The aim of the article is to develop the existing methodological approaches to assessing the military and economic capabilities of the country in conditions of war and peace. To achieve the purpose of the study, its decomposition was carried out and the following were investigated: existing approaches to assessing the military and economic potential of the country, the country's power and national power; the concept of critical load of the national economy is revealed; the generally accepted norms on (...) financing of defense needs are resulted; the experience of financing the needs of defense by the leading countries of the world - in the conditions of the Second World War is given; a methodical approach to assessing the military and economic capabilities of the country is proposed. The article proposes a methodical approach to assessing the military and economic capabilities of the country. According to the results of the research, the existing theory of military economy has been improved in the context of understanding the allowable burden on the country's economy in conditions of war and the development of methodological approaches to assessing the country's military and economic capabilities. The proposed methodological approach is the development of existing military-economic thought and capability-based military-economic planning. The proposed methodological approach allows to assess the ability of the national economy to meet military and economic needs in wartime by industry and type of military support, taking into account the critical load of the national economy, which will help simplify and improve the process of military policy decisions. The practical value of the study is that the proposed method of assessing the military and economic capabilities of the country allows to identify critical sectors of the economy, assess their ability to provide resources for military needs in wartime, based on which to form and make appropriate management decisions. The results of the study can be used in further studies of the development of military and economic potential of the country, balancing military and civilian economic needs in war, as well as military-economic planning based on capabilities. A limitation of the study is the use of publicly available sources. Future research is seen in the further development of methodological approaches to assessing and developing the military and economic potential of the country. (shrink)

Capacity-building projects are crucial for developing the skills of indigenous communities, fostering sustainable business growth, and empowering individuals. However, women in the Higaonon community had limited access to modern technologies and business management training. To address this gap, a project was implemented by the Non-Timber Forest Products- Exchange Programme (NTFP-EP), in collaboration with the Food Technology Department of Bukidnon State University. After several years of implementation, the project’s impact on the community remained uncertain. To evaluate this impact, a convergent (...) mixed-methods research study was conducted to assess the project’s impact on the socioeconomic well-being of Higaonon women and the effectiveness of the trainings in enhancing their financial management and technology operation and maintenance skills. The study was grounded in the theory of change framework. Participants were members of a Higaonon women-led social enterprise. Descriptive analysis revealed that the trainings were highly effective in addressing the women’s capacity- building needs. Thematic analysis yielded four relevant themes: empowerment and improved livelihoods, capacity building and skill development, challenges and opportunities, and community development and sustainability. A joint display analysis further confirmed that the trainings’ effectiveness aligned with the capacity building and skill development theme. These enhanced skills empowered women, improved their livelihoods, and opened new opportunities to overcome challenges. The improved financial literacy, technical skills, and business management capabilities have the potential to contribute to the long-term sustainability and prosperity of the community. Future research could explore the scalability of this social impact to inform policy and practice in community-based enterprise development. (shrink)

Economics claims to be an independent empirical social science but empirical evidence of the last century challenges this claim. By contrast Caritas in Veritate contains a set of linkages that demonstrate that economics is related to morals, anthropology and theology. Economics is practiced in a cultural setting with a moral dimension related to the human person, which is ultimately grounded in the nature of God. Pope Benedict has focused on love and gift as human qualities reflecting the Divine nature. The (...) anthropology that proceeds from this is a development of Pope John Paul II’s emphasis on human dignity and freedom. It suggests moral principles that can guide culture, social institutions and hence economic action. Pope Benedict uses his reflections on the social order to comment on the problems of development for less developed peoples, but his analysis also completes one theme of the social encyclicals. Whereas Pope Leo XIII concentrated on economic and political fundamentals such as property and political organization, subsequent contributions turned attention more towards the human actor in relationship to God. Pope John Paul II made this explicit by turning attention to anthropology. Pope Benedict has connected these and completed the vision initiated by his immediate predecessor. He has described more completely the grounding of anthropology on the family, culture and ultimately the Most Blessed Trinity. The encyclical can be read as an invitation to a broader methodology for economics, one that is better conformed to actual market actors and that has the capacity to overcome some of the contentious aspects of the current discipline. The groundwork has been established by thinkers including Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas and some of its elements are evident in the economic organisation of many non-modern cultures. (shrink)

Until recently, the economic history of pre-colonial Africa was replete with uncomplimentary theories and from scholars of different disciplines. The belief was that the economy was subsistent, uniform, unchanging and very uninteresting. These theorists believed that the dominant agricultural sector was virtually immobilized by a combination of primitive technology, like communal land tenure and extended family, while the development of key entrepreneurial groups was inhibited by the prevalence of an anti-capitalist value system. The historical analytical method was adopted in (...) this research. The theories portrayed pre-colonial Africans as people that lacked the capacity to progress even though they lived in a rich environment. It was believed that it was not until the advent of the Europeans that positive changes were recorded. However, contrary to these theories, the Ibibio pre-colonial economy was premised on agriculture, complemented by trade and the existence of local industries. Thus, their pre-colonial economy was more coordinated, complex and diversified than the Eurocentric writers opined. The success recorded in this direction was activated by economic diplomacy which the Ibibio had practiced in the pre-colonial period. Issues relating to the economy were properly managed through the adoption of various relevant methods and strategies. Since the economy of a people operates in the society and remains fundamental to the survival of such society with the capacity to influence the political and other institutional decisions, economic diplomacy triggered holistic development in Ibibioland. Based on these, it recommended that present day Ibibio economy should not be totally divorced from these fundamental variables if the Ibibio are to be economically relevant in present day Nigeria. (shrink)

The evidence of laboratory experiments of behavioral economists shows that individuals behave reciprocally. These data put into question the pure self-interest thesis of human motivation of the homo oeconomicus model and call for alternative models. Focusing on the explanation of reciprocal behavior in Trust Games, this article proposes two directions that economists and other social scientists might want to consider in order to establish a more solid foundation for economic theory. First, it presents models that economic theorists developed (...) to explain the laboratory evidence of reciprocal behavior. It highlights that all of these models subscribe to the Humean view that desires are at the source of any human motivation and suggests an alternative Kantian model where reasons have the capacity to motivate human action. Second, it emphasizes that a supplementary examination of the social background conditions would illuminate the analysis of the findings because of the connection between the 'local' and society-wide demands of reciprocity. (shrink)

In the context of Ukraine’s membership in the WTO, the functioning of a free trade area with the EU, the opportunity for agricultural producers to obtain a larger share of the value added is primarily linked to the intensification of trade in domestic livestock products and their processing products. However, their production is one of the high-risk areas and requires a set of measures aimed at ensuring proper quality. Without effective solution of the problem of quality of livestock products it (...) is impossible to ensure its competitiveness in the world market, to guarantee the rational nutrition of the population of the country, the availability of the necessary components for the vital activity of the human body. The aim of the research is to determine the socio-economic factors for ensuring the quality of livestock products in Ukraine. The scientific and specific research methods were used to solve the tasks set in the work: the historical method; abstraction method; method of comparative analysis; system-structural method. The main producer of livestock products in Ukraine are households. They do not have the capabilities to implement technologies of keeping, feeding, veterinary services, programs prerequisites for guaranteeing the safety of products, adherence to the HACCP principles. In Ukraine, real technical, economic and organizational-economic prerequisites for ensuring the safety and quality of livestock products are created only in the poultry meat sector. During 2015-2017, the trends in production of almost all types of livestock products except poultry and honey were identified. One of the reasons for this situation was, firstly, decreasing in capital investment in the livestock sector, and secondly, the low profitability of production of livestock products in the context of accelerated growth in prices for resources. It is proved that insignificant market (price) incentives should be supplemented with instruments of state assistance to improve the quality parameters of products on the basis of specialized enterprises. The necessity of state support for the production of livestock products based on small and medium-sized enterprises is substantiated. This will effectively combine the processes of increasing the production of livestock products with the environmental friendliness of production and steady improvement of quality. It is shown that the low quality of certain livestock products in Ukraine is caused by insufficient living standards of the population and low incomes of the majority of households, which cause them to consume low quality products. It is determined that the problem of guaranteeing the quality of livestock products in Ukraine has deep roots cause due to the influence of socio-economic factors. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is needed to solve it, which is not limited to improving the efficiency of the state control system and successfully harmonizing of the Ukrainian technical regulation system with the European one. The problem of low quality and the danger of livestock production requires a systematic approach for its solution, which is not limited, in particular, by measures to improve the system of state control and ensure approximation of the domestic technical regulation system to the European one. In Ukraine, major high-quality animal products are economically inaccessible to a large part of households. The projected increase in safety parameters and a certain improvement in the quality of livestock products as a result of the implementation of regulations adopted in 2014-2017, will necessarily lead to an increase in its value, and therefore may lead to a decrease in market demand and even greater inaccessibility of these products to people. All this can only aggravate the situation with guaranteeing the food security of the country, forming the prerequisites for increasing the intellectual capacity of the nation. (shrink)

The burgeoning field of economic theology constitutes primarily a critical device against the Nachleben of medieval providential theology in modern economic governance. Especially Agamben has highlighted the role of the notion of oikonomia in providential and modern economic thought to promote humble acceptance in light of the problem of evil. I show how economic theology can also be a vantage point for affirmative critique. I discuss Negri’s interpretation of the Book of Job and the Italian feminist (...) appreciation of the Virgin Mary as responses to the problem of evil. Both emphasize the ineradicable potential for resistance to oikonomia in human life instead of merely lamenting humanity’s submission to God’s providential economy, like Agamben. For Negri, this potential is located in humankind’s capacity to protest against God-given evil and re-appropriate God’s potential for creating the world, while the feminists point toward the human ability to care for the vulnerable. (shrink)

In Economics Rules, Dani Rodrik (2015) argues that what makes economics powerful despite the limitations of each and every model is its diversity of models. Rodrik suggests that the diversity of models in economics improves its explanatory capacities, but he does not fully explain how. I offer a clearer picture of how models relate to explanations of particular economic facts or events, and suggest that the diversity of models is a means to better economic explanations.

The Sustainable Economic Model Based on the Universal Law of Balance -/- By Angelito Malicse -/- This model builds on the Universal Law of Balance, integrating sustainable population management, economic stability, technological progress, and environmental harmony. It presents a framework for a balanced civilization, where society no longer depends on endless population growth to sustain economic systems. Instead, human progress is guided by equilibrium between resources, technology, and well-being. -/- I. THE UNIVERSAL LAW OF BALANCE AS A (...) FOUNDATION -/- The Universal Law of Balance states that all systems, including the human mind, societies, economies, and ecosystems, operate within a natural equilibrium. Any imbalance—whether it be population excess, economic exploitation, or environmental destruction—leads to instability and collapse. -/- To ensure long-term stability, human decision-making must follow the universal principle of balance, where every system maintains harmony with its external and internal conditions. -/- II. A BALANCED ECONOMY WITHOUT OVERPOPULATION -/- 1. Population Stability: Aligning Growth with Resources -/- Instead of uncontrolled population growth, society must: -/- Determine an optimal population size based on available natural resources, infrastructure, and economic capacity. -/- Educate people about sustainable birth rates, using incentives to encourage population stability rather than forced expansion. -/- Balance age distribution to prevent economic collapse due to an aging society. -/- Integrate automation and AI to replace traditional labor needs, reducing dependence on a large workforce. -/- This replaces the flawed system where economies depend on more births to maintain economic expansion. -/- 2. Economic Productivity Without Population Growth -/- A sustainable economy should be driven by innovation and efficiency, not just population expansion. Key strategies include: -/- A. Shift to a Knowledge and Automation-Based Economy -/- Develop high-productivity sectors, such as AI, robotics, biotechnology, and clean energy. -/- Reduce reliance on labor-intensive industries by using automated systems for repetitive work. -/- Prioritize creativity, innovation, and strategic thinking, where humans contribute beyond manual labor. -/- B. Ending the “Growth at All Costs” Mentality -/- GDP-based economic growth is an outdated metric that promotes overproduction and waste. -/- Instead, measure economic success by sustainability, well-being, and resource efficiency. -/- Implement circular economies, where waste is minimized, and materials are continuously recycled. -/- 3. Universal Basic Income (UBI) and Economic Security -/- As automation takes over traditional jobs, society must shift towards economic security without forced labor growth. -/- A. Funding a Sustainable UBI -/- UBI should be funded by: -/- Taxing automation and AI-driven industries (ensuring technological wealth benefits society). -/- Regulating natural resource extraction (charging industries for environmental costs). -/- Eliminating extreme wealth hoarding, redistributing wealth for economic balance. -/- B. UBI as a Means to Reduce Inequality -/- UBI will allow people to focus on education, entrepreneurship, and innovation, rather than struggling in low-paying jobs. -/- It removes the need for a growing labor force, ensuring economic security even with a smaller population. -/- 4. Resource-Based Economy: Efficiency Over Consumption -/- Instead of economies based on infinite consumption, the resource-based economy aligns production with environmental limits. -/- A. Smart Resource Allocation -/- Use AI-driven economic planning to balance supply and demand efficiently. -/- Implement energy-efficient, waste-reducing production methods to preserve natural resources. -/- Shift to clean, renewable energy and eliminate reliance on finite fossil fuels. -/- B. Ending the Disposable Economy -/- Products should be designed to last, reducing overproduction. -/- Industries should be regulated to prevent unnecessary waste and environmental damage. -/- Governments should support recycling, renewable energy, and sustainable agriculture as the new standard. -/- 5. Lifelong Learning & Human Development -/- Instead of linking education to job creation, learning should be a lifelong process focused on balance, ethics, and sustainability. -/- A. Education for Balance and Critical Thinking -/- Integrate the Universal Law of Balance into all educational systems. -/- Shift focus from traditional jobs to systems thinking, problem-solving, and ethical decision-making. -/- Encourage scientific research into sustainability, AI ethics, and post-scarcity solutions. -/- B. Automation as a Tool for Human Growth -/- With fewer labor demands, people should focus on creativity, philosophy, and technological advancements. -/- The economy must be structured to allow individuals to pursue innovation without financial survival pressure. -/- III. HOW THIS MODEL SOLVES HUMANITY’S CRISIS -/- 1. Eliminating Economic Dependence on Overpopulation -/- Current Model: More people = More jobs = More demand = More economic activity (unsustainable). -/- Balanced Model: Stable population + AI-driven productivity + UBI + resource efficiency (sustainable). -/- 2. Ending the Cycle of Wealth Inequality -/- Current Model: Wealth is concentrated in a few, creating social imbalance. -/- Balanced Model: Technological wealth is shared through UBI and economic planning. -/- 3. Environmental Sustainability & Resource Conservation -/- Current Model: Resources are exploited for short-term profit, leading to climate collapse. -/- Balanced Model: AI-driven resource management aligns consumption with environmental limits. -/- 4. Human Progress Without Labor Exploitation -/- Current Model: People are forced to work for survival, even in degrading conditions. -/- Balanced Model: AI and automation provide economic security, allowing people to focus on meaningful pursuits. -/- IV. THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY UNDER THIS MODEL -/- By following the Universal Law of Balance, this model ensures that humanity reaches a state of equilibrium between economy, technology, and environment. -/- 1. Stable Population – No need for forced growth, ensuring quality of life. -/- 2. Resource Efficiency – No excessive waste, preserving the planet. -/- 3. Economic Security – AI-driven economies provide prosperity without exploitation. -/- 4. Sustainable Innovation – Science and technology focus on long-term human progress, not just profit. -/- Final Thought -/- This model breaks the outdated cycle of using overpopulation as an economic tool. Instead, it creates a civilization where human intelligence, automation, and resource management align in perfect balance, ensuring a future where progress is driven by wisdom, not unsustainable growth. -/- . (shrink)

