others. Research using human embryonic stem cells implicates issues about moral status because the current method of extracting hESCs involves the destruction of a human embryo, the moral status of which is contested. Moral status issues can also arise, however, when hESCs are transplanted into embryonic or fetal animals, thereby creating human/ nonhuman stem cell chimeras. In particular, one concern about (...)
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  • Hidden Anthropocentrism and the “Benefit of the Doubt”: Problems With the “Origins” Approach to Moral Status.Sarah Chan - 2014 - American Journal of Bioethics 14 (2):18-20.
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  • Is the Creation of Admixed Embryos “an Offense against Human Dignity”?David Jones - 2010 - Human Reproduction and Genetic Ethics 16 (1):87-114.
    The controversy over the creation of admixed human- nonhuman embryos, and specifically of what have been termed “cybrids,” involves a range of ethical and political issues. It is not reducible to a single question. This paper focuses on one question raised by that controversy, whether creating admixed human-nonhuman entities is “an offense against human dignity.” In the last decade there has been sustained criticism of the use of the concept of human dignity within bioethics. The concept has been criticized as (...)
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  • A Response to "Crossing Species Boundaries" by Jason Scott Robert and Françoise Baylis.John A. Robertson - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):64-65.
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  • The moral musings of a murine chimera.William P. Cheshire - 2007 - American Journal of Bioethics 7 (5):49 – 50.
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  • Defining chimeras...And chimeric concerns.Henry T. Greely - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):17 – 20.
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  • Creating human-nonhuman chimeras: Of mice and men.Cynthia B. Cohen - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):3 – 5.
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  • Developing human-nonhuman chimeras in human stem cell research: Ethical issues and boundaries.Phillip Karpowicz, Cynthia B. Cohen & Derek J. Van der Kooy - 2005 - Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 15 (2):107-134.
    : The transplantation of adult human neural stem cells into prenatal non-humans offers an avenue for studying human neural cell development without direct use of human embryos. However, such experiments raise significant ethical concerns about mixing human and nonhuman materials in ways that could result in the development of human-nonhuman chimeras. This paper examines four arguments against such research, the moral taboo, species integrity, "unnaturalness," and human dignity arguments, and finds the last plausible. It argues that the transfer of human (...)
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  • Ethical aspects of creating human–nonhuman chimeras capable of human gamete production and human pregnancy.César Palacios-González - 2015 - Monash Bioethics Review 33 (2-3):181-202.
    In this paper I explore some of the moral issues that could emerge from the creation of human–nonhuman chimeras capable of human gamete production and human pregnancy. First I explore whether there is a cogent argument against the creation of HNH-chimeras that could produce human gametes. I conclude that so far there is none, and that in fact there is at least one good moral reason for producing such types of creatures. Afterwards I explore some of the moral problems that (...)
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  • Splices: When Science Catches Up with Science Fiction.Anne Franciska Pusch - 2015 - NanoEthics 9 (1):55-73.
    This paper examines human-nonhuman splices from a multidisciplinary approach, involving bioengineering and literary studies. Splices are hybrid beings, created through gene-splicing—a process which combines the DNA of the two species, resulting in a hybrid or chimeric being. A current trend in biotechnological research is the use of spliced pigs for xenotransplantation. Hiromitsu Nakauchi’s pancreas study that splices pigs with human iPS [induced pluripotent stem] cells in order to grow human organs inside pigs is being compared to a highly similar case (...)
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  • Chimeras.Diana J. Schaub - 2006 - The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 6 (1):29-35.
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  • Crossing perspectival chasms about species.Lee L. Zwanziger - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):9 – 10.
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  • Crossing species boundaries is even more controversial than you think.Paul B. Thompson - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):14 – 15.
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  • Hopes against hopeful monsters.David Castle - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):28 – 30.
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  • Exercising Restraint in the Creation of Animal–Human Chimeras.Jason T. Eberl & Rebecca A. Ballard - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (6):45 – 46.
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  • Moral confusion and developmental essentialism in part-human hybrid research.Bryan Benham & Matt Haber - 2008 - American Journal of Bioethics 8 (12):42 – 44.
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  • Of mice and men.Bernard E. Rollin - 2007 - American Journal of Bioethics 7 (5):55 – 57.
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  • Constructing a systematic review for argument-based clinical ethics literature: The example of concealed medications.Laurence B. McCullough, John H. Coverdale & Frank A. Chervenak - 2007 - Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 32 (1):65 – 76.
    The clinical ethics literature is striking for the absence of an important genre of scholarship that is common to the literature of clinical medicine: systematic reviews. As a consequence, the field of clinical ethics lacks the internal, corrective effect of review articles that are designed to reduce potential bias. This article inaugurates a new section of the annual "Clinical Ethics" issue of the Journal of Medicine and Philosophy on systematic reviews. Using recently articulated standards for argument-based normative ethics, we provide (...)
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  • In defense of stem cell chimeras: A response to "crossing species boundaries".Phillip Karpowicz - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):17 – 19.
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  • What's wrong with confusion?Hilary Bok - 2003 - American Journal of Bioethics 3 (3):25 – 26.
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