Prominent philosophical accounts of artistic forgery have neglected a central aspect of the aesthetic harm it perpetrates. To be properly understood, forgery must be seen in the context of our ongoing attempts to augment our aesthetic understanding in conditions of uncertainty. The bootstrapping necessary under these conditions requires a highly refined comprehension of historical context. By creating artificial associations among aesthetically relevant qualities and misrepresenting historical relationships, undetected forgeries stunt or distort aesthetic understanding. The effect of this may (...) be quite pervasive, and removing known forgeries from museum walls will be insufficient to eradicate it. Continued attention to forgeries, once exposed, can in fact serve us by increasing our understanding of how aesthetic understanding is formed and by helping us to repair the damage they have inflicted. (shrink)

Peter Lamarque, in chapter 4 of his 2010 book Work and Object, argues that certain artworks, like musical scores and literary texts, are such that there can be no forgeries of them that purport to be of an actually existing work—what Lamarque calls “referential forgeries”. Lamarque motivates this claim via appeal to another distinction, first made by Goodman, between “allographic” and “autographic” artworks. This article will evaluate Lamarque’s argument that allographic literary works are unable to be referentially forged and will (...) find them wanting. In so doing, the distinction between allographic and autographic artworks (and therefore artforms) will be called into question. In section I, I characterize referential forgery and Lamarque’s definition of allographic and autographic artforms. Section II critically examines Lamarque’s argument against the possibility of referential forgery in allographic artforms. Section III offers a case where it appears that a putatively allographic text’s type membership is sensitive to facts about its causal-intentional provenance. This case serves as pretext for Section IV’s identification of this causal-intentional relation with the sanctioning relation as formulated by Sherri Irvin. On the basis of considerations treated in sections I through IV, section V questions the tenability of the allographic/autographic distinction. -/- . (shrink)

Philosophers sometimes discuss cases of forgery and appropriation in art as similar but contrasting examples to understand issues relevant to the artistic value of artworks (Irvin 2005, Hick 2010). Something interesting about these cases is that both in forgeries and in ‘appropriation art’, we find works that can look very similar, and yet, deserve different value judgements or are actually evaluated differently. Moreover, despite the similarity of the cases, the philosophical analysis of what justifies different evaluations in the case (...) of forgeries and appropriation art provides different conclusions in each case. I propose a third contrasting example: a case of cultural (mis)appropriation exemplified by what I will call the Chiapas tote bag and a questionably fancier doppelgänger. (shrink)

A work of Vietnamese art crossed a million-dollar mark in the international art market in early 2017. The event was reluctantly seen as a sign of maturity from the Vietnamese art amidst the many existing problems. Even though the Vietnamese media has discussed the issues enthusiastically, there is a lack of literature from the Vietnamese academics examining the subject, and even rarer in from the market perspective. This paper aims to contribute an insightful perspective on the Vietnamese art market, and (...) hesitantly the Vietnamese art as well, through the lens of fake, forgery and copy artworks. 35 cases of fake, forgery and copy paintings were found on the news and from the experts' wisdom. Through the examples, we argue that the Vietnamese art market is a temporary reaction to the immaturely rising of the Vietnamese art and the economy. Therefore, the art market is unable to function healthily unless the Vietnamese art and the economy developed. (shrink)

Appropriation art has often been thought to support the view that authorship in art is an outmoded or misguided notion. Through a thought experiment comparing appropriation art to a unique case of artistic forgery, I examine and reject a number of candidates for the distinction that makes artists the authors of their work while forgers are not. The crucial difference is seen to lie in the fact that artists bear ultimate responsibility for whatever objectives they choose to pursue through (...) their work, whereas the forger's central objectives are determined by the nature of the activity of forgery. Appropriation artists, by revealing that no aspect of the objectives an artist pursues are in fact built in to the concept of art, demonstrate artists' responsibility for all aspects of their objectives and, hence, of their products. This responsibility is constitutive of authorship and accounts for the interpretability of artworks. Far from undermining the concept of authorship in art, then, the appropriation artists in fact reaffirm and strengthen it. (shrink)

AI, especially in the case of Deepfakes, has the capacity to undermine our confidence in the original, genuine, authentic nature of what we see and hear. And yet digital technologies, in the form of databases and other detection tools also make it easier to spot forgeries and to establish the authenticity of a work. Using the notion of ectypes, this paper discusses current conceptions of authenticity and reproduction and examines how, in the future, these might be adapted for use in (...) the digital sphere. (shrink)