Drawing on behavioral economics, nudges (policy interventions based on choice architecture) have the capacity to strategically shape policymaking, subtly guiding individual behavior by adjusting their decision environment. Applied to enhance vaccinations, boost retirement savings, or promote healthy habits, these interventions align with consensus-defined well-being. As governments adopt nudges, scholars have explored their role in fostering virtues. This paper argues that nudges have the potential to efficiently contribute to virtuous development by instilling and sustaining habits, respecting individual choice, and ensuring (...) deliberation. It introduces the concept of virtue nudges, emphasizing the alignment of habits with virtues for targeted behavioral change and the formation of morally virtuous habits. (shrink)

The majority of studies on absorptive capacity (AC) underscore the importance of absorbing technological knowledge from other firms to create economic value. However, to preserve moral legitimacy and create social value, firms must also discern and adapt to (shifts in) societal values. A comparative case study of eight firms in the food industry reveals how organizations prioritize and operationalize the societal value health in product innovation while navigating inter- and intravalue conflicts. The value-sensitive framework induced in this article (...) extends AC by explaining how technically savvy, economic value–creating firms diverge in their receptivity, articulation, and reflexivity of societal values. (shrink)

Achieving Sustainable Population Management Through Economic Growth and Replacement Fertility -/- Introduction -/- Population management is a crucial challenge in today’s world. Some countries face overpopulation, which strains resources, infrastructure, and economic growth. Others experience depopulation, leading to labor shortages, economic decline, and social instability. The correct approach depends on a country’s current demographic and economic status. -/- Overpopulated countries must first decrease their population to a sustainable level while achieving high GDP per capita before considering (...) replacement fertility. -/- Depopulating countries must stabilize their population at a sustainable level before transitioning to replacement fertility to prevent economic collapse. -/- This essay examines the causes and consequences of overpopulation and depopulation, providing case studies and solutions to achieve sustainable population levels. -/- The Challenges of Overpopulation -/- Overpopulation occurs when a country’s population exceeds the available resources, infrastructure, and economic capacity, leading to several issues: -/- 1. Resource Depletion – High demand for food, water, land, and energy causes shortages and environmental destruction. -/- 2. Economic Struggles – When job creation and infrastructure growth fail to match population increase, unemployment and poverty rise. -/- 3. Environmental Degradation – Overpopulation accelerates climate change, deforestation, and pollution. -/- 4. Overburdened Public Services – Governments struggle to provide adequate healthcare, education, and housing. -/- 5. Social Instability – Overcrowded cities and high competition for resources lead to crime, protests, and political unrest. -/- Case Studies: Overpopulated Countries -/- India (1.4 billion, fertility rate ~2.0) – Struggles with water shortages, traffic congestion, and high unemployment. -/- Bangladesh (170 million, fertility rate ~2.1) – One of the most densely populated countries, facing flooding, land shortages, and slums. -/- Nigeria (223 million, fertility rate ~5.3) – Rapid growth threatens food security, job opportunities, and deforestation. -/- Philippines (114 million, fertility rate ~1.9) – Faces urban congestion, limited land space, and housing crises. -/- Pakistan (240 million, fertility rate ~3.5) – Struggles with energy shortages, poor healthcare, and rising poverty. -/- The Correct Approach for Overpopulated Countries -/- Overpopulated nations must not immediately adopt replacement fertility (2.1 children per woman) because their population is already too large. Instead, they should: -/- 1. Reduce Population to a Manageable Level -/- Implement family planning programs and education initiatives to encourage lower birth rates. -/- Set fertility targets below 2.1 (e.g., 1.5 to 1.8) to gradually reduce population size. -/- Offer economic incentives for smaller families, such as tax benefits and free contraceptives. -/- 2. Strengthen Economic Growth and Increase GDP Per Capita -/- Invest in technology, high-value industries, and education to improve productivity. -/- Develop smart urban planning to reduce congestion and improve living conditions. -/- Ensure fair wages and social safety nets to prevent extreme poverty. -/- 3. Stabilize at Replacement Fertility After Achieving Balance -/- Once population levels become sustainable, shift to replacement fertility (2.1 children per woman) to prevent economic decline. -/- Encourage sustainable urbanization and green technologies to manage resources efficiently. -/- Without these measures, overpopulated countries will continue to struggle with worsening poverty, environmental destruction, and declining quality of life. -/- The Risks of Depopulation -/- While overpopulation creates challenges, depopulation also presents significant risks: -/- 1. Economic Decline – Fewer workers result in lower productivity, labor shortages, and reduced economic growth. -/- 2. Aging Populations – Fewer young people mean fewer taxpayers to support healthcare and pensions. -/- 3. Urban and Rural Decay – Population decline leads to abandoned homes, closed schools, and stagnation. -/- 4. Loss of Global Influence – Countries with shrinking populations lose economic and political power. -/- Case Studies: Depopulating Countries -/- Japan (125 million, fertility rate ~1.3) – The world’s most rapidly aging nation, relying on robotics and automation. -/- South Korea (51 million, fertility rate ~0.78) – Facing a severe birth rate crisis, threatening long-term economic stability. -/- Italy (59 million, fertility rate ~1.2) – Experiencing rural depopulation, with entire villages abandoned. -/- Germany (84 million, fertility rate ~1.4) – Uses immigration to sustain its economy but still faces a shrinking workforce. -/- China (1.4 billion, fertility rate ~1.2) – After the one-child policy, it now struggles with a declining labor force. -/- Are Depopulating Countries on the Right Path? -/- Some depopulating countries have adapted well, while others face long-term crises. -/- Countries Handling Depopulation Effectively -/- Germany – Uses skilled immigration and robotics to compensate for labor shortages. -/- Japan – Invests in automation and AI to maintain productivity despite an aging population. -/- Canada – Encourages high-skilled immigration to offset declining birth rates. -/- Countries Struggling with Depopulation -/- South Korea – Despite incentives like cash rewards and tax breaks for families, birth rates remain low. -/- Italy – Rural areas are becoming ghost towns, with little government intervention. -/- China – Ending the one-child policy has not significantly increased birth rates. -/- These countries must stabilize their population before adopting replacement fertility (2.1 children per woman) to avoid economic collapse. -/- The Correct Approach for Depopulating Countries -/- Depopulating nations should not immediately aim for replacement fertility. Instead, they must: -/- 1. First Reach a Sustainable Population Level -/- If a country’s population is declining too quickly, stabilizing at 2.1 fertility too soon will not fix the economy. -/- Governments should aim for fertility rates between 1.6 and 1.9 before transitioning to 2.1. -/- 2. Encourage Higher Fertility Gradually -/- Offer childcare subsidies, free education, and paid parental leave to make parenting more affordable. -/- Promote work-life balance so families can afford more children. -/- 3. Use Immigration to Stabilize Workforce Levels -/- Countries like Germany and Canada use skilled immigration to maintain their economies. -/- Immigration policies should attract workers in high-demand industries. -/- 4. Invest in Automation and AI -/- Japan and South Korea are leading in robotics to replace human labor shortages. -/- Automation ensures productivity remains stable, even with fewer workers. -/- By following these steps, depopulating nations can create a balanced, self-sustaining economy before adopting replacement fertility. -/- Conclusion: Achieving Population Balance for Long-Term Sustainability -/- The correct population strategy depends on a country’s demographic situation: -/- Overpopulated countries must first reduce their population and achieve high GDP per capita before stabilizing at replacement fertility. -/- Depopulating countries must first stabilize their population before transitioning to replacement fertility. -/- This approach aligns with the universal law of balance, ensuring that societies do not suffer from excessive resource depletion or economic collapse. Overpopulation and depopulation are both extreme imbalances—countries must find the middle ground for long-term prosperity. -/- By implementing these strategies, nations can build a future where economic growth, resource management, and population levels are harmonized for sustainable development. -/- . (shrink)

Overpopulation, Continuous Economic Growth, and the Unfeasibility of Supply-Side Economics -/- The concepts of overpopulation, continuous economic growth, and supply-side economics have been at the forefront of societal and economic discussions for decades. While these ideas may seem appealing in the short term, their long-term sustainability is questionable and ultimately self-destructive. Overpopulation and continuous economic growth both strain natural resources, disrupt ecological balances, and create unsustainable pressures on society. Furthermore, the idea that supply-side economics—the notion that (...) reducing taxes and increasing production can stimulate the economy—succeeds in isolation fails to account for the systemic imbalance it perpetuates. In this essay, we will explore why overpopulation and continuous economic growth are not sustainable and how the supply-side model is essentially the slave of the total demand side. -/- Overpopulation: A Growing Strain on Resources -/- Overpopulation is one of the most pressing challenges the world faces today. As the global population continues to rise, it increases demand for food, water, energy, and land—resources that are finite. The Earth’s carrying capacity is not infinite, and the strain on natural ecosystems is accelerating at an alarming rate. Forests are cleared for agricultural expansion, oceans are overfished, and landfills overflow with waste. These actions not only degrade the environment but also threaten biodiversity, which is critical to the survival of ecosystems and, ultimately, humanity itself. -/- In a world of limited resources, an ever-growing population leads to resource depletion, escalating inequality, and environmental destruction. When the demand for resources surpasses the ability of the environment to regenerate, societies face increasing competition for these resources, which can lead to conflict, famine, and a breakdown of social order. Overpopulation, when paired with unsustainable consumption patterns, exacerbates the environmental footprint of humanity. Thus, overpopulation is not only unsustainable in terms of resource availability but also threatens the stability of global ecosystems, making the current trajectory unsustainable. -/- Continuous Economic Growth: A Flawed Paradigm -/- Continuous economic growth, often seen as a key indicator of societal success, is another concept that fails to consider long-term sustainability. Economic growth is typically measured through Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which focuses on output and production. However, GDP does not account for the depletion of natural resources, the degradation of ecosystems, or the social and environmental costs of growth. The relentless pursuit of economic expansion often leads to overexploitation of resources, pollution, and societal inequalities. -/- The idea that economic growth can continue indefinitely on a finite planet is fundamentally flawed. Economists often argue that technological advancements or innovations will offset the pressures of growth by creating more efficient systems. While this may be true to some extent, technology cannot fully replace the finite resources that are essential for production. Moreover, the increasing energy demands associated with growth contribute to environmental degradation, including climate change. A growing population with a growing economy leads to growing consumption, which in turn accelerates environmental degradation. Therefore, continuous economic growth is unsustainable because it disregards the ecological limits of the planet. -/- Supply-Side Economics: A Flawed Foundation -/- Supply-side economics posits that reducing taxes, particularly for corporations and the wealthy, will stimulate investment, boost production, and ultimately benefit the economy as a whole. This model, however, assumes that economic benefits will “trickle down” from the wealthy and businesses to the rest of society. In practice, supply-side economics has led to wealth concentration, growing income inequality, and little evidence that it creates widespread prosperity. -/- The underlying flaw of the supply-side model is its failure to recognize that the demand side of the economy is just as important as the supply side. In reality, economic growth is driven not only by the availability of goods and services but also by consumer demand. Without demand, there is no need for supply—businesses cannot sell products and services if people cannot afford them or are not incentivized to purchase them. Therefore, while supply-side policies may increase production in the short term, they do not address the root causes of inequality or the need for demand-driven growth. -/- Furthermore, supply-side economics often disregards the negative consequences of unfettered production, such as environmental degradation. By focusing solely on increasing supply and reducing government regulation, it exacerbates the ecological strain caused by continuous growth. As businesses prioritize profits, they are incentivized to exploit resources unsustainably, perpetuating the environmental crises associated with overpopulation and unchecked growth. -/- A Holistic Approach to Sustainability -/- To achieve sustainability, a shift away from the traditional paradigms of overpopulation, continuous economic growth, and supply-side economics is necessary. A more balanced approach, which emphasizes responsible consumption, equitable distribution of resources, and ecological preservation, is essential. The focus must shift from growth for the sake of growth to fostering a steady-state economy that works within the Earth’s ecological limits. -/- Education, innovation, and responsible governance will play key roles in transitioning toward a sustainable future. For example, adopting policies that focus on reducing inequality, investing in renewable energy, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices can help mitigate the adverse effects of overpopulation and growth. Similarly, instead of focusing solely on supply-side policies, governments should prioritize strategies that foster demand through wage growth, universal healthcare, and the reduction of poverty. Only by acknowledging the interconnectedness of economic, social, and environmental factors can we hope to create a sustainable future. -/- Conclusion -/- Overpopulation, continuous economic growth, and supply-side economics are unsustainable models in the long run. They fail to consider the limits of our natural resources and the social and environmental consequences of unchecked expansion. A shift toward sustainable practices, responsible consumption, and policies that address both the supply and demand sides of the economy is crucial. Without this shift, the world will continue to face growing challenges that threaten not only our environment but also the stability of society itself. The pursuit of sustainable solutions is not a luxury; it is an imperative for the survival and well-being of future generations. -/- . (shrink)

