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  1. A Contrast‐Based Computational Model of Surprise and Its Applications.Luis Macedo & Amílcar Cardoso - 2019 - Topics in Cognitive Science 11 (1):88-102.
    This paper reviews computational models of surprise, with a specific focus on the authors’ probabilistic, contrast model. The contrast model casts surprise, and its intensity, as emerging from the difference between the probability of the surprising event and the probability of the highest expected‐event in a given situation. Strong arguments are made for the central role of surprise in creativity and learning by natural and artificial agents.
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  • Free-energy and the brain.Karl Friston & Klaas Stephan - 2007 - Synthese 159 (3):417-458.
    If one formulates Helmholtz’s ideas about perception in terms of modern-day theories one arrives at a model of perceptual inference and learning that can explain a remarkable range of neurobiological facts. Using constructs from statistical physics it can be shown that the problems of inferring what cause our sensory inputs and learning causal regularities in the sensorium can be resolved using exactly the same principles. Furthermore, inference and learning can proceed in a biologically plausible fashion. The ensuing scheme rests on (...)
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  • (1 other version)The expression of the emotions in man and animal.Charles Darwin - 1890 - Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. Edited by Francis Darwin.
    One of science's greatest intellects examines how people and animals display fear, anger, and pleasure. Darwin based this 1872 study on his personal observations, which anticipated later findings in neuroscience. Abounding in anecdotes and literary quotations, the book is illustrated with 21 figures and seven photographic plates. Its direct approach, accessible to professionals and amateurs alike, continues to inspire and inform modern research in psychology.
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  • Corrugator activity confirms immediate negative affect in surprise.Sascha Topolinski & Fritz Strack - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6:108172.
    The emotion of surprise entails a complex of immediate responses, such as cognitive interruption, attention allocation to, and more systematic processing of the surprising stimulus. All these processes serve the ultimate function to increase processing depth and thus cognitively master the surprising stimulus. The present account introduces phasic negative affect as the underlying mechanism responsible for this switch in operating mode. Surprising stimuli are schema-discrepant and thus entail cognitive disfluency, which elicits immediate negative affect. This affect in turn works like (...)
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  • Variants of uncertainty.Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky - 1982 - Cognition 11 (2):143-157.
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  • Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science.Andy Clark - 2013 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (3):181-204.
    Brains, it has recently been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles of cells that support perception and action by constantly attempting to match incoming sensory inputs with top-down expectations or predictions. This is achieved using a hierarchical generative model that aims to minimize prediction error within a bidirectional cascade of cortical processing. Such accounts offer a unifying model of perception and action, illuminate the functional role of attention, and may neatly capture the special contribution of cortical processing to (...)
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  • Current Emotion Research in Behavioral Neuroscience: The Role(s) of the Amygdala.Jorge L. Armony - 2013 - Emotion Review 5 (1):104-115.
    Substantial advances in our understanding of the neural bases of emotional processing have been made over the past decades. Overall, studies in humans and other animals highlight the key role of the amygdala in the detection and evaluation of stimuli with affective value. Nonetheless, contradictory findings have been reported, especially in terms of the exact role of this structure in the processing of different emotions, giving rise to different neural models of emotion. For instance, although the amygdala has traditionally been (...)
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  • Emotions as Metarepresentational States of Mind: Naturalizing the Belief-Desire Theory of Emotion.Rainer Reisenzein - 2009 - Cognitive Systems Research 10:6-20.
    Describes the outlines of a computational explication of the belief–desire theory of emotion, a variant of cognitive emotion theory. According to the proposed explication, a core subset of emotions including surprise are nonconceptual products of hardwired mechanisms whose primary function is to subserve the monitoring and updating of the central representational system of humans, the belief–desire system. The posited emotion-producing mechanisms are analogous to sensory transducers; however, instead of sensing the world, they sense the state of the belief–desire system and (...)
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  • Folk Psychology and the Bayesian Brain.Joe Dewhurst - 2017 - In Metzinger Thomas & Wiese Wanja (eds.), Philosophy and Predictive Processing. MIND Group.
    Whilst much has been said about the implications of predictive processing for our scientific understanding of cognition, there has been comparatively little discussion of how this new paradigm fits with our everyday understanding of the mind, i.e. folk psychology. This paper aims to assess the relationship between folk psychology and predictive processing, which will first require making a distinction between two ways of understanding folk psychology: as propositional attitude psychology and as a broader folk psychological discourse. It will be argued (...)
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  • An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion.Bernard Weiner - 1985 - Psychological Review 92 (4):548-573.
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  • La Psychologie des Sentiments. [REVIEW]Th Ribot - 1896 - Ancient Philosophy (Misc) 7:287.
