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  1. Moral distress interventions: An integrative literature review.Vanessa K. Amos & Elizabeth Epstein - 2022 - Nursing Ethics 29 (3):582-607.
    Moral distress has been well reviewed in the literature with established deleterious side effects for all healthcare professionals, including nurses, physicians, and others. Yet, little is known about the quality and effectiveness of interventions directed to address moral distress. The aim of this integrative review is to analyze published intervention studies to determine their efficacy and applicability across hospital settings. Of the initial 1373 articles discovered in October 2020, 18 were appraised as relevant, with 1 study added by hand search (...)
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  • Moral Distress: What Are We Measuring?Laura Kolbe & Inmaculada de Melo-Martin - 2022 - American Journal of Bioethics 23 (4):46-58.
    While various definitions of moral distress have been proposed, some agreement exists that it results from illegitimate constraints in clinical practice affecting healthcare professionals’ moral agency. If we are to reduce moral distress, instruments measuring it should provide relevant information about such illegitimate constraints. Unfortunately, existing instruments fail to do so. We discuss here several shortcomings of major instruments in use: their inability to determine whether reports of moral distress involve an accurate assessment of the requisite clinical and logistical facts (...)
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  • Safety in psychiatric inpatient care: The impact of risk management culture on mental health nursing practice.Allie Slemon, Emily Jenkins & Vicky Bungay - 2017 - Nursing Inquiry 24 (4):e12199.
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  • Searching for ethical leadership in nursing.Kara Schick Makaroff, Janet Storch, Bernie Pauly & Lorelei Newton - 2014 - Nursing Ethics 21 (6):642-658.
    Background: Attention to ethical leadership in nursing has diminished over the past several decades. Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate how frontline nurses and formal nurse leaders envision ethical nursing leadership. Research design: Meta-ethnography was used to guide our analysis and synthesis of four studies that explored the notion of ethical nursing leadership. Participants and research context: These four original studies were conducted from 1999-2008 in Canada with 601 participants. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval from the original studies (...)
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  • Courage and nursing practice: A theoretical analysis.Inga-Britt Lindh, António Barbosa da Silva, Agneta Berg & Elisabeth Severinsson - 2010 - Nursing Ethics 17 (5):551-565.
    This article aims to deepen the understanding of courage through a theoretical analysis of classical philosophers’ work and a review of published and unpublished empirical research on courage in nursing. The authors sought answers to questions regarding how courage is understood from a philosophical viewpoint and how it is expressed in nursing actions. Four aspects were identified as relevant to a deeper understanding of courage in nursing practice: courage as an ontological concept, a moral virtue, a property of an ethical (...)
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  • Belgian Nurses' Views on Codes of Ethics: Development, Dissemination, Implementation.Ellen Verpeet, Bernadette Dierckx de Casterlé, Joke Lemiengre & Chris Gastmans - 2006 - Nursing Ethics 13 (5):531-545.
    The aim of this study was to explore how Belgian nurses view issues related to the development, dissemination and implementation of a code of ethics for nurses. Fifty nurses took part in eight focus groups. The participants stated that, on the whole, a code of ethics for nurses would be useful. They stressed that a code should be a practical and useful instrument developed by nurses for nurses, and that it should be formulated and presented in a practical way, just (...)
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  • Ethical Sensitivity: State of Knowledge and Needs for Further Research.Kathryn Weaver - 2007 - Nursing Ethics 14 (2):141-155.
    Ethical sensitivity was introduced to caring science to describe the first component of decision making in professional practice; that is, recognizing and interpreting the ethical dimension of a care situation. It has since been conceptualized in various ways by scholars of professional disciplines. While all have agreed that ethical sensitivity is vital to practice, there has been no consensus regarding its definition, its characteristics, the conditions needed for it to occur, or the outcomes to professionals and society. The purpose of (...)
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  • Moral distress and avoidance behavior in nurses working in critical care and noncritical care units.Mary Jo De Villers & Holli A. DeVon - 2013 - Nursing Ethics 20 (5):589-603.
    Nurses facing impediments to what they perceive as moral practice may experience moral distress. The purpose of this descriptive, cross-sectional study was to determine similarities and differences in moral distress and avoidance behavior between critical care nurses and non-critical care nurses. Sixty-eight critical care and 28 non-critical care nurses completed the Moral Distress Scale and Impact of Event Scale (IES). There were no differences in moral distress scores ( F = 0.892, p = 0.347) or impact of event scores ( (...)
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  • Moral distress in acute psychiatric nursing: Multifaceted dilemmas and demands.Trine-Lise Jansen, Marit Helene Hem, Lars Johan Dambolt & Ingrid Hanssen - 2020 - Nursing Ethics 27 (5):1315-1326.
    Background In this article, the sources and features of moral distress as experienced by acute psychiatric care nurses are explored. Research design A qualitative design with 16 individual in-depth interviews was chosen. Braun and Clarke’s six analytic phases were used. Ethical considerations Approval was obtained from the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Participation was confidential and voluntary. Findings Based on findings, a somewhat wider definition of moral distress is introduced where nurses experiencing being morally constrained, facing moral dilemmas or moral (...)
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  • Empirical Research on Moral Distress: Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities. [REVIEW]Ann B. Hamric - 2012 - HEC Forum 24 (1):39-49.