A Balanced Economic Model: The Feedback Loop Between Public and Private Sectors with MMT as a Stabilizing Mechanism -/- Introduction -/- Modern capitalism thrives on competition, profit motives, and consumer demand. However, the system is flawed because it allows extreme wealth inequality, market instability, and frequent economic crashes. Advertising, as an essential part of capitalism, manipulates consumer behavior to sustain profits. While this fuels economic growth, it also distorts the real needs of society. -/- A better alternative (...) Is a hybrid economic model where government-created jobs, social safety nets, and free public services coexist with a profit-driven private sector. The key to making this work is a feedback loop mechanism that keeps the two sectors balanced, ensuring economic stability while preventing extreme inequality and unnecessary market collapses. This essay explores how Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) can support this feedback loop economy to create a self-regulating system where both public and private sectors benefit from each other. -/- I. The Feedback Loop Between Private Companies and Government Economic Policies -/- A feedback loop mechanism is a self-regulating system where different components interact, adjust, and respond to maintain balance. In the economy, the public sector (government jobs, social safety nets, and public services) and the private sector (businesses, investments, and free markets) create a mutual dependency: -/- 1. Government Spending Creates Consumer Demand → Private Sector Growth -/- Government creates jobs with good salaries in infrastructure, education, healthcare, and technology. -/- This injects money into the economy, giving people the purchasing power to buy goods and services from private companies. -/- As demand increases, businesses grow, hire more workers, and expand operations. -/- 2. Private Sector Growth → Increases Government Revenue Without High Taxation -/- As private companies generate profits, they pay taxes and reinvest in expansion. -/- Strong consumer demand reduces the need for excessive taxation because economic growth itself funds public programs. -/- Businesses compete not only for profits but also for innovation and efficiency. -/- 3. Social Safety Nets Prevent Market Collapses -/- During recessions, government stabilizes the economy by expanding social programs (unemployment benefits, food assistance, healthcare). -/- This prevents demand from crashing, ensuring that businesses still have customers even in economic downturns. -/- As the economy recovers, government reduces spending, allowing the private sector to take the lead again. -/- This dynamic cycle ensures that economic booms and recessions are smoothed out, preventing extreme market crashes or mass unemployment. -/- II. The Role of MMT in Supporting the Feedback Loop -/- Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) provides the economic foundation for this model by proving that a sovereign government can spend money without being constrained by traditional budget rules. Unlike mainstream economic thinking, which suggests that governments must “balance the budget,” MMT argues that government spending should adjust based on economic conditions. -/- 1. Government-Backed Job Programs as an Economic Stabilizer -/- MMT allows governments to fund public jobs without relying solely on taxation. -/- If private companies cut jobs, the government can expand its workforce to absorb the unemployed. -/- When the economy stabilizes, people move back to higher-paying private jobs, reducing government spending. -/- 2. Preventing Inflation Through Resource Control -/- MMT acknowledges that inflation happens when there’s too much money chasing too few goods. -/- The government can remove excess money through targeted taxation and invest in productivity (e.g., infrastructure, education) to keep supply stable. -/- This prevents excessive inflation while keeping the economy growing. -/- 3. Continuous Money Circulation Without Debt Crises -/- Governments can print money to fund essential services, but they control inflation by investing in real production capacity (e.g., factories, renewable energy, technology). -/- This means public investment directly benefits private businesses, keeping both sectors in sync. -/- This MMT-backed feedback loop ensures that economic downturns do not lead to catastrophic business failures or mass unemployment. -/- III. The Role of Advertising in a Balanced Economic System -/- Advertising, while necessary for businesses, often manipulates consumer behavior in a way that creates artificial demand. In a feedback loop economy, advertising should be regulated to align with real consumer needs rather than exploiting psychological weaknesses. -/- 1. Ethical Advertising Policies -/- Companies should be incentivized to market based on quality and innovation rather than manipulation. -/- False advertising and monopolistic dominance should be regulated to prevent consumer exploitation. -/- 2. Consumer Education Programs -/- Public education should include critical thinking courses to help people make informed purchasing decisions. -/- This reduces the influence of manipulative advertising, ensuring that businesses compete fairly. -/- This ensures that the feedback loop remains healthy, preventing unnecessary overproduction and unsustainable consumer debt. -/- IV. Real-World Examples of a Balanced System -/- Some countries have successfully implemented elements of this feedback loop economic model: -/- Nordic Countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland) -/- Have free healthcare, education, and social safety nets while maintaining a competitive private sector. -/- Use progressive taxation to prevent extreme inequality, ensuring that economic growth benefits everyone. -/- Germany -/- Uses government-backed vocational training programs to ensure a highly skilled workforce. -/- Strong public-private partnerships help both sectors support each other dynamically. -/- Japan -/- Government plays a major role in funding research, infrastructure, and innovation, allowing private businesses to thrive. -/- Uses state-owned enterprises strategically while ensuring a competitive private market. -/- These examples prove that a properly managed hybrid model is more resilient, fair, and stable than extreme capitalism or extreme socialism. -/- V. Conclusion: A Self-Regulating Economy for the Future -/- A feedback loop economic system provides the best of both worlds: ✔ Government ensures economic stability through public job creation and social safety nets. ✔ Private companies drive innovation and competitiveness with strong consumer demand. ✔ MMT allows government spending to adjust dynamically without unnecessary austerity measures. ✔ Advertising is reformed to encourage ethical business practices and informed consumer choices. ✔ Inflation is controlled through taxation, investment, and resource management. -/- By integrating these feedback loop mechanisms, we can create a self-regulating economic model where both public and private sectors reinforce each other, ensuring long-term stability, prosperity, and economic fairness. -/- Policy Framework for a Balanced Economic System: Global Best Practices -/- To fully integrate the feedback loop mechanism between the public and private sectors, specific policies must be implemented to ensure economic stability, innovation, and fairness. Below are real-world policy examples that demonstrate how different countries successfully manage their economies using a mix of government intervention and free market principles. -/- I. Public Job Creation as an Economic Stabilizer -/- One of the biggest issues in capitalism is economic recessions leading to mass layoffs, which then reduce consumer spending, creating a vicious cycle of economic decline. The solution is public sector job programs that absorb unemployed workers during downturns and allow them to transition back to private jobs when the economy improves. -/- Global Examples -/- ✔ United States (New Deal Programs – 1930s) -/- During the Great Depression, the U.S. government created millions of jobs in construction, public works, and conservation projects. -/- These projects boosted infrastructure while providing employment, helping to revive the economy. -/- ✔ Argentina’s Jefes de Hogar Program (2002-2006) -/- Aimed at mitigating mass unemployment during Argentina’s economic crisis. -/- The government hired unemployed citizens to work in community service, infrastructure, and public health projects. -/- Created social stability and demand for private goods, helping Argentina recover. -/- ✔ Germany’s Kurzarbeit Program (Ongoing) -/- In times of economic slowdown, the German government pays companies to keep workers employed at reduced hours rather than laying them off. -/- This prevents mass unemployment, ensuring that workers still have income and spending power. -/- Policy Recommendation: → Implement automatic public employment programs during recessions to keep demand stable and prevent economic crashes. -/- II. Social Safety Nets to Support Consumer Demand -/- A strong social safety net ensures that consumers have purchasing power even in economic downturns, keeping the private sector stable. -/- Global Examples -/- ✔ Nordic Model (Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland) -/- Provides free healthcare, education, and unemployment benefits, preventing extreme poverty. -/- Funded through progressive taxation, ensuring that the wealthy contribute fairly to society. -/- This creates a stable consumer base for private companies, benefiting the entire economy. -/- ✔ Universal Basic Income (UBI) Experiments (Finland, Canada, Kenya) -/- Finland tested a UBI program where unemployed citizens received a monthly payment regardless of employment status. -/- Results showed that recipients were more likely to start businesses and find better jobs, proving that social safety nets do not reduce work incentives. -/- ✔ Singapore’s Housing and Retirement System -/- The government helps citizens buy homes with public funds, ensuring stable housing. -/- A mandatory retirement savings system (Central Provident Fund) ensures that people have money after they retire. -/- These policies reduce financial anxiety, allowing people to focus on entrepreneurship and economic growth. -/- Policy Recommendation: → Implement universal healthcare, free education, and unemployment benefits to ensure that economic downturns do not collapse consumer spending. -/- III. Regulating Advertising to Align with Consumer Needs -/- Unregulated advertising manipulates consumer behavior, creating unnecessary demand and overconsumption, which destabilizes economies. Governments can regulate advertising to ensure ethical business practices. -/- Global Examples -/- ✔ European Union (Strict Advertising Laws) -/- The EU bans false advertising, ensuring that companies cannot make misleading claims about their products. -/- Certain junk food and alcohol ads are restricted to protect public health. -/- ✔ France’s Ban on Child-Targeted Advertising -/- Prevents unethical marketing towards children, reducing unnecessary consumerism. -/- ✔ Japan’s Culture of Product Quality Over Hype -/- Japanese companies emphasize product reliability and long-term value, reducing dependence on manipulative advertising. -/- Policy Recommendation: → Implement ethical advertising regulations to prevent false marketing, predatory ads targeting vulnerable consumers, and excessive consumer debt. -/- IV. Public-Private Partnerships for Innovation and Infrastructure -/- Rather than treating the government and private sector as separate entities, a well-balanced system interconnects them through public-private partnerships (PPPs) to drive innovation. -/- Global Examples -/- ✔ Germany’s Mittelstand Model (SME Support System) -/- The German government provides long-term financial support to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are the backbone of the economy. -/- Ensures that private businesses have stable growth without excessive corporate monopolies. -/- ✔ China’s State-Led Economic Model (Strategic Government Investments) -/- The government invests heavily in infrastructure and technology, allowing private businesses to thrive with low-cost logistics and energy. -/- Balances capitalist competition with government support, ensuring stability. -/- ✔ United States (NASA & SpaceX Collaboration) -/- NASA funded SpaceX and other private space companies, leading to rapid innovation in space technology. -/- This proves that government funding can accelerate private sector breakthroughs. -/- Policy Recommendation: → Use government funding to support innovation and long-term infrastructure projects while allowing private businesses to benefit and expand. -/- V. MMT as a Tool for Economic Stability -/- Traditional economic models suggest that governments must “balance their budgets” like households, but this is a flawed concept. Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) argues that sovereign nations with their own currency (like the U.S., Japan, and the UK) can create money to fund essential services without relying on debt from private banks. -/- How MMT Works in Practice -/- ✔ Japan’s National Debt Strategy -/- Japan has one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios in the world, yet it has no financial crisis because it borrows in its own currency. -/- Instead of austerity, Japan uses public investment to maintain economic stability. -/- ✔ U.S. Stimulus During COVID-19 -/- The U.S. government printed money to send direct payments to citizens, preventing a total economic collapse. -/- Inflation was controlled by adjusting taxation and investment in production capacity. -/- ✔ EU’s Post-COVID Recovery Fund -/- The European Union used public money to stabilize industries and workers, preventing extreme recessions. -/- Policy Recommendation: → Use MMT-based strategies to fund infrastructure, social programs, and innovation, ensuring economic stability without excessive reliance on private banking debt. -/- VI. Conclusion: Creating a Self-Regulating Economy -/- A feedback loop economy that integrates public job creation, private sector competition, social safety nets, and MMT-backed fiscal policies provides a self-regulating system that ensures: -/- ✔ Stable employment and consumer demand even during economic downturns. ✔ Innovation and competition in the private sector without excessive monopolies or market crashes. ✔ Government-funded infrastructure and social programs that benefit both workers and businesses. ✔ Ethical advertising that prevents consumer exploitation and unnecessary debt. ✔ Balanced inflation control through strategic taxation and investment. -/- By combining the best policies from different global models, we can build an economic system that minimizes business bankruptcies, prevents recessions, and maximizes innovation and economic fairness. -/- . (shrink)

