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  1. Some preliminary experiments on vision without inversion of the retinal image.George M. Stratton - 1896 - Psychological Review 3 (6):611-617.
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  • The use of realistic and mechanical hands in the rubber hand illusion, and the relationship to hemispheric differences.Marco Bertamini & Noreen O’Sullivan - 2014 - Consciousness and Cognition 27:89-99.
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  • The rubber hand illusion in a mirror.Marco Bertamini, Nausicaa Berselli, Carole Bode, Rebecca Lawson & Li Ting Wong - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (4):1108-1119.
    In the rubber hand illusion one’s hand is hidden, and a fake hand is visible. We explored the situation in which visual information was available indirectly in a mirror. In the mirror condition, compared to the standard condition , we found no reduction of the RHI following synchronised stimulation, as measured by crossmanual pointing and by a questionnaire. We replicated the finding with a smaller mirror that prevented visibility of the face. The RHI was eliminated when a wooden block replaced (...)
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  • The free-energy principle: a rough guide to the brain?Karl Friston - 2009 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13 (7):293-301.
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  • Embodiment, ownership and disownership.Frédérique de Vignemont - 2011 - Consciousness and Cognition 20 (1):1-12.
    There are two main pathways to investigate the sense of body ownership, (i) through the study of the conditions of embodiment for an object to be experienced as one's own and (ii) through the analysis of the deficits in patients who experience a body part as alien. Here, I propose that E is embodied if some properties of E are processed in the same way as the properties of one's body. However, one must distinguish among different types of embodiment, and (...)
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  • Tactile expectations and the perception of self-touch: An investigation using the rubber hand paradigm.Rebekah C. White, Anne M. Aimola Davies, Terri J. Halleen & Martin Davies - 2010 - Consciousness and Cognition 19 (2):505-519.
    The rubber hand paradigm is used to create the illusion of self-touch, by having the participant administer stimulation to a prosthetic hand while the Examiner, with an identical stimulus , administers stimulation to the participant’s hand. With synchronous stimulation, participants experience the compelling illusion that they are touching their own hand. In the current study, the robustness of this illusion was assessed using incongruent stimuli. The participant used the index finger of the right hand to administer stimulation to a prosthetic (...)
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  • Having a body versus moving your body: How agency structures body-ownership.Manos Tsakiris, Gita Prabhu & Patrick Haggard - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2):423-432.
    We investigated how motor agency in the voluntary control of body movement influences body awareness. In the Rubber Hand Illusion , synchronous tactile stimulation of a rubber hand and the participant’s hand leads to a feeling of the rubber hand being incorporated in the participant’s own body. One quantifiable behavioural correlate of the illusion is an induced shift in the perceived location of the participant’s hand towards the rubber hand. Previous studies showed that the induced changes in body awareness are (...)
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  • Visual enhancement of touch and the bodily self.M. Longo, S. Cardozo & P. Haggard - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (4):1181-1191.
    We experience our own body through both touch and vision. We further see that others’ bodies are similar to our own body, but we have no direct experience of touch on others’ bodies. Therefore, relations between vision and touch are important for the sense of self and for mental representation of one’s own body. For example, seeing the hand improves tactile acuity on the hand, compared to seeing a non-hand object. While several studies have demonstrated this visual enhancement of touch (...)
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  • Types of body representation and the sense of embodiment.Glenn Carruthers - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (4):1316.
    The sense of embodiment is vital for self recognition. An examination of anosognosia for hemiplegia—the inability to recognise that one is paralysed down one side of one’s body—suggests the existence of ‘online’ and ‘offline’ representations of the body. Online representations of the body are representations of the body as it is currently, are newly constructed moment by moment and are directly “plugged into” current perception of the body. In contrast, offline representations of the body are representations of what the body (...)
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  • Hemispheric interaction and consciousness: Degree of handedness predicts the intensity of a sensory illusion.Christopher L. Niebauer, Justin Aselage & Christian Schutte - 2002 - Laterality 7 (1):85-96.
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  • Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science.Shaun Gallagher - 2000 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 (1):14-21.