The feature Obtainment stage of offline systems for authentication of signatures is considered critical and significantly affects performance of these systems. The quantity and calibration of the extracted features determine the systems' ability to differentiate between real and fake signatures. Using a combination of Convolutional Neural Network and a Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG), feature selection technique (Decision Trees) to isolate critical characteristics, we devised a advanced approach to attribute elicitation from signature photos in this research. At last, we integrated (...) the CNN and HOG approaches. Long short-term memory, support vector machine, and K-nearest Neighbor were three classifiers used for assessing the hybrid method's effectiveness. Based on the outcomes of the experiments, our proposed model performed adequately when tested on the CEDAR dataset, both efficiency and predictive power. Given that we verified expertly fabricated signatures, which are harder to come by than other kinds of forgeries, including (simple or opposite), this precision is considered to be of great importance. We achieved a perfect score of 100 for improved signature verification using the project's additions, which include an Exception, Feature Obtainment method (HOG-RFE), and a Voting Classifier for Dataset analysis. Using CNN & HOG MultiClassification Approach. To guarantee practical usability in cybersecurity apps, a user-friendly Flask framework with SQLite integration makes registration and sign in for user testing a breeze. Search terms: deep learning, offline signature verification, CNN, and HOG. (shrink)

Nelson Goodman notoriously distinguished between autographic works, whose instances should be identified by taking history of production into account, and allographic works, whose instances can be identified independently of history of production. Scholars such as Jerrold Levinson, Flint Schier, and Gregory Currie have criticized Goodman’s autographic/allographic distinction arguing that all works are such that their instances should be identified by taking history of production into account. I will address this objection by exploiting David Davies’ distinction between e-instances and p-instances of (...) a work, thereby restating the autographic/allographic distinction. Then, I will show that this way of restating this distinction leads us to effective accounts of relevant related phenomena such as forgery, plagiarism, and digital technologies. Finally, I will show the theoretical advantages of my account of the autographic/allographic distinction in comparison with an alternative account recently proposed by Jason D’Cruz and P.D. Magnus. (shrink)

Can indistinguishable objects differ aesthetically? Manifestationism answers ‘no’ on the grounds that (i) aesthetically significant features of an object must show up in our experience of it; and (ii) a feature—aesthetic or not—figures in our experience only if we can discriminate its presence. Goodman’s response to Manifestationism has been much discussed, but little understood. I explain and reject it. I then explore an alternative. Doubles can differ aesthetically provided, first, it is possible to experience them differently; and, second, those experiences (...) reflect differences in the objects’ themselves. A range of objections to this position is considered, but all are found wanting. (shrink)

This article shows that those texts, attributed to Ernst Mach, that reject relativity theory are posthumous forgeries.

A review of 'The aesthetics and ethics of copying'. Hick, Darren Hudson and Reinhold Schmücker, eds.

Argues that John of Salisbury's Institutio Traiani is a pseudo-classical forgery. 34: "In my opinion this framework within which John presents his opinions is a pseudo-classical invention of his own, and an invention which in its combination of clerical and classical features is characteristic of the author.".

Every year, thousands of people receive degrees as a result of an ineffective anti-forge process, events that cause the graduation certificate to be forged often get noticed. According to the Education statistics, a document certificate of document verification is a complex domain that involves various challenging processes to authenticate. Every node in the vast, publicly accessible Certificate of Block chain network saves and authenticates identical data. The handbook suggested block chain-based method lowers the probability of certificate forgery. The system's (...) generation certificate grant procedure is transparent and accessible. The certificates of a student which are manipulating by others cannot have any mechanism to detect it. The block chain-based digital certificate system would be suggested as a solution to the issue of certificate forgeries. The most significant documents that their universities issue to students are their educational certificates. But, since the issuance procedure lacks transparency and verifiability, it is simple to produce phony certificates. A well-crafted phony certificate might be mistaken for the real thing and is always difficult to spot. The legitimacy of the document holder and the issuing body is at risk due to the rise in counterfeit documents. The block chain-based digital certificate system would be suggested as a solution to the issue of certificate forgeries. A digital certificate that is both verifiable and anti-counterfeit could be created because to block chain's adjustable feature. The following is the process for issuing a digital certificate in this system. Create an electronic file of a paper certificate and add any relevant information to the database first. In the meantime, find the hash value of the electronic file. Lastly, in the chain system, save the hash value in the block. The authors of this study have determined the security themes needed for block chain document verification. Additionally, the shortcomings and limitations in the current blockchain-based system for verifying educational certificates are identified by this research. To attach to the paper certificate, the system will generate an inquiry string code and corresponding QR-code. It will enable the demand unit to use website queries or mobile phone scanning to confirm the legitimacy of the paper certificate. Generate a code using block chain. (shrink)