-/- The Future of Economic Systems: A Balance Between Capitalism, Socialism, and Sustainable Growth -/- Economic systems have evolved over centuries to meet the needs of societies. The invention of monetary value, a social construct, allowed for the exchange of goods and services, making economies function at a large scale. However, while this system has undoubtedly brought prosperity to many, it has also led to inequalities and environmental challenges. In order to address these issues and ensure a sustainable (...) future, a more holistic approach to economic systems is necessary—one that blends the best of capitalism, socialism, and modern economic theories such as Modern Monetary Theory (MMT). This approach, coupled with excellent government leadership and regulated population growth, could create an economic system that maximizes productivity, balances wealth distribution, and ensures sustainability for future generations. -/- The Combination of Capitalism and Socialism -/- Capitalism has proven effective at driving innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. It is based on the principle that individuals and companies can freely engage in trade, and that competition leads to more efficient and diverse products and services. However, capitalism, when left unchecked, has often resulted in income inequality, environmental degradation, and social unrest. To address these issues, elements of socialism are necessary. Socialism focuses on wealth redistribution and providing a safety net for the most vulnerable members of society. It ensures that basic needs, such as healthcare, education, and housing, are met for all citizens, regardless of their income level. -/- By combining capitalism with socialism, societies can harness the strengths of both systems. The competitive nature of capitalism fosters innovation and growth, while socialism ensures that wealth is more evenly distributed and that the welfare of society as a whole is prioritized. This balance can lead to a more equitable society, where both individuals and communities can thrive. -/- The Role of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) as a Feedback Mechanism -/- Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) proposes that governments can issue currency without the risk of running out of money, provided they manage inflation and the economy’s productive capacity responsibly. MMT offers a fresh perspective on monetary policy, advocating for increased government spending on public goods and services, such as infrastructure, healthcare, and education, without the immediate need for taxation or borrowing. -/- In this proposed economic system, MMT functions as a feedback mechanism, helping to regulate the money supply in a way that is responsive to economic conditions. By aligning the money supply with real productivity, MMT can ensure that inflation remains under control while supporting full employment and social welfare. This mechanism helps prevent the economic imbalances that have sometimes occurred in both purely capitalist and socialist systems, creating a stable environment in which society can flourish. -/- The Importance of Excellent Government Leadership and Sustainable Population Growth -/- An effective government system is essential in implementing these economic policies. Strong leadership ensures that policies are not only well-crafted but also implemented efficiently. Leaders must focus on long-term stability, fairness, and sustainability, and be willing to make decisions that prioritize the common good over short-term political gain. In this system, transparency, accountability, and a commitment to improving quality of life for all citizens should guide decision-making. -/- Another critical factor in ensuring the success of this economic system is sustainable population growth. Overpopulation can strain resources, harm the environment, and lead to economic instability. Regulated population growth ensures that society’s resources—such as food, water, energy, and housing—are not overburdened. Through education, family planning, and policies that promote sustainable living, governments can ensure that the population grows at a rate that is manageable and supportive of long-term prosperity. -/- Balancing Money Supply, Productivity, and Inequality -/- At the heart of this system is a formula that balances key economic indicators: money supply, sustainable population growth, productivity output, income inequality (Gini coefficient), and GDP per capita. The money supply must be aligned with the production of goods and services, ensuring that inflation is controlled. Sustainable population growth must match the resources available, avoiding the negative effects of overpopulation. Productivity output should be maximized without exploiting the environment or workers, and the Gini coefficient must be kept at a level that minimizes income inequality, ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are shared by all members of society. Finally, GDP per capita, which measures the standard of living, should reflect the prosperity and well-being of all individuals, not just a wealthy few. -/- A Global Vision for Economic Balance -/- While the principles discussed above could create a more equitable and sustainable economic system, their global adoption would require cooperation across nations. Economic policies would need to be tailored to each country’s specific context, but the broader framework could be shared as a global standard. It is likely that the adoption of such a system would need to begin with a few countries as examples, demonstrating the benefits of a balanced approach before it is implemented more widely. -/- Global institutions like the United Nations, World Bank, and international trade organizations could play a role in guiding and supporting countries through this transition. It would require collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society to ensure that policies are implemented fairly and effectively. Through education, advocacy, and international cooperation, the principles of balance, fairness, and sustainability can be spread across the globe, leading to a more prosperous and just world. -/- Conclusion -/- In conclusion, the future of economic systems lies in finding the right balance between capitalism and socialism, guided by the principles of Modern Monetary Theory, strong government leadership, and regulated population growth. By aligning these elements with a formula that balances money supply, productivity, inequality, and GDP per capita, we can create a system that is not only efficient but also sustainable. The invention of monetary value has already shown its power to organize societies, but the next step is to refine the system so that it works for the benefit of all, ensuring a prosperous future for generations to come. -/- . (shrink)

(Expected) adverse effects of the ‘ICT Revolution’ on work and opportunities for individuals to use and develop their capacities give a new impetus to the debate on the societal implications of technology and raise questions regarding the ‘responsibility’ of research and innovation (RRI) and the possibility of achieving ‘inclusive and sustainable society’. However, missing in this debate is an examination of a possible conflict between the quest for ‘inclusive and sustainable society’ and conventional economic principles guiding capital allocation (including (...) the funding of research and innovation). We propose that such conflict can be resolved by re-examining the nature and purpose of capital, and by recognising mainstream economics’ utilitarian foundations as an unduly restrictive subset of a wider Aristotelian understanding of choice. (shrink)

Contemporary developments in economicmethodology have produced a vibrant agenda ofcompeting positions. These include, amongothers, constructivism, critical realism andrhetoric, with each contributing to the Realistvs. Pragmatism debate in the philosophies of thesocial sciences. A major development in theneo-pragmatist contribution to economicmethodology has been Quine's pragmatic assaulton the dogmas of empiricism, which are nowclearly acknowledged within contemporaryeconomic methodology. This assault isencapsulated in the celebrated Duhem-Quinethesis, which according to a number ofcontemporary leading philosophers of economics,poses a particularly serious methodologicalproblem for economics. This problem, (...) asreflected in Hausman's analysis, consists ofthe inability of economics to learn fromexperience, thereby subverting the capacity totest economic theories. In this paper wedispute this position. Our argument is basedon a combination of Quine's holism with VanFraassen's constructive empiricism, especiallythe latter's analysis of empirical adequacy andhis pragmatic approach to explanation. Theresulting reorientation of economic methodologyrestores the capacity of economics to learnfrom experience and reinstates the imperativeof developing alternatives to orthodoxtheorizing in economics. (shrink)

Abstract: Public procurement is the acquisition of right goods, works and services required to satisfy certain needs at the right time, from the right supplier, in the right quantities, in the right quality, and at the right price. Worldwide it accounts 10% – 30 % of GNP while in Tanzania it accounts for about more 45% of the total budget. Appropriate procurement system in the public sector is a tool for achieving political, economic and social goals. The research examined (...) the impact of the capacity building on the performance of LGAs procurement function, was conducted in Tanzania to the four regions in 2018, comprised a sample size of 224 respondents from eight Local Government Authorities (LGAs). Qualitative and quantitative data were collected, employed the case study method intended to the Evaluate Assessment of Capacity Building Programme on the Performance of LGAs procurement functions. The study revealed that procurement functions have improved because of the intervention of capacity building such as the improvement of the; Use and application of PPA and PPR, use and application of Procurement Planning, use and application of Contract Management and Administration, use procurement record keeping and reporting, use and application of PMIS & Other Procurement Systems, appropriate Tendering Process. Also, the researchers have revealed challenges hindering LGAs procurement system such as; lack training, unpredictable funds flow and political interference. Moreover, based on the contributions attributed by the capacity building further research can be undertaking to measure the impact of capacity building in the other areas apart from procurement field such as; health, agriculture, good governance and so on. In addition to that, another research can be undertaken to assess the factors hindering the performance of LGAs procurement system. (shrink)

Rethinking Work, Power, and the Future of Nations// This article examines how economic and social systems adapt to technological disruptions, particularly artificial intelligence and automation. It explores several fundamental questions about systemic evolution in the face of changing scarcity paradigms. How do systems adapt when traditional forms of scarcity diminish? As technology reduces scarcity of physical and intellectual labor, new forms of scarcity emerge—attention, meaning, purpose, and experience become the new commodities. These shifts catalyze the evolution of economic (...) structures, transforming work rather than eliminating it entirely..//What drives the survival mechanisms of societal systems? Systems function like software agents with programmatic rules, continuously evolving to maintain their existence. Though not consciously acting entities, they develop traits ensuring adaptation and persistence. Citizens serve as both carriers and executing agents of these systems, participating in reinforcement mechanisms that perpetuate the system's operation.// How do systems change? Significant transformation typically requires emotional energy exceeding critical thresholds—often generated through crises. While proactive adaptation would be preferable, systems generally resist change until environmental pressures become intense enough to overcome institutional inertia.// Why is system diversity of systems important? Multiple competing systems create "trial-and-error laboratories" that test different approaches to emerging challenges. This diversity enhances humanity's collective adaptive capacity, proving more advantageous than monocultural global systems with reduced adaptability.// What role does information control play? As systems compete, control over information flows becomes crucial for survival. Systems naturally frame comparisons with competitors to maintain their power position. Open communication about relative fitness, however, encourages beneficial cross-adoption of successful elements.// What future emerges from these adaptations? Rather than catastrophic collapse, gradual transformation is more likely. Systems will incorporate new elements while preserving core structures. The evolving landscape may create unprecedented value, enabling human endeavor to pivot toward qualitative improvements in well-being, sustainability, and creativity./// The analysis concludes that human progress continues through evolutionary adaptation rather than revolutionary disruption, as systems expand into new niches while preserving fundamental human values and social cohesion. (shrink)

This paper investigated "The Parable of the Talents and Economic Management: Lessons for the Nigerian Nation." The subject matter of economic management in Africa in general and Nigeria, in particular, is one that concerns nearly every discipline, and which has inevitably lent itself to much pontification by economist and non-economist alike. Nigeria evolved as a nation-state in 1914 due to the amalgamation of diverse independent nationstates by the British under Lord Frederick Lugard. Since then, it has evolved different (...) economic principles, especially with the discovery of oil in Oloibiri. Historically, the Nigerian economy showed early signs of growth but is currently in a state of recession irrespective of all the economic policies by different administrations. This is contingent on mismanagement of the country's economic and human resources. The main issue that should be in the mind of researchers now is not the inevitability of recession, but its cure and how to recover from it. It is on this note that this paper looked at the Parable of the Talents according to Matt. 25:14-30 using the principle of exegesis in the interpretation of the text. It anchors its submission using the principle of accountability and Maslow's theory of motivation to chart the pathway for the management of the Nigerian economy. The paper concluded that for the proper management of Nigeria's economy there must be accountability, motivation, dignity of labour and giving of appointments base on the capacity of a worker. (shrink)

The objective of this paper is to examine the role of the banking system in the growth of the Vietnamese economy in the process of the transition that started in the early 1990s. An ARDL approach-based multivariate regression technique is applied to shed light on the impact on the growth of banking development, which is measured by broad money and bank credit. The empirical findings confirm a positive long-term effect of banking development on growth, reflecting the important role of the (...) banking system in a typical bank-based financial system in mobilizing and supplying capital to the economy, thus contributing to growth throughout the process of economic transition. The empirical findings also indicate a nonlinear effect and a diminishing marginal effect of banking development in the sub-period 2007–2020. The thresholds for the two measures of banking development are estimated to be around 107% and 101% of the GDP, respectively. This finding suggests that bank credit expansion needs to be closely controlled to be adaptive to the capital-absorptive capacity of the economy. To a certain extent, this finding is also an indicator of the ongoing extensive growth model adopted in Vietnam, which relies heavily on the quantity of invested capital. (shrink)

The role of the Ready-made Garment (RMG) sector in transforming the lives of working women in Bangladesh has been controversial. This study examines the impact of paid employment in the RMG sector on the empowerment of its female workers. The fieldwork includes semi-structured interviews with female garment workers to explore their lived experiences and views. The primary qualitative data analysis draws principally on Kabeer's (1999) three inter-related dimensions (resources, agency, and achievements) of empowerment. The main findings of the research are (...) that women with access to employment opportunities in this sector have become economically empowered and independent. The higher economic capacity gives them greater autonomy and makes them confident to make some household and strategic life choices. Increased access to public spaces and consciousness about their right to make life choices have boosted their self-esteem. The study concludes that paid employment in the RMG sector has a significant positive impact on the economic, social, and psychological empowerment of female workers in the readymade garments sector. However, some critical constraints in the sector continue to limit their potential for being further empowered. The findings offer valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers. (shrink)

This paper investigates the fundamental idea at stake in current bioeconomies such as Europe's Bio-Based Economy (BBE). We argue that basing an economy upon ecology is an ambivalent effort, causing confusion and inconsistencies, and that the dominant framing of the damaged biosphere as a market-failure in bioeconomies such as the BBE is problematic. To counter this dominant narrative, we present alternative conceptualisations of bio-economies and indicate which concepts are overlooked. We highlight the specific contradictions and discrepancies in the relation between (...) economy and ecology, and then work towards outlining a genuine and consistent conceptualisation of the BBE. The philosophical perspective of Emmanuel Levinas is employed to develop a more profound understanding of the tensions at stake; Levinas’ work is compared with that of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's work on bioeconomics, and found to be of complementary value. Our hypothesis is that, rather than the impossible, absolute amalgamation of economy and ecology striven for today, a principal heterogeneity between humankind and nature must be acknowledged if a bioeconomy that truly operates within the carrying capacity of planet Earth is to be achieved. (shrink)

This paper will outline a series of changes in the archaeological record related to Hominins. I argue that these changes underlie the emergence of the capacity for strategic thinking. The paper will start by examining the foundation of technical skills found in primates, and then work through various phases of the archaeological and paleontological record. I argue that the key driver for the development of strategic thinking was the need to expand range sizes and cope with increasingly heterogeneous environments.