    Although philosophical approaches to the self are diverse, several of them are relevant to cognitive science. First, the notion of a 'minimal self', a self devoid of temporal extension, is clarified by distinguishing between a sense of agency and a sense of ownership for action. To the extent that these senses are subject to failure in pathologies like schizophrenia, a neuropsychological model of schizophrenia may help to clarify the nature of the minimal self and its neurological underpinnings. Second, there is (...)
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  • The Natural and the Normative: Theories of Spatial Perception From Kant to Helmholtz.Gary Carl Hatfield - 1990 - Cambridge: MIT Press.
    Gary Hatfield examines theories of spatial perception from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century and provides a detailed analysis of the works of Kant and Helmholtz, who adopted opposing stances on whether central questions about spatial perception were fully amenable to natural-scientific treatment. At stake were the proper understanding of the relationships among sensation, perception, and experience, and the proper methodological framework for investigating the mental activities of judgment, understanding, and reason issues which remain at the core of philosophical psychology (...)
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  • The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales.Carol Levine & Oliver Sacks - 1986 - Hastings Center Report 16 (2):42.
    Book reviewed in this article: The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales. By Oliver Sacks.
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  • Spatial limits on the nonvisual self-touch illusion and the visual rubber hand illusion: Subjective experience of the illusion and proprioceptive drift.Anne M. Aimola Davies, Rebekah C. White & Martin Davies - 2013 - Consciousness and Cognition 22 (2):613-636.
    The nonvisual self-touch rubber hand paradigm elicits the compelling illusion that one is touching one’s own hand even though the two hands are not in contact. In four experiments, we investigated spatial limits of distance and alignment on the nonvisual self-touch illusion and the well-known visual rubber hand illusion. Common procedures and common assessment methods were used. Subjective experience of the illusion was assessed by agreement ratings for statements on a questionnaire and time of illusion onset. The nonvisual self-touch illusion (...)
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  • Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science.Andy Clark - 2013 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (3):181-204.
    Brains, it has recently been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles of cells that support perception and action by constantly attempting to match incoming sensory inputs with top-down expectations or predictions. This is achieved using a hierarchical generative model that aims to minimize prediction error within a bidirectional cascade of cortical processing. Such accounts offer a unifying model of perception and action, illuminate the functional role of attention, and may neatly capture the special contribution of cortical processing to (...)
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  • Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self.Anil K. Seth - 2013 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17 (11):565-573.
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  • The Rubber Hand Illusion: Two’s a company, but three’s a crowd.Alessia Folegatti, Alessandro Farnè, R. Salemme & Frédérique De Vignemont - 2012 - Consciousness and Cognition 21 (2):799-812.
    On the one hand, it is often assumed that the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) is constrained by a structural body model so that one cannot implement supernumerary limbs. On the other hand, several recent studies reported illusory duplication of the right hand in subjects exposed to two adjacent rubber hands. The present study tested whether spatial constraints may affect the possibility of inducing the sense of ownership to two rubber hands located side by side to the left of the subject's (...)
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  • The Natural and the Normative. [REVIEW]Gordon G. Brittan Jr - 1997 - Philosophical Review 106 (3):432-434.
    I said that the book is brilliant. This is not so much because of the conclusions eventually reached about the inadequacy of a purely naturalistic approach to mind. These conclusions are already familiar in the work of Donald Davidson and others. Rather, it is because of the accumulation of historical detail and insight on the basis of which these conclusions are reached. It is often said, for instance, that Kant is a watershed figure, in some sense synthesizing and then moving (...)
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  • On agency and body-ownership: Phenomenological and neurocognitive reflections.Manos Tsakiris, Simone Schütz-Bosbach & Shaun Gallagher - 2007 - Consciousness and Cognition 16 (3):645-660.
    The recent distinction between sense of agency and sense of body-ownership has attracted considerable empirical and theoretical interest. The respective contributions of central motor signals and peripheral afferent signals to these two varieties of body experience remain unknown. In the present review, we consider the methodological problems encountered in the empirical study of agency and body-ownership, and we then present a series of experiments that study the interplay between motor and sensory information. In particular, we focus on how multisensory signals (...)
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  • The perception of phantom Limbs: The D. O. Hebb lecture.Vilayanur S. Ramachandran & William Hirstein - 1998 - Brain 121:1603-1630.