The Ḥatäta Zärʾa Yaʿǝqob and the Ḥatäta Wäldä Ḥəywät are enigmatic and controversial works. Respectively an autobiography and a companion treatise by a disciple, they are composed in the Gǝʿǝz language and set in the highlands of Ethiopia during the seventeenth century. Expressed in prose of great power and beauty, they bear witness to pivotal events in Ethiopian history and develop a philosophical system of considerable depth. However, they have also been condemned by some as a forgery, an elaborate (...) mystification successful in deceiving generations of European and Ethiopian scholars. -/- This volume breaks new ground for the study of these texts, presenting a clear account of the most up-to-date scholarship the ways they works are being investigated by contemporary philosophers, philologists, and historians. -/- While the authorship question is addressed in the volume, it is not the sole locus of discussion. The near-exclusive focus on this question over the last century has obscured scholarly interest in the texts’ philosophical and literary qualities in their own right. Accordingly, this volume begins to fill this gap, exploring the texts' implications for the global history of philosophy and transnational intellectual history of the 17th century. (shrink)

As the internet continues to evolve, the security of web applications has become a paramount concerns for businesses and individuals alike. The ”Website Vulnerability Scanner” project is designed to address this challenge by developing a comprehensive tool that automat-can detect, analyze, and report potential security vulnerabilities on websites. This scanner focuses on identifying a wide range of common web application vulnerabilities, including but not limited to SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), broken authentication, insecure file uploads, (...) and security mis-configurations. The scanner leverages both active and passive scanning techniques to detect weaknesses by simulating potential attacks and analyzing a website’s response. It integrates with popular vulnerability databases such as OWASP and CVE, ensuring that the tool stays to date with the latest threats. The tool generates detailed reports with identified vulnerabilities, risk levels, and actionable recommendations for mitigation, aiding developers to strengthen the web security. This project is developed using Python, incorporating libraries such as ‘requests‘, ‘Beautiful Soup‘, and ‘nmap‘ for network scanning, and is built with modularity and scalability in mind. The tool aims to be user-friendly, making it accessible to both web developers and security analysts. By automating the vulnerability detection process, the project contributes to the overall enhancement of Web application security in a proactive manner. (shrink)

Loan waivers play a crucial role in supporting financially distressed individuals, but the verification process is often plagued by inefficiencies, errors, and fraudulent claims. Traditional methods rely on manual validation of Aadhar and smart cards, which are time-consuming and vulnerable to forgery. To address these challenges, this project proposes an AI-based Aadhar and Smart Card Verification System that automates identity authentication using advanced technologies. The system captures Aadhar and smart card images through a scanner or camera and processes them (...) using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to extract essential details such as name, Aadhar number, and other credentials. Facial recognition techniques, powered by DeepFace or FaceNet, compare the cardholder's image with a live photo to ensure authenticity. Al-driven data validation mechanisms cross- check the extracted information with government databases using checksum validation and predefined rules to detect inconsistencies or tampering. Additionally, AI-based fraud detection models analyze anomalies in images and text to identify forged or manipulated documents. The system significantly reduces manual effort, minimizes the risk of identity fraud, and enhances verification accuracy. A user- friendly interface allows applicants to upload their documents easily and receive real-time verification results. The integration of AI and deep learning ensures a secure, scalable, and efficient approach to loan waiver verification, making the process more reliable and trustworthy. By leveraging automation, this solution streamlines the approval process, prevents fraudulent claims, and improves the overall efficiency of financial institutions and government agencies handling loan waivers. (shrink)

This review critically examines the developing state of blockchain technology as an evolutionary measure to improve the security, transparency and efficiency of certificate authentication and verification processes. Conventional approaches are usually susceptible to forgery, time-consuming manual actions and lacking inherent trust. The core features of immutability, decentralization, cryptographic hashing and verifiable chain of transaction provided by Blockchain create a profitable paradigm shift to create tamper-proof and easily verifiable digital certificates. This paper gives an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the (...) literature, sets the background context necessary for understanding the challenges of legacy systems, critically surveys the various methodologies being sought and employed, emphasizes new and emergent applications in an extensive range of industries and concludes by briefly discussing open issues and promising areas for future research and development in this emerging field. (shrink)

Um den Begriff des Originals gibt es heftige Debatten. Können Fälschungen ebenso gut sein wie Originale? Wann sind Kopien vielleicht sogar besser? Und ist die Zeit des Originals nicht überhaupt vorbei? Dabei tritt die Frage, was ein Original eigentlich sei, oft in den Hintergrund. Doris Reisinger stellt die These auf: Der Begriff des Originals ist nicht nur nicht obsolet, er hat auch nicht notwendig mit Neuheit, Urheberschaft oder ästhetischem Wert zu tun - das Problem des Originalbegriffs besteht schlicht darin, dass (...) seine komplexe Struktur verkannt wird. Vor diesem Ausgangspunkt erarbeitet sie einen Explikationsvorschlag, der die Beantwortung einer ganzen Reihe von Fragen dieser klassischen philosophischen Debatte erlaubt. (shrink)