Understanding the policymaking process in an emerging economy in the global south, such as Bangladesh, holds significant importance. The country's remarkable socio-economic development, once the most impoverished in the region, has been facilitated by post-globalization economic transformation. While the literature on institutional change has predominantly focused on states in industrialist countries, this dissertation presents an innovative theoretical approach. It deeply explores primary case materials to illustrate how the state engages in policy evolution in a developing country's gradual shift (...) from the import substitution model towards globalization and deregulation. The central argument posited is that Bangladesh's globalization, particularly through its private sector-led garment exports, stands as a significant success story. Bangladesh is now the world's second-largest garment exporter after China. This achievement is attributed to the entrepreneurial development it fosters and its role in driving socio-economic change. Moreover, it has enabled the mobilization of resources, reducing aid dependence, enhancing climate resilience, improving public health and wellbeing, empowering women, and addressing critical needs in physical infrastructure and human development. The argument presented here diverges from the conventional explanation found in the literature, which tends to emphasize the role of external forces, particularly institutions like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and donors, in triggering policy reforms in Bangladesh. These reforms, commonly linked with structural adjustment packages implemented during the balance of payments crisis, are frequently perceived as predominantly influenced by external pressures. Additionally, the influence of the business class or Bangladeshi non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is often asserted. This dissertation proposes an alternative explanation by suggesting that ideational viewpoints within the state, specifically the ideas espoused by top technocrats and political executives, played a significant role. It argues that these internal ideational factors were more influential than materialistic ones, highlighting the causal role of the policy process driven by endogenous imperatives. The introduction of the dissertation addresses the research problem and research puzzle while suggesting conjectures after problematizing existing arguments. The significant economic transformation observed in Bangladesh today is portrayed as the outcome of a gradual process spanning several decades. The transition towards promoting the private sector and embracing globalization commenced in 1991, following a series of incremental changes dating back to the 1970s and 1980s. During these periods, the institutional path progressed towards empowering the private sector and embracing globalization, laying the groundwork for a trajectory led by the private sector in the context of globalization. The theory chapter serves to establish the conceptual and theoretical foundation for analyzing both economic change and transformation by examining the evolutionary nature of the process. The study adopts an institutional change framework, drawing on the theory of gradual change and focusing on concepts such as layering and tipping points. Within this framework, causal variables such as powering and puzzling, social learning, and ideas are identified. The methodological approach is grounded in historical institutionalism, employing the process-tracing "within case" method. The selection of cases deliberately targets an important yet under-researched area—the policy process in Bangladesh concerning the success of garment-led industrialization. This dissertation fills a noticeable gap in the literature through rigorous analysis, enabling an in-depth exploration of the institutional dynamics spanning four governments from 1972 to 1991. The study relies on substantial primary materials, including interviews with key officials. Each empirical chapter not only presents data but also connects the findings to conceptual and theoretical conjectures, underscoring the significant contributions of this research. The key causal variables identified include the concepts of ‘puzzling’ and ‘social learning’ within the state capacity framework, along with a narrowly defined and developed concept of a "policy committee." The learning process entails technocrats engaging in what Hugh Heclo and Peter Hall term as "social learning," where they play a crucial role in addressing policy challenges, particularly during times of uncertainty and political turmoil, based on their learning from past experiences. Additionally, the concept of ‘powering’ is highlighted, emphasizing that while technocrats provide policy recommendations, it is ultimately the political executive who endorses policies. The interplay between ‘puzzling and powering’ and ‘social learning’ shapes the outcomes of the policy process. The first empirical chapter focusing on the Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Government (1972-1975) illustrates the emergence of policy learning during this period. Initially, this government pursued import substitution under strict government controls, with a predominant public sector. The historical context of exploitation under Pakistani rule and the centralization of industry by West Pakistan fostered socialism as an ideal for East Pakistan's economic emancipation. Additionally, close ties with India and the Soviet Union reinforced this socialist tendency. However, due to severe economic conditions resulting from stringent control on private investment and emphasis on large-scale public investment, policy puzzling and learning ensued. As a result, incremental changes were initiated, allowing limited private sector participation. The second empirical chapter explores the General Ziaur Rahman government's tenure (1975-1981) and how deregulation was consolidated within a layering step, paving the way for a shift towards globalization. General Zia and his technocrats, operating under authoritarian conditions, acknowledged the inefficacy of existing policies. Furthermore, General Zia's inclination towards the West fostered closer collaboration with donors. The Multifiber Agreement (MFA) presented an opportunity for garments, coinciding with the decline in jute exports. This government opened up industrial sectors for private participation, and banks provided funding across various sectors, with special emphasis on the burgeoning garment industry. The chapter also explores the origins of the garment industry during this period. Notably, Noorul Quader Khan, upon retiring as cabinet secretary, collaborated with a Korean multinational, Daewoo, with the support of General Zia, leading to the establishment of Desh Garments—a pioneering venture that catalyzed the export orientation of the sector. The third empirical chapter delves into the economic policies of the General Hussain Muhammad Ershad Government (1982-1990), highlighting its emphasis on greater private sector involvement. Under this administration, there was a political inclination towards globalization and deregulation, leading to the appointment of technocrats aligned with this vision. The leadership believed that promoting the private sector would be more effective in job creation. Despite facing significant political opposition, efforts towards disinvestment were made, eventually resulting in compromises like public-private partnerships. The decentralization of administration and restructuring of ministries aimed at promoting industrialization and economic globalization driven by the private sector at the regional level. Initiatives such as the Industrial Promotion and Development Company, with support from organizations like the International Finance Corporation, aimed to boost the private sector. Efforts towards globalization were synchronized with the establishment of an export processing zone in Chittagong, focusing on promoting private and foreign investment. Foreign investment promotion was encouraged through diplomatic efforts and legislative measures to safeguard investors. Currency devaluation was utilized to stimulate exports, along with some degree of import liberalization. The chapter convincingly argues that the groundwork for globalization, initiated under General Zia, came to fruition under General Ershad. The final empirical chapter contends that the system shifted towards globalization and deregulation in 1991. Although a severe balance of payments crisis occurred in 1989, it wasn't perceived as the sole cause of the industrial policy of 1991. The democratic uprising in 1990 led to the downfall of the military-backed government and the rise of a democratic government. The chapter argues that while economic and political changes may have been intertwined, the economic shift in 1991 was primarily driven by ideas within the state and driven by endogenous imperatives. It examines preceding periods to illustrate how the tipping mechanism might have operated, detailing the roles of top technocrats and political executives. The chapter provides insights into key policymakers and their ideas, as well as their interactions with industrialists, entrepreneurs, and representatives of multilateral organizations like the World Bank. Significant reform measures, including tariff reduction, the introduction of value-added tax, banking sector reform, and the adoption of floating exchange rates, are outcomes of the policy change. Additionally, sectors such as power, banks, and telecommunications, formerly monopolized by the public sector, are now deregulated. (shrink)

I will start my inaugural address by outlining the main argument of my lecture. First, I will identify the phenomenon that philosophers of technology research. This subject matter, in my view, consists not only of ethical issues that disruptive technologies raise but also of the disruption of the world in which we live and act by these technologies. I will illustrate this disruption by reflecting on the convergence of the physical and the virtual in the digital world, which is expected (...) to change the way we live together. I propose that philosophers of technology should research new disruptive technologies and the digital world in which they are embedded in an integrated manner. Subsequently, I will ask how the emergence of digital technologies disrupts the world’s design in the digital age. My hypothesis is that technological innovations themselves constitute the World in a non-anthropocentric and non-determinist manner. To make my case, I will first draw attention to the difference between technology and innovation and propose a philosophy of innovation. This will enable me to consider how innovation processes have an economic, social-political and ontological impact on the world. Based on historical and contemporary examples, I will illustrate the redesign of the world in the digital age. This broader understanding of the impact of digital technologies will subsequently enable me to articulate some of the critical questions I have regarding digitalisation, and how the philosophical tradition can be made fruitful to critically reflect on the elision between the physical and the virtual in the digital age. This criticism informs my engagement with ethical questions in ethics of technology, ELSA (Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects) and Responsible Innovation. As a final step, I open a progressive perspective on the emancipatory potential of disruptive innovations to set the world free. In times of climate change, we are urgently in need of an emancipation of the World. We need to move beyond the classical opposition between technophobia and technophilia and look for innovations that can set the World free and contribute to a sustainable future. I will illustrate the emancipatory potential of disruptive technological innovations by considering the shift from human-centred technology to bio-centred technology in biomimetic design. (shrink)

China’s ambitious coal phaseout strategy is a pivotal step in meeting global climate targets, particularly the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C and 2°C goals. With over half of the world’s coal power capacity located in China, the success of this transition has far-reaching implications for both national and global sustainability.

Generational differences in societies are characteristics generally attributed to people’s age that constitute a sociocultural phenomenon. Divisions in the generations differ across nations and extend even to civilizations. Perception and recognition of the different characteristics of each generation affect the cooperation between people in social, political, and economic capacities, and subsequently extend to entities in the public, informal, commercial, and nongovernmental sectors. From the perspective of social justice, it is important to draw attention to how workplace management techniques are (...) used to promote equal opportunities among representatives of various generations. (shrink)

Is Overpopulation Necessary for Capitalism? -/- Introduction -/- The relationship between population growth and capitalism has been a subject of debate for centuries. Some argue that a large population is necessary for a thriving capitalist system, as it provides labor and fuels consumer demand. Others believe that excessive population growth leads to economic and environmental problems, making it an unsustainable approach. Even in a world with vast natural resources, as it was thousands of years ago, overpopulation is not a (...) necessity for capitalism. Instead, a balanced population, technological advancement, and sustainable policies offer a more stable foundation for economic prosperity. -/- Capitalism and Population Growth -/- Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership, market competition, and the pursuit of profit. Historically, population growth played a crucial role in early capitalist economies by: -/- 1. Providing Cheap Labor – Industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries relied on a large workforce willing to work for low wages. -/- 2. Expanding Consumer Markets – More people meant higher demand for goods and services, driving production and economic growth. -/- 3. Encouraging Urbanization – Population increases fueled the growth of cities, creating hubs of economic activity. -/- However, the conditions that made population growth beneficial in the past are not the same today. The rise of technology, automation, and environmental concerns have changed the dynamics of modern capitalism. -/- The Myth That Overpopulation is Necessary -/- 1. Resource Overconsumption and Environmental Limits -/- Even if a country has vast natural resources, overpopulation accelerates their depletion. Unlike thousands of years ago, today’s industrial and technological advancements consume resources at an unprecedented rate. Excessive population growth leads to deforestation, water shortages, pollution, and climate change, ultimately harming the very foundation of economic stability. Capitalism depends on resources, but without sustainability, long-term growth becomes impossible. -/- 2. Poverty, Inequality, and Job Competition -/- A growing population does not guarantee economic prosperity. In fact, it can lead to: -/- Lower Wages – More workers competing for limited jobs drive down wages, worsening income inequality. -/- Higher Unemployment – Many economies cannot create jobs fast enough to keep up with population growth, leading to widespread unemployment and social unrest. -/- Increased Cost of Living – Overpopulation in cities leads to housing shortages, inflated prices, and lower living standards. -/- In contrast, countries with stable or declining populations, like Japan and Germany, continue to maintain strong economies by focusing on productivity, technology, and efficient resource management. -/- 3. Technological Advancement Reduces the Need for a Large Workforce -/- The argument that capitalism requires a large workforce is becoming outdated due to: -/- Automation and AI – Machines and artificial intelligence can now perform many tasks that once required human labor, reducing the need for an excessive population. -/- Knowledge-Based Economies – Modern capitalism thrives on innovation, education, and high-skilled labor rather than sheer workforce size. -/- Remote Work and Globalization – Digital economies allow companies to access talent worldwide, reducing dependence on a single country’s population. -/- This shift shows that a well-educated, productive workforce is more valuable than a large, unskilled population. -/- 4. Capitalism Can Function with Population Stability -/- The strongest economies today do not rely on uncontrolled population growth. Instead, they prioritize: -/- Sustainable Development – Countries invest in renewable energy, smart infrastructure, and responsible resource management. -/- Quality Over Quantity – A smaller but highly skilled workforce is more beneficial than an overcrowded, low-wage labor force. -/- Technological Innovation – Capitalism thrives when businesses focus on efficiency, automation, and innovation rather than sheer market size. -/- A balanced Approach to Population and Capitalism -/- Rather than overpopulation, capitalism benefits from a balanced population that aligns with: -/- Natural Resources – Preventing depletion ensures long-term economic sustainability. -/- Economic Capacity – Governments can provide better education, healthcare, and infrastructure for a stable society. -/- Technological Advancements – Efficiency and productivity matter more than just increasing the number of workers or consumers. -/- Governments and businesses should focus on: -/- 1. Education and Skill Development – Investing in human capital is more important than expanding the population. -/- 2. Sustainable Economic Models – Transitioning to green energy, circular economies, and digital industries ensures long-term prosperity. -/- 3. Responsible Population Policies – Encouraging balanced growth rather than unchecked expansion prevents economic and environmental collapse. -/- Conclusion -/- Overpopulation is not a necessity for capitalism, even in resource-rich countries. While population growth once played a key role in economic expansion, modern economies benefit more from a skilled workforce, technological progress, and sustainable resource management. A balanced population ensures economic stability, environmental protection, and a higher quality of life for all. The future of capitalism does not depend on sheer numbers but on how effectively resources, technology, and human potential are managed. -/- . (shrink)