    Almost everyone who has a limb amputated will experience a phantom limb--the vivid impression that the limb is not only still present, but in some cases, painful. There is now a wealth of empirical evidence demonstrating changes in cortical topography in primates following deafferentation or amputation, and this review will attempt to relate these in a systematic way to the clinical phenomenology of phantom limbs. With the advent of non-invasive imaging techniques such as MEG (magnetoencephalogram) and functional MRI, topographical reorganization (...)
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  • Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin. Implications for neurocognitive mechanisms of corporeal awareness and self consciousness.Olaf Blanke & Christine Mohr - 2005 - Brain Research Reviews 50 (1):184-199.
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  • Looking for the agent: An investigation into consciousness of action and self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients.E. Daprati, N. Franck, N. Georgieff, Joëlle Proust, Elisabeth Pacherie, J. Dalery & Marc Jeannerod - 1997 - Cognition 65 (1):71-86.
    The abilities to attribute an action to its proper agent and to understand its meaning when it is produced by someone else are basic aspects of human social communication. Several psychiatric syndromes, such as schizophrenia, seem to lead to a dysfunction of the awareness of one’s own action as well as of recognition of actions performed by other. Such syndromes offer a framework for studying the determinants of agency, the ability to correctly attribute actions to their veridical source. Thirty normal (...)
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  • (1 other version)The spatial harmony of touch and sight.G. M. Stratton - 1899 - Mind 8 (32):492-505.
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  • The building blocks of the full body ownership illusion.Antonella Maselli & Mel Slater - 2013 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7.
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  • Organization, Maturation, and Plasticity of Multisensory Integration: Insights from Computational Modeling Studies.Cristiano Cuppini, Elisa Magosso & Mauro Ursino - 2011 - Frontiers in Psychology 2.
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  • The rubber hand illusion: Sensitivity and reference frame for body ownership.Marcello Costantini & Patrick Haggard - 2007 - Consciousness and Cognition 16 (2):229-240.
    When subjects view stimulation of a rubber hand while feeling congruent stimulation of their own hand, they may come to feel that the rubber hand is part of their own body. This illusion of body ownership is termed ‘Rubber Hand Illusion’ . We investigated sensitivity of RHI to spatial mismatches between visual and somatic experience. We compared the effects of spatial mismatch between the stimulation of the two hands, and equivalent mismatches between the postures of the two hands. We created (...)
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  • Minimal self-models and the free energy principle.Jakub Limanowski & Felix Blankenburg - 2013 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7.
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  • The moving rubber hand illusion revisited: Comparing movements and visuotactile stimulation to induce illusory ownership.Andreas Kalckert & H. Henrik Ehrsson - 2014 - Consciousness and Cognition 26:117-132.
    The rubber hand illusion is a perceptual illusion in which a model hand is experienced as part of one’s own body. In the present study we directly compared the classical illusion, based on visuotactile stimulation, with a rubber hand illusion based on active and passive movements. We examined the question of which combinations of sensory and motor cues are the most potent in inducing the illusion by subjective ratings and an objective measure . In particular, we were interested in whether (...)
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  • Projecting sensations to external objects: Evidence from skin conductance response.V. S. Ramachandran - unknown
    Subjects perceived touch sensations as arising from a table (or a rubber hand) when both the table (or the rubber hand) and their own real hand were repeatedly tapped and stroked in synchrony with the real hand hidden from view. If the table or rubber hand was then ‘injured’, subjects displayed a strong skin conductance response (SCR) even though nothing was done to the real hand. Sensations could even be projected to anatomically impossible locations. The illusion was much less vivid, (...)
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  • Sliding perspectives: dissociating ownership from self-location during full body illusions in virtual reality.Antonella Maselli & Mel Slater - 2014 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8.
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  • What is embodiment? A psychometric approach.Matthew R. Longo, Friederike Schüür, Marjolein P. M. Kammers, Manos Tsakiris & Patrick Haggard - 2008 - Cognition 107 (3):978-998.
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  • The distributed human neural system for face perception.Elizabeth A. Hoffman, M. Ida Gobbini & James V. Haxby - 2000 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4 (6):223-233.