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  • An Introduction to Social Psychology.William K. Wright - 1912 - Philosophical Review 21:242.
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  • On the valence of surprise.Marret K. Noordewier & Seger M. Breugelmans - 2013 - Cognition and Emotion 27 (7):1326-1334.
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  • Temporal characteristics of the surprise reaction induced by schema-discrepant visual and auditory events.Michael Niepel, Udo Rudolph, Achim Schützwohl & Wulf-Uwe Meyer - 1994 - Cognition and Emotion 8 (5):433-452.
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  • The role of surprise in the attribution process.Joachim Stiensmeier-Pelster, Alice Martini & Rainer Reisenzein - 1995 - Cognition and Emotion 9 (1):5-31.
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  • Towards a Cognitive Theory of Emotions.Keith Oatley & P. N. Johnson-Laird - 1987 - Cognition and Emotion 1 (1):29-50.
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  • Rhetoric. Aristotle & C. D. C. Reeve - 2018 - Hackett Publishing Company.
    _Rhetoric_ is the sixth volume in The New Hackett Aristotle series, a series featuring translations, with Introductions and Notes, by C. D. C. Reeve, Delta Kappa Epsilon Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The series will eventually include all of Aristotle's works.
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  • (2 other versions)The Principles of Psychology.William James - 1890 - Les Etudes Philosophiques 11 (3):506-507.
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  • (2 other versions)A Treatise of Human Nature.David Hume & A. D. Lindsay - 1958 - Philosophical Quarterly 8 (33):379-380.
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  • The processing of affectively valenced stimuli: The role of surprise.Achim Schützwohl & Kirsten Borgstedt - 2005 - Cognition and Emotion 19 (4):583-600.
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  • Free-Energy and the Brain.Karl J. Friston & Klaas E. Stephan - 2007 - Synthese 159 (3):417 - 458.
    If one formulates Helmholtz's ideas about perception in terms of modern-day theories one arrives at a model of perceptual inference and learning that can explain a remarkable range of neurobiological facts. Using constructs from statistical physics it can be shown that the problems of inferring what cause our sensory inputs and learning causal regularities in the sensorium can be resolved using exactly the same principles. Furthermore, inference and learning can proceed in a biologically plausible fashion. The ensuing scheme rests on (...)
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  • An Introduction to Social Psychology.William Mcdougall - 1909 - Mind 18 (71):417-423.
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  • An experimental analysis of surprise.Wulf-Uwe Meyer, Michael Niepel, Udo Rudolph & Achim Schützwohl - 1991 - Cognition and Emotion 5 (4):295-311.
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  • Coherence between Emotion and Facial Expression: Evidence from Laboratory Experiments.Rainer Reisenzein, Markus Studtmann & Gernot Horstmann - 2013 - Emotion Review 5 (1):16-23.
    Evidence on the coherence between emotion and facial expression in adults from laboratory experiments is reviewed. High coherence has been found in several studies between amusement and smiling; low to moderate coherence between other positive emotions and smiling. The available evidence for surprise and disgust suggests that these emotions are accompanied by their “traditional” facial expressions, and even components of these expressions, only in a minority of cases. Evidence concerning sadness, anger, and fear is very limited. For sadness, one study (...)
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  • Surprises: low probabilities or high contrasts?Karl Halvor Teigen & Gideon Keren - 2003 - Cognition 87 (2):55-71.
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  • Violations of coherence in subjective probability: A representational and assessment processes account.David R. Mandel - 2008 - Cognition 106 (1):130-156.
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  • The Foundations of Character. Being a Study of the Tendencies of the Emotions and Sentiments. [REVIEW]William K. Wright - 1914 - Philosophical Review 23 (5):561-565.
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  • Surprise capture and inattentional blindness.Gernot Horstmann & Ulrich Ansorge - 2016 - Cognition 157 (C):237-249.
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  • When are successes more surprising than failures?Karl Halvor Teigen & Gideon Keren - 2002 - Cognition and Emotion 16 (2):245-268.
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  • Exploring the Strength of Association between the Components of Emotion Syndromes: The Case of Surprise.Rainer Reisenzein - 2000 - Cognition and Emotion 14 (1):1-38.
    A new experimental paradigm involving a computerised quiz was used to examine, on an intra-individual level, the strength of association between four components of the surprise syndrome: cognitive (degree of prospectively estimated unexpectedness), experiential (the feeling of surprise), behavioural (degree of response delay on a parallel task), and expressive (the facial expression of surprise). It is argued that this paradigm, together with associated methods of data analysis, effectively controls for most method factors that could in previous studies have lowered the (...)
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