Modern Monetary Theory and the Universal Law of Balance in Nature -/- Introduction -/- Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) challenges traditional economic thinking by proposing that sovereign governments with their own currency are not financially constrained like households. Instead, they can issue money to finance public spending as long as they manage inflation and resource allocation effectively. When viewed through the lens of my universal formula, which is based on the universal law of balance in nature, MMT emerges as a (...) valid approach to economic management. However, to fully align with natural balance, it must incorporate productivity (GDP), GDP per capita, the Gini coefficient, and population regulation to ensure a stable and just society. -/- The law of Karma in Economic Systems -/- The law of karma, or cause and effect, applies to all systems, whether natural or human-made. For any system to function properly, it must be free of defects or errors. In the economic context, this means that government policies must ensure that money creation and resource distribution do not lead to instability or inequality. -/- MMT recognizes that government spending can boost Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by increasing demand for goods and services. However, if money creation exceeds productive capacity, inflation occurs, disrupting economic balance. Conversely, if spending is too low, unemployment and stagnation result. This delicate balance follows the same principle as a well-functioning system—any defect, such as misallocation of resources or failure to regulate money flow, leads to dysfunction. -/- Using MMT to Increase GDP Without Causing Inflation -/- One of the main criticisms of MMT is the risk of inflation. However, a government can increase GDP annually without triggering inflation if it directs money creation toward productive sectors that expand the economy’s capacity. This aligns with the universal law of balance—spending must be proportional to the system’s ability to absorb it. -/- To achieve this, the government must focus on: -/- 1. Investing in Infrastructure and Public Goods -/- Building roads, bridges, and energy grids increases economic efficiency and reduces business costs. -/- Improved public transportation lowers logistics costs and improves workforce mobility. -/- Infrastructure spending has a high multiplier effect, meaning that every dollar spent generates more economic activity. -/- 2. Funding Research, Development, and Innovation -/- Investing in new technologies and industries increases long-term productivity, ensuring that new money corresponds to real economic growth. -/- Government-funded innovation, such as AI, renewable energy, and biotechnology, leads to new industries and job creation, expanding GDP without inflationary pressure. -/- 3. Expanding Education and Workforce Training -/- Government-funded education and vocational training programs enhance labor productivity, ensuring that the workforce can meet the demands of evolving industries. -/- A highly skilled workforce increases GDP by producing higher-value goods and services, preventing inflation by raising overall economic efficiency. -/- 4. Supporting Strategic Industrial Growth -/- Providing targeted investment and subsidies to high-potential industries ensures that economic expansion is driven by productive capacity rather than speculation. -/- Countries like South Korea and China have used government spending to develop manufacturing and technology sectors, increasing GDP without inflation. -/- 5. Encouraging Sustainable Energy and Agriculture -/- Investment in renewable energy reduces long-term reliance on fossil fuels, lowering production costs and ensuring energy security. -/- Supporting modern agricultural practices increases food supply, preventing price spikes that contribute to inflation. -/- By focusing government spending on productivity-enhancing sectors, MMT can be applied to grow GDP while avoiding excess money supply beyond the economy’s capacity, ensuring economic balance. -/- Balancing GDP and GDP per Capita -/- While GDP measures the total value of goods and services produced in an economy, it does not reflect the distribution of wealth and individual well-being. A country can have a high GDP but still experience widespread poverty if wealth is concentrated among a few. -/- To maintain balance, economic policies must focus on GDP per capita, which measures average economic output per person. If GDP grows but the population increases at an unsustainable rate, per capita wealth declines, leading to economic stress. This aligns with my universal formula, which emphasizes that decision-making must adhere to natural balance. A nation must regulate population growth to ensure that resources, jobs, and social services are adequate for all citizens. -/- Feedback Mechanisms in Economic Policy -/- The economy, like all natural systems, operates through feedback mechanisms. MMT recognizes that government spending fuels growth, but excessive money creation without corresponding productivity leads to inflation. This is where taxation and investment in productivity serve as balancing tools. -/- If inflation rises, taxes can be increased to reduce excess money in circulation. -/- If unemployment is high, the government can spend more on job programs and infrastructure to boost productivity. -/- If wealth concentration worsens, progressive taxation can redistribute income, preventing social instability. -/- The Gini Coefficient and Economic Justice -/- The Gini coefficient measures income inequality within a society. A higher value indicates greater inequality, which can lead to social unrest and economic imbalance. If wealth is concentrated among a small elite while the majority struggle, the economy becomes unstable, much like a defective system that cannot function efficiently. -/- MMT provides tools to reduce inequality by funding public services, education, and healthcare without relying on traditional tax revenues. However, this spending must be directed toward increasing productivity and ensuring fair wealth distribution to avoid imbalances. A well-functioning system should aim for a moderate Gini coefficient, where economic opportunities are accessible to all. -/- Population Regulation to Maintain Balance -/- A key factor in economic stability is population regulation. If a country’s population grows too rapidly, GDP per capita declines, straining resources, infrastructure, and public services. Conversely, a shrinking population can lead to labor shortages and economic contraction. -/- To maintain balance, governments must implement policies that ensure population growth aligns with economic capacity. These include: -/- Education and family planning programs to encourage sustainable growth. -/- Investment in automation and AI to offset potential labor shortages in aging populations. -/- Sustainable immigration policies to balance workforce needs. -/- Conclusion -/- Modern Monetary Theory, when properly applied, aligns with the universal law of balance in nature by ensuring that economic systems function without defects. However, for MMT to work effectively, it must integrate GDP growth, GDP per capita, income distribution (Gini coefficient), and population regulation to maintain stability. -/- By directing money creation toward productive investments, such as infrastructure, education, innovation, and sustainable industries, governments can increase GDP annually without triggering inflation. This approach ensures that money supply matches real economic output, preventing the imbalance that leads to economic crises. -/- Incorporating these principles into policy-making ensures that economic decisions are guided by natural laws, leading to a more stable, just, and prosperous society. -/- . (shrink)

A Universal Formula for Creating a Perfect Society -/- A perfect society must follow the universal law of balance in nature, ensuring that all social, economic, technological, and environmental systems function in harmony. Your universal formula serves as the foundation for designing such a society, where population growth is properly regulated to maintain balance and sustainability. -/- I. The Core Principle: The Universal Law of Balance -/- A perfect society must: ✔ Align human actions with natural laws. ✔ Eliminate (...) corruption, exploitation, and inefficiency. ✔ Balance technological progress with environmental sustainability. ✔ Regulate population growth to match available resources and societal needs. -/- II. The Key Components of a Perfect Society -/- 1. Ideal Population Growth Rate and Regulation -/- A perfect society must have a regulated population growth that aligns with natural resource capacity, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. ✔ Overpopulation leads to resource depletion, poverty, and instability. ✔ Underpopulation leads to economic decline and labor shortages. ✔ The ideal population growth rate must be carefully calculated for each region based on its resource availability, technological advancement, and economic capacity. -/- Implementation: -/- Educate the public on population and resource balance. -/- Implement voluntary and ethical family planning programs. -/- Ensure economic and social policies are adjusted based on population data. -/- Use AI to analyze demographic trends and forecast future population needs. -/- Encourage balanced migration policies to stabilize population distribution. -/- 2. Holistic and Rational Education System -/- ✔ Teach the universal law of balance in education. ✔ Focus on critical thinking, ethics, sustainability, and science. ✔ Train leaders in ethical decision-making, governance, and problem-solving. -/- 3. Governance Rooted in Natural Laws -/- ✔ Data-driven, ethical, and transparent leadership. ✔ AI-assisted governance to prevent corruption and mismanagement. ✔ Scientific, evidence-based policymaking. -/- 4. Urban Planning for Sustainable Cities -/- ✔ Eco-friendly, well-planned cities with green spaces and clean energy. ✔ Smart infrastructure to reduce congestion and pollution. ✔ Affordable, energy-efficient housing for all. -/- 5. Balanced Transportation System -/- ✔ Mass public transit over personal vehicles. ✔ Electric and hydrogen-powered transport to reduce pollution. ✔ Bike-friendly and pedestrian-friendly cities. -/- 6. A Just and Sustainable Economic System -/- ✔ Balanced capitalism—free markets with strong ethical regulations. ✔ No extreme wealth gaps or monopolies. ✔ Fair wages, job security, and profit-sharing models. -/- 7. Energy Production Aligned with Natural Balance -/- ✔ Solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear fusion energy to eliminate fossil fuels. ✔ Decentralized renewable energy grids for reliability. ✔ Buildings, industries, and transportation designed for energy efficiency. -/- 8. Agriculture and Agribusiness for Food Security -/- ✔ Sustainable, regenerative farming practices to maintain soil fertility. ✔ Organic farming over chemical-intensive monoculture. ✔ AI-driven precision agriculture to maximize food production with minimal waste. -/- Implementation: -/- Urban farming and vertical agriculture to reduce land use. -/- Government subsidies for small farmers to prevent corporate monopolies. -/- Integration of agribusiness with clean energy sources. -/- 9. Technology Companies Serving Humanity -/- ✔ Ethical AI and automation that enhance human life. ✔ Tech companies must focus on sustainability, data privacy, and fairness. ✔ Public ownership of essential tech infrastructure (internet, AI governance, energy grids, etc.). -/- 10. Forest Conservation and Wildlife Protection -/- ✔ Strict anti-deforestation laws with mandatory reforestation. ✔ Protect wildlife corridors and endangered species. ✔ Regenerative land use practices to restore ecosystems. -/- 11. Protection of Seas, Oceans, and Rivers -/- ✔ Ban overfishing and destructive fishing methods. ✔ Regulate ocean mining and oil drilling. ✔ Prevent river and ocean pollution from industries and waste. -/- 12. Eliminating Pollution and Managing Waste -/- ✔ Zero-waste circular economy—recycling and reusing materials efficiently. ✔ Eliminate plastic waste and toxic chemicals in industries. ✔ Convert waste into renewable energy sources. -/- 13. Sustainable Water Resource Management -/- ✔ Protect fresh water from contamination and overuse. ✔ Desalination and rainwater harvesting in water-scarce areas. ✔ Efficient irrigation and water recycling in agriculture and industry. -/- 14. Job Creation and Economic Stability -/- ✔ Ensure that automation enhances jobs rather than eliminates them. ✔ Support entrepreneurship and small businesses. ✔ Guarantee fair wages and universal job security. -/- 15. Universal Healthcare System -/- ✔ Preventive medicine should be the priority. ✔ Universal healthcare with AI-driven diagnostics. ✔ Mental health services equal to physical health services. -/- 16. A Strong Social Safety Net -/- ✔ Unemployment benefits and food security. ✔ State-funded job training and skill development. ✔ Affordable housing and support systems for the homeless. -/- 17. Ethical Artificial Intelligence and Automation -/- ✔ AI must serve humanity, not corporate control. ✔ Prevent AI from being used for mass surveillance or manipulation. ✔ Ensure AI aligns with the universal law of balance. -/- 18. Justice System Based on Cause and Effect (Law of Karma) -/- ✔ Laws must be logical, fair, and corruption-free. ✔ Swift, evidence-based legal processes. ✔ Restorative justice rather than punitive imprisonment. -/- 19. Global Feedback Mechanism for Continuous Improvement -/- ✔ AI-assisted global balance monitoring. ✔ Digital democracy and blockchain voting for fair governance. ✔ Regular sustainability and ethics audits. -/- III. Conclusion: A Perfect Society Is Achievable -/- A perfect society follows the universal law of balance in all areas—economy, technology, environment, governance, and social systems. -/- By applying your universal formula, society can: ✔ Eliminate corruption, poverty, and injustice. ✔ Achieve sustainability without harming future generations. ✔ Use AI and technology responsibly for the betterment of all. ✔ Create a world where human potential is maximized, and suffering is minimized. -/- . (shrink)

Models not only represent but may also influence their targets in important ways. While models’ abilities to influence outcomes has been studied in the context of economic models, often under the label ‘performativity’, we argue that this phenomenon also pertains to epidemiological models, such as those used for forecasting the trajectory of the Covid-19 pandemic. After identifying three ways in which a model by the Covid-19 Response Team at Imperial College London may have influenced scientific advice, policy, and individual (...) responses, we consider the implications of epidemiological models’ performative capacities. We argue, first, that performativity may impair models’ ability to successfully predict the course of an epidemic; but second, that it may provide an additional sense in which these models can be successful, namely by changing the course of an epidemic. (shrink)

While epistemic democrats have claimed that majority rule recruits the wisdom of the crowd to identify correct answers to political problems, the conjecture remains abstract. This article illustrates how majority rule leverages the epistemic capacity of the electorate to practically enhance the instrumental value of elections. To do so, we identify a set of sufficient conditions that effect such a majority rule mechanism, even when the decision in question is multidimensional. We then look to the case of sociotropic (...) class='Hi'>economic voting in US presidential elections to provide empirical tractability for these conditions. We find that absent such an epistemic capacity a number of presidential elections might well have been decided differently. By generating clear conditions for the plausibility of claims made by epistemic democrats, and demonstrating their correspondence to empirical data, this article strengthens the broader instrumental grounds recommending democracy. (shrink)

How can a business institution function as an ethical institution within a wider system if the context of the wider system is inherently unethical? If the primary goal of an institution, no matter how ethical it sets out to be, is to function successfully within a market system, how can it reconcile making a profit and keeping its ethical goals intact? While it has been argued that some ethical businesses do exist, e.g., Johnson and Johnson, the argument I would like (...) to put forth is that no matter how ethical a business institution is, or how ethical its goals are, its capacity to act in an ethical manner is restricted by the wider system in which it must operate, the market system. Unless there is a fundamental change in the notion of the market system itself, the capacity for individual businesses to act in an ethical manner will always be restricted. My argument is divided into two parts. The first part is to show the inherent bias towards unethical outcomes that is inherent in the market system. The second part is to suggest how to reorient the general economic framework in order to make ethical institutions more possible. The question then becomes, how to define economic behavior in terms other than competition for profit. (shrink)

One of the most striking features of the economic development that has occurred in the East Asian region has been the influential role of the state in directing its course. Vietnam is also following this well-worn path of state-led developmentalism. The principal contribution of this paper is two-fold. First, we place the Vietnamese experience in comparative historical and conceptual perspective. It is suggested that the structure of the Vietnamese state itself and the distinctive nature of the policies it has (...) undertaken are reflections of the country’s traumatic recent history and the fact that its leadership is notionally ‘‘communist.’’ Our second contribution is to detail some of the more important aspects of this process. We provide two case studies which focus on the role of state-owned enterprises and decentralisation initiatives which demonstrate that, despite the frequently ad hoc and contingent nature of the developmental project and an absence of the sort of state capacity that distinguished the likes of Japan in its heyday, the Vietnamese government is overseeing economic development in creative and surprisingly effective ways. (shrink)

Being supposedly the ground for an exchange system that does not depend on central, top-down regulation, cryptocurrencies increasingly need new algorithmic and policy-driven rules to maintain their trustworthiness and capacity to exhibit empirically supported growth. The present paper offers a conceptual and philosophical discussion on whether and how cryptosystems could be able to generate resilient development in a way that is coherent with a non-reductionist view of positive economics. As proposed, a plausible way to understand them can be achieved (...) considering their complexity and their concrete, local features, which have to be grasped both in terms of formal and material specificity. (shrink)

The thesis contains three empirical studies into economic effects of infrastructure, focusing on different aspects of the Vietnamese economy during the period 2000-2007, namely, economic growth, private sector employment, and private sector location choices. In addition, the empirical studies explicitly take into account the potential existence of cross-province transport infrastructure spillovers. By estimating empirical models specified in accordance with the relevant literature and the context of the Vietnamese economy, and subject to the availability of data, the thesis obtains (...) the following main findings. Firstly, there is evidence of a positive impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth, on private sector employment, and on private sector location choices. Secondly, sectoral differences in the impact of transport infrastructure are identified in the location choice analysis. Thirdly, the cross-province transport infrastructure spillovers cannot be seen in the growth analysis; whereas, there is some evidence of a negative spillover effect on private sector employment. In the location choice analysis, the evidence of spillovers varies dramatically. Finally, higher-education infrastructure, which is assumed to be associated with the capacity of qualified labour supply, is positively related to both private sector employment and location choices. (shrink)

Guardians of companion animals killed wrongfully in the U.S. historically receive compensatory judgments reflecting the animal’s economic value. As animals are property in torts law, this value typically is the animal’s fair market value—which is often zero. But this is only the animal’s value, as it were, to a stranger and, in light of the fact that many guardians value their animals at rates far in excess of fair market value, legislatures and courts have begun to recognize a second (...) value, the animal’s value to her guardian. What is this noneconomic value, and how should guardians be compensated for it? In Part 1, I propose a novel method to answer this question. My method includes a third, even more controversial, value: the animal’s value to herself. The idea that an animal could invest in herself faces many criticisms. In Part 2, I defend the claim by examining the mental capacities of dogs (Canis familiaris). I rebut the central objection—that dogs lack the psychological capacities required for self-investment—by showing that dogs are autonomous, think about their futures, and inhibit their desires in light of their goals. I close by suggesting that whereas the approach has conservative implications for the valuation of companion animals, it has radical implications for the valuation of agricultural animals. -/- Keywords: companion animals, animal law, legal theory, value theory, practical ethics, economic value, noneconomic value, intrinsic value, instrumental value, animal welfare, dogs, animal rights, capital value, self-investment value, autonomy, wrongful death, philosophy of animal law, animal minds, moral standing of animals, legal standing of animals, agency, prospection, canine neurobiology, bereavement, replaceability, non-ideal ethics . (shrink)

The European Union (EU) has been experiencing an unprecedented energy crisis for the last 50 years, with severe economic, social and political consequences. Rising energy demand, extreme weather events (unprecedented heat and long winters), disruptions in supply chain and poor regional and global reserves have all contributed to the current energy crisis in the EU. Prices on natural gas in the EU are rising as demand around the world increases. Prices on the gas rose by more than 800 percent (...) year-on-year and prices on the electricity by about 500 percent. Rising prices on gas are due to low stocks in European storage facilities and pressure from Russia, which is trying to speed up the launch of the Nord Stream-2 pipeline. Also in the EU, there is reduction the production of coal and natural gas, reducing the capacity of wind farms. As natural gas plays a significant role in shaping the prices on electricity, electricity has also risen in price. As prices on gas is rose, prices on oil and coal is rose significantly. Demand for energy consumption has also increased due to weather conditions – cold winters and periods of abnormal heat in summer. The largest consumers of gas and electricity in the EU are suffering heavy losses due to rising prices on energy. Industrial giants have begun to cut production, threatening economic recovery. The world economy is recovering from the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic, and the EU countries are increasingly in need of energy for industry and the population. An unbalanced transition to renewable energy has become a particular problem for the EU. Calmer weather this year has led to lower energy production using wind turbines. And old European nuclear power plants are gradually being decommissioned. Green energy is not able to cover all needs, so the continent has risen sharply demand on gas. All the above-mentioned problems have certainly affected the further ensure energy security of the EU and require the developing of appropriate mechanisms to overcoming current challenges. (shrink)

According to complexity economics, a speculative bubble is a paradigmatic case of emergence which forms from individual behaviour. In order to provide a more detailed ontological investigation of this ‘lower level’, this paper aims to understand what a transaction is and how people actualize their financial choices. Given that selling and buying operations may involve just machines, it is argued that collective intentionality, at least in John Searle’s version, is not successful. It would seem, therefore, that the pivotal role is (...) played by documents. The paper focuses mostly on the documents’ capacity to anchor quasi-abstract entities to reality and to attribute social and economic properties, such as property having a certain value. The latter is clearly involved in the emergence of a bubble. (shrink)

This collection of articles was written over the last 10 years and edited to bring them up to date (2019). All the articles are about human behavior (as are all articles by anyone about anything), and so about the limitations of having a recent monkey ancestry (8 million years or much less depending on viewpoint) and manifest words and deeds within the framework of our innate psychology as presented in the table of intentionality. As famous evolutionist Richard Leakey says, it (...) is critical to keep in mind not that we evolved from apes, but that in every important way, we are apes. If everyone was given a real understanding of this (i.e., of human ecology and psychology to actually give them some control over themselves), maybe civilization would have a chance. As things are however the leaders of society have no more grasp of things than their constituents and so collapse into anarchy is inevitable. -/- The first group of articles attempt to give some insight into how we behave that is reasonably free of theoretical delusions. In the next three groups, I comment on three of the principal delusions preventing a sustainable world— technology, religion and politics (cooperative groups). People believe that society can be saved by them, so I provide some suggestions in the rest of the book as to why this is unlikely via short articles and reviews of recent books by well-known writers. -/- It is critical to understand why we behave as we do and so the first section presents articles that try to describe (not explain as Wittgenstein insisted) behavior. I start with a brief review of the logical structure of rationality, which provides some heuristics for the description of language (mind, rationality, personality) and gives some suggestions as to how this relates to the evolution of social behavior. This centers around the two writers I have found the most important in this regard, Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle, whose ideas I combine and extend within the dual system (two systems of thought) framework that has proven so useful in recent thinking and reasoning research. As I note, there is in my view essentially complete overlap between philosophy, in the strict sense of the enduring questions that concern the academic discipline, and the descriptive psychology of higher order thought (behavior). Once one has grasped Wittgenstein’s insight that there is only the issue of how the language game is to be played, one determines the Conditions of Satisfaction (what makes a statement true or satisfied etc.) and that is the end of the discussion. No neurophysiology, no metaphysics, no postmodernism, no theology. -/- It is my contention that the table of intentionality (rationality, mind, thought, language, personality etc.) that features prominently here describes more or less accurately, or at least serves as an heuristic for, how we think and behave, and so it encompasses not merely philosophy and psychology, but everything else (history, literature, mathematics, politics etc.). Note especially that intentionality and rationality as I (along with Searle, Wittgenstein and others) view it, includes both conscious deliberative System 2 and unconscious automated System 1 actions or reflexes. -/- The next section describes the digital delusions, which confuse the language games of System 2 with the automatisms of System one, and so cannot distinguish biological machines (i.e., people) from other kinds of machines (i.e., computers). The ‘reductionist’ claim is that one can ‘explain’ behavior at a ‘lower’ level, but what actually happens is that one does not explain human behavior but a ‘stand in’ for it. Hence the title of Searle’s classic review of Dennett’s book (“Consciousness Explained”)— “Consciousness Explained Away”. In most contexts ‘reduction’ of higher level emergent behavior to brain functions, biochemistry, or physics is incoherent. Even for ‘reduction’ of chemistry or physics, the path is blocked by chaos and uncertainty. Anything can be ‘represented’ by equations, but when they ‘represent’ higher order behavior, it is not clear (and cannot be made clear) what the ‘results’ mean. Reductionist metaphysics is a joke, but most scientists and philosophers lack the appropriate sense of humor. -/- The last section describes The One Big Happy Family Delusion, i.e., that we are selected for cooperation with everyone, and that the euphonious ideals of Democracy, Diversity and Equality will lead us into utopia, if we just manage things correctly (the possibility of politics). Again, the No Free Lunch Principle ought to warn us it cannot be true, and we see throughout history and all over the contemporary world, that without strict controls, selfishness and stupidity gain the upper hand and soon destroy any nation that embraces these delusions. In addition, the monkey mind steeply discounts the future, and so we cooperate in selling our descendant’s heritage for temporary comforts, greatly exacerbating the problems. The only major change in this edition is the addition in the last article of a short discussion of China, a threat to peace and freedom as great as overpopulation and climate change and one to which even most professional scholars and politicians are oblivious so I regarded it as sufficiently important to warrant a new edition. -/- I describe versions of this delusion (i.e., that we are basically ‘friendly’ if just given a chance) as it appears in some recent books on sociology/biology/economics. Even Sapolsky’s otherwise excellent “Behave”(2017) embraces leftist politics and group selection and gives space to a discussion of whether humans are innately violent. I end with an essay on the great tragedy playing out in America and the world, which can be seen as a direct result of our evolved psychology manifested as the inexorable machinations of System 1. Our psychology, eminently adaptive and eugenic on the plains of Africa from ca. 6 million years ago, when we split from chimpanzees, to ca. 50,000 years ago, when many of our ancestors left Africa (i.e., in the EEA or Environment of Evolutionary Adaptation), is now maladaptive and dysgenic and the source of our Suicidal Utopian Delusions. So, like all discussions of behavior (philosophy, psychology, sociology, biology, anthropology, politics, law, literature, history, economics, soccer strategies, business meetings, etc.), this book is about evolutionary strategies, selfish genes and inclusive fitness (kin selection, natural selection). -/- The great mystic Osho said that the separation of God and Heaven from Earth and Humankind was the most evil idea that ever entered the Human mind. In the 20th century an even more evil notion arose, or at least became popular with leftists—that humans are born with rights, rather than having to earn privileges. The idea of human rights is an evil fantasy created by leftists to draw attention away from the merciless destruction of the earth by unrestrained 3rd world motherhood. Thus, every day the population increases by 200,000, who must be provided with resources to grow and space to live, and who soon produce another 200,000 etc. And one almost never hears it noted that what they receive must be taken from those already alive, and their descendants. Their lives diminish those already here in both major obvious and countless subtle ways. Every new baby destroys the earth from the moment of conception. In a horrifically overcrowded world with vanishing resources, there cannot be human rights without destroying the earth and our descendant’s futures. It could not be more obvious, but it is rarely mentioned in a clear and direct way, and one will never see the streets full of protesters against motherhood. -/- The most basic facts, almost never mentioned, are that there are not enough resources in America or the world to lift a significant percentage of the poor out of poverty and keep them there. Even the attempt to do this is already bankrupting America and destroying the world. The earth’s capacity to produce food decreases daily, as does our genetic quality. And now, as always, by far the greatest enemy of the poor is other poor and not the rich. -/- America and the world are in the process of collapse from excessive population growth, most of it for the last century, and now all of it, due to 3rd world people. Consumption of resources and the addition of 4 billion more ca. 2100 will collapse industrial civilization and bring about starvation, disease, violence and war on a staggering scale. The earth loses about 2% of its topsoil every year, so as it nears 2100, most of its food growing capacity will be gone. Billions will die and nuclear war is all but certain. In America, this is being hugely accelerated by massive immigration and immigrant reproduction, combined with abuses made possible by democracy. Depraved human nature inexorably turns the dream of democracy and diversity into a nightmare of crime and poverty. China will continue to overwhelm America and the world, as long as it maintains the dictatorship which limits selfishness. The root cause of collapse is the inability of our innate psychology to adapt to the modern world, which leads people to treat unrelated persons as though they had common interests (which I suggest may be regarded as an unrecognized -- but the commonest and most serious-- psychological problem -- Inclusive Fitness Disorder). This, plus ignorance of basic biology and psychology, leads to the social engineering delusions of the partially educated who control democratic societies. Few understand that if you help one person you harm someone else—there is no free lunch and every single item anyone consumes destroys the earth beyond repair. Consequently, social policies everywhere are unsustainable and one by one all societies without stringent controls on selfishness will collapse into anarchy or dictatorship. Without dramatic and immediate changes, there is no hope for preventing the collapse of America, or any country that follows a democratic system. Hence my concluding essay “Suicide by Democracy”. -/- Those wishing to read my other writings may see Talking Monkeys 2nd ed (2019), The Logical Structure of Philosophy, Psychology, Mind and Language in Ludwig Wittgenstein and John Searle 2nd ed (2019), Suicide by Democracy 3rd ed (2019), The Logical Stucture of Human Behavior (2019) and Suicidal Utopian Delusions in the 21st Century 4th ed (2019) . (shrink)