    Face perception, perhaps the most highly developed visual skill in humans, is mediated by a distributed neural system in humans that is comprised of multiple, bilateral regions. We propose a model for the organization of this system that emphasizes a distinction between the representation of invariant and changeable aspects of faces. The representation of invariant aspects of faces underlies the recognition of individuals, whereas the representation of changeable aspects of faces, such as eye gaze, expression, and lip movement, underlies the (...)
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  • Video ergo sum: Manipulating bodily self-consciousness.Bigna Lenggenhager, Tej Tadi, Thomas Metzinger & Olaf Blanke - 2007 - Science 317 (5841):1096-1099.
    Genes adjacent to species-specific loci are 6.2% older than genes adjacent to other dynamic loci (P < 10−2 by randomization; gray bars in Fig. 3); thus, species-specific genes are not randomly distributed but are found preferentially in the older regions, indicating that the incipient Escherichia and Salmonella lineages continued to participate in recombination at loci unlinked to lineage-specific genes.
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  • A simple method to stand outside oneself.V. S. Ramachandran - manuscript
    Here we outline a simple method of using two mirrors which allows one to stand outside oneself. This method demonstrates that registration of vision with touch and proprioception is crucial for the perception of the corporeal self. Our method may also allow the disassociation of taste from touch, proprioception, and movement.
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  • The Sense of Self in the Phenomenology of Agency and Perception.Jakob Hohwy - 2007 - PSYCHE: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research On Consciousness 13.
    The phenomenology of agency and perception is probably underpinned by a common cognitive system based on generative models and predictive coding. I defend the hypothesis that this cognitive system explains core aspects of the sense of having a self in agency and perception. In particular, this cognitive model explains the phenomenological notion of a minimal self as well as a notion of the narrative self. The proposal is related to some influential studies of overall brain function, and to psychopathology. These (...)
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  • Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias.Tabitha C. Peck, Sofia Seinfeld, Salvatore M. Aglioti & Mel Slater - 2013 - Consciousness and Cognition 22 (3):779-787.
    Although it has been shown that immersive virtual reality can be used to induce illusions of ownership over a virtual body , information on whether this changes implicit interpersonal attitudes is meager. Here we demonstrate that embodiment of light-skinned participants in a dark-skinned VB significantly reduced implicit racial bias against dark-skinned people, in contrast to embodiment in light-skinned, purple-skinned or with no VB. 60 females participated in this between-groups experiment, with a VB substituting their own, with full-body visuomotor synchrony, reflected (...)
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  • Explaining away the body: experiences of supernaturally caused touch and touch on non-hand objects within the rubber hand illusion.Jakob Hohwy & Bryan Paton - 2010 - PLoS ONE 5 (2):e9416.
    In rubber hand illusions and full body illusions, touch sensations are projected to non-body objects such as rubber hands, dolls or virtual bodies. The robustness, limits and further perceptual consequences of such illusions are not yet fully explored or understood. A number of experiments are reported that test the limits of a variant of the rubber hand illusion. Methodology/Principal Findings -/- A variant of the rubber hand illusion is explored, in which the real and foreign hands are aligned in personal (...)
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  • The spatial distance rule in the moving and classical rubber hand illusions.Andreas Kalckert & H. Henrik Ehrsson - 2014 - Consciousness and Cognition 30:118-132.
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  • The representation of extrapersonal space: A possible role for bimodal, visual-tactile neurons.Michael Sa Graziano & Charles G. Gross - 1995 - In Michael S. Gazzaniga (ed.), The Cognitive Neurosciences. MIT Press.
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  • Sense of body and sense of action both contribute to self-recognition.Esther van den Bos & Marc Jeannerod - 2002 - Cognition 85 (2):177-187.
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  • Affective touch modulates the rubber hand illusion.Haike E. van Stralen, Martine J. E. van Zandvoort, Sylco S. Hoppenbrouwers, Lidewij M. G. Vissers, L. Jaap Kappelle & H. Chris Dijkerman - 2014 - Cognition 131 (1):147-158.
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  • (1 other version)The Spatial Harmony of Touch and Sight.G. M. Stratton - 1900 - Philosophical Review 9:96.
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