    Abstract Studying a concept as complex as moral distress is an ongoing challenge for those engaged in empirical ethics research. Qualitative studies of nurses have illuminated the experience of moral distress and widened the contours of the concept, particularly in the area of root causes. This work has led to the current understanding that moral distress can arise from clinical situations, factors internal to the individual professional, and factors present in unit cultures, the institution, and the larger health care environment. (...)
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  • Just compassion: implications for the ethics of the scarcity paradigm in clinical healthcare provision.B. Maxwell - 2009 - Journal of Medical Ethics 35 (4):219-223.
    Primary care givers commonly interpret shortages of time with patients as placing them between a rock and a hard place in respect of their professional obligations to fairly distribute available healthcare resources (justice) and to offer a quality of attentive care appropriate to patients’ states of personal vulnerability (compassion). The author argues that this a false and highly misleading conceptualisation of the basic structure of the ethical dilemma raised by the rationing of time in clinical settings. Drawing on an analysis (...)
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  • Relationships among moral distress, sense of coherence, and job satisfaction.Michiyo Ando & Masashi Kawano - 2018 - Nursing Ethics 25 (5):571-579.
    Background: Since moral distress affects psychological aspects of psychiatric nurses, it is an important theme. Previous studies showed relationships between moral distress and job satisfaction; however, there are few studies which investigate relationships between moral distress and other effective variables and then we highlighted relationships among these variables. Objective: This study aimed to (1) examine relationships among moral distress, sense of coherence, mental health, and job satisfaction and (2) clarify the most predictive variable to job satisfaction. Research design: This study (...)
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  • Psychiatric nurses’ experience of moral distress: Its relationship with empowerment and coping.Michiko Tomura - 2023 - Nursing Ethics 30 (7-8):1095-1113.
    Background Research has shown that moral distress negatively impacts nurses, patients, and organizations; however, several scholars have argued that it can be an opportunity for positive outcomes. Thus, factors that may mitigate moral distress and catalyze positive change need to be explored. Research aim The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among structural and psychological empowerment, psychiatric staff nurses’ experience of moral distress, and strategies for coping with moral distress. Research design A descriptive cross-sectional correlational study. Participants (...)
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  • Development and Initial Validation of the Stress of Conscience Questionnaire.Ann-Louise Glasberg, Sture Eriksson, Vera Dahlqvist, Elisabeth Lindahl, Gunilla Strandberg, Anna Söderberg, Venke Sørlie & Astrid Norberg - 2006 - Nursing Ethics 13 (6):633-648.
    Stress in health care is affected by moral factors. When people are prevented from doing ‘good’ they may feel that they have not done what they ought to or that they have erred, thus giving rise to a troubled conscience. Empirical studies show that health care personnel sometimes refer to conscience when talking about being in ethically difficult everyday care situations. This study aimed to construct and validate the Stress of Conscience Questionnaire (SCQ), a nine-item instrument for assessing stressful situations (...)
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  • Moving from conceptual ambiguity to knowledgeable action: using a critical realist approach to studying moral distress.Lynn C. Musto & Patricia A. Rodney - 2016 - Nursing Philosophy 17 (2):75-87.
    Moral distress is a phenomenon that has been receiving increasing attention in nursing and other health care disciplines. Moral distress is a concept that entered the nursing literature – and subsequently the health care ethics lexicon – in 1984 as a result of the work done by American philosopher and bioethicist Andrew Jameton. Over the past decade, research into moral distress has extended beyond the profession of nursing as other health care disciplines have come to question the impact of moral (...)
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  • Toward interventions to address moral distress.Lynn C. Musto, Patricia A. Rodney & Rebecca Vanderheide - 2015 - Nursing Ethics 22 (1):91-102.
    Background: The concept of moral distress has been the subject of nursing research for the past 30 years. Recently, there has been a call to move from developing an understanding of the concept to developing interventions to help ameliorate the experience. At the same time, the use of the term moral distress has been critiqued for a lack of clarity about the concepts that underpin the experience. Discussion: Some researchers suggest that a closer examination of how socio-political structures influence healthcare (...)
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  • Burnout and perceptions of conscience among health care personnel: A pilot study.Gabriella Gustafsson, Sture Eriksson, Gunilla Strandberg & Astrid Norberg - 2010 - Nursing Ethics 17 (1):23-38.
    Although organizational and situational factors have been found to predict burnout, not everyone employed at the same workplace develops it, suggesting that becoming burnt out is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon. The aim of this study was to elucidate perceptions of conscience, stress of conscience, moral sensitivity, social support and resilience among two groups of health care personnel from the same workplaces, one group on sick leave owing to medically assessed burnout (n = 20) and one group who showed no indications (...)
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  • Moral distress in healthcare practice: The situation of nurses. [REVIEW]Wendy Austin, Gillian Lemermeyer, Lisa Goldberg, Vangie Bergum & Melissa S. Johnson - 2005 - HEC Forum 17 (1):33-48.
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  • Organisational and individual support for nurses’ ethical competence: A cross-sectional survey.Tarja Poikkeus, Riitta Suhonen, Jouko Katajisto & Helena Leino-Kilpi - 2018 - Nursing Ethics 25 (3):376-392.
    Background: Nurses’ ethical competence has been identified as a significant factor governing high quality of care. However, nurses lack support in dealing with ethical problems, and therefore managerial support for nurses’ ethical competence