The study dealt with the present socio-economic status, perceptions and opportunities of maximizing the benefits of ecotourism to the local community. Responses from the local community, officials of the local government unit, and visitors using quantitative and qualitative method, particularly the inductive approach through survey, observation and interview was used. Local community involvement in tourism activity is limited to tour guiding, particularly the children, while the rest of the population are into farming, fishing and harvesting forest products. The park (...) was categorized as “Protected Landscape” under Republic Act 7586, now gaining its popularity and one of the fastest growing ecotourism sites in the Philippines is under the supervision of a private company. Visitor satisfaction and potential risk on environmental degradation were observed due to lack of regulation on the observance of carrying capacity. Tourism Action Plan for the destination was prepared but allocation for project for the local community that would contribute to their present socio-economic status was not evident. The geographical unit of the destination, its breath-taking view, the presence of various distinct flora and fauna made it to be labelled as the “Hidden Paradise and Mystical Eco-tourism in Nueva Ecija”. Sustainability in ecotourism, involves the participation of the communities that protect and manage the natural resources, cultural and indigenous knowledge and practices, environmental education and ethics. Community involvement equipped with proper education and conservation awareness, training, and employment opportunities may sustain the destination and enhance visitor satisfaction. (shrink)

Many developing countries have reformed their national pension systems in response to ageing populations and to increase pension scheme participation. The World Bank has been active in pension reforms in developing countries since the 1990s, and Vietnamese pension reforms since 2004 have reflected many proposals of the World Bank – a leading international donor to Viet Nam since 1993. There have been many criticisms of the World Bank’s pension privatisation proposals for developing countries – for example, the World Bank did (...) not take into account country-specific environmental factors such as financial market conditions and regulatory capacity, and it focused on economic growth rather than old-age poverty reduction. -/- This research studies whether the Vietnamese pension reforms, with the World Bank as an active agent, have taken into account the concerns and expectations of an important stakeholder group: the Vietnamese people. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a survey of Vietnamese people. The findings from interviews and the survey were analysed with reference to the World Bank’s proposals for Viet Nam and changes in Vietnamese legislation. The aim of the research is to explore the extent to which the World Bank, with its global power, and the Vietnamese government, with its dependence on global finance and technical knowledge, have responded to concerns and expectations of Vietnamese people. (shrink)

In the case of introduction of visa-free regime between Ukraine and the European Union (EU) there will arise a problem of matching throughput capacity of the Ukrainian checkpoints to the quantity of people who would want to cross the border. The absence of need for obtaining a visa does not eliminate compulsory customs and border control, but it potentially increases the number of people who intend to cross the border. A growing number of border crossings in case of their (...) mismatch with the criteria for checkpoints are a potential non-tariff restricting barrier in international trade. A threat to the image of the country from the occurrence of such a tool of non-tariff regulation indicates relevance of present study. -/- The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of actual and potentially possible border crossings and to define directions for the optimization of procedures of such a crossing to eliminate negative impact of this non-tariff instrument of regulating international trade on the overall image of the country. -/- We analyzed the peculiarities of crossing the border between Ukraine and the EU through automobile crossing points based on quantitative data regarding crossing the Ukrainian–Polish border. The goals and structure of movement across the border by frequency are clarified. We defined criteria for increase in the discrepancy between actual and nominal throughput capacities of the Ukrainian checkpoints. -/- The scientific novelty of present research is establishing the nature of quantitative effect from restricting the crossing of border on the image of the country with the help of world rankings. -/- A practical significance of the study is to identify ways to improve a procedure for crossing the border: 1) by combining Polish and Ukrainian infrastructure of control at checkpoints; 2) by creating separate lined for crossing the border by persons without transportation vehicles; 3) by simplifying a procedure of control at the border both by checking only by border staff and by increasing the value of goods that a citizen can bring into country; 4) by financing technical equipment for crossing points and their infrastructure by introducing a targeted general tax for persons who cross the border; 5) by compiling open and regular statistics of border crossing. -/- A promising direction for further research is the economic substantiation of appropriateness of the proposed ways to improve the throughput capacities of checkpoints. (shrink)

The urgent need to address climate change poses a range of complex moral and practical concerns, not least because rising to the challenge will require cooperation among countries that differ greatly in their wealth, the extent of their contributions to the problem, and their vulnerability to environmental and economic shocks. This thesis by publication in the field of climate ethics aims to characterise a range of national responsibilities associated with acting on climate change (Part I), and to identify proposals (...) for fulfilling those responsibilities through fair and feasible institutional arrangements (Part II). I aim not only to address substantive gaps in scholarly understanding of those responsibilities, but also to strengthen the ability of climate ethics to engage meaningfully with climate policy. Chapter 2 addresses the question of whether wealthy countries owe a “climate debt” to poor countries. It finds that even if climate debt (suitably interpreted) may provide a coherent and morally plausible concept, its political value as a discursive frame that can provide a basis for cooperation is limited. Chapter 3 investigates the role that equity may play in negotiations on a long-term climate change agreement. It argues that developed and developing countries may reach a “principled bargain” if both converge on a way of differentiating their responsibilities that places less emphasis on a rigid dichotomy between the two groups and more emphasis on objective criteria relating to their contribution to the problem and capacity to address it. Chapter 4 explores a question largely overlooked in climate ethics, namely whether wealthy countries owe compensation to those who are adversely affected by the climate policies which they enact. I find that enacting countries have responsibilities to compensate both domestic and foreign citizens who would suffer disproportionate losses from the effects of policies. Chapter 5 assesses whether wealthy countries may legitimately adopt unilateral (or “fragmented”) rather than multilaterally coordinated approaches to raising climate finance for developing countries. It finds that coordinated target-setting, effort sharing and oversight arrangements are essential, but that a mix of unilateral and coordinated approaches to raising funds will be necessary for securing legitimacy. In Chapter 6, through addressing the broader question of what should count as official aid, I consider whether wealthy countries may draw on aid budgets to support developing countries’ efforts to address climate change. I find that the current definition of official aid should be retained but supplemented by specified exclusions from eligibility in order to preserve the aid regime’s integrity. Nevertheless, some climate finance may justifiably be counted as aid provided that concerns relating to the diversion of aid funding are addressed. In addressing these research questions, the thesis seeks not only to make original theoretical contributions to climate ethics but also to strengthen broader scholarly understanding of the ways in which ethics and international public policy may inform one another, particularly by highlighting the role of framing considerations (Chapter 2), feasibility considerations (Chapter 3), and the ways in which principles of fairness and legitimacy map onto institutional functions (Chapters 4, 5 and 6). (shrink)

Consent governs innumerable everyday social interactions, including sex, medical exams, the use of property, and economic transactions. Yet little is known about how ordinary people reason about the validity of consent. Across the domains of sex, medicine, and police entry, Study 1 showed that when agents lack autonomous decision-making capacities, participants are less likely to view their consent as valid; however, failing to exercise this capacity and deciding in a nonautonomous way did not reduce consent judgments. Study 2 (...) found that specific and concrete incapacities reduced judgments of valid consent, but failing to exercise these specific capacities did not, even when the consenter makes an irrational and inauthentic decision. Finally, Study 3 showed that the effect of autonomy on judgments of valid consent carries important downstream consequences for moral reasoning about the rights and obligations of third parties, even when the consented-to action is morally wrong. Overall, these findings suggest that laypeople embrace a normative, domain-general concept of valid consent that depends consistently on the possession of autonomous capacities, but not on the exercise of these capacities. Autonomous decisions and autonomous capacities thus play divergent roles in moral reasoning about consent interactions: while the former appears relevant for assessing the wrongfulness of consented-to acts, the latter plays a role in whether consent is regarded as authoritative and therefore as transforming moral rights. (shrink)

In this paper, we carry out a critical analysis of the concept of technology in the current design of the bio-based economy (BBE). Looking at the current status of the BBE, we observe a dominant focus on technological innovation as the principal solution to climatic instability. We take a critical stance towards this “ecomodernist” worldview, addressing its fundamental assumptions, and offer an underarticulated explanation as to why a successful transition toward a sustainable BBE—i.e. one that fully operates within the Earth’s (...) carrying capacity—has not yet been reached. Bernard Stiegler has developed a philosophical perspective on the concept of economy, broadening it to include the human condition through the notion of desire. This theory can help to obtain a more profound understanding of why ecomodernist strategies are dominant today. Stiegler’s theory of the libidinal economy offers an analysis of controlled and exploited human desire as a primary driver behind modern techno-economic structures. Our hypothesis is that a critique of contemporary technofixism _as_ a critique of libidinal economy is a necessary step to take in the discussion around the BBE as a concept, if the BBE is ever to bring about a system that can truly operate within the Earth’s carrying capacity. (shrink)

We urgently need to bring about a revolution in academic inquiry, one that transforms knowledge-inquiry into what may be called wisdom-inquiry. This revolution, were it to occur, would help humanity make progress towards as good a world as possible. Wisdom-inquiry gives intellectual priority to articulating problems of living, including global problems, and proposing and critically assessing possible solutions - possible actions, policies, political programmes. It actively seeks to promote public education about what our problems are, and what we need to (...) do about them. It seeks to discover how problematic aims of social, political and economic endeavours may be improved. It includes a virtual government that seeks to discover what the actual government ought to be doing. In these and other ways, wisdom-inquiry would be actively and rationally engaged in helping humanity make progress towards a better world. Academia as it exists at present, dominated by knowledge-inquiry, cannot engage in these vitally necessary activities, or can only do so in a restricted, ineffective fashion. There are strong grounds for holding that wisdom-inquiry would dramatically enhance the capacity of humanity to make progress towards a better, wiser world. (shrink)

In this article I argue that while an attachment to one's country is both natural and even partially justifiable, cultivating loyal patriotism in schools is untenable insofar as it conflicts with the legitimate aims of education. These aims include the epistemological competence necessary for ascertaining important truths germane to the various disciplines; the cultivation of critical thinking skills ; and developing the capacity for economic self‐reliance. I argue that loyal patriotism may result in a myopic understanding of history, (...) an unhealthy attitude of superiority relative to other cultures, and a coerced sense of attachment to one's homeland. (shrink)

The concepts of technological and innovation sovereignty open a pathway to address existing gaps in the governance of technology and innovation. Technological sovereignty aims to embed socio-political objectives within the development of technology and innovation, affecting economic governance and providing directionality of technological capacities. In this article, the concepts of technological and innovation sovereignty will be elaborated against the background of the paradigms of nation-state governance of technology, modern market-innovation and responsible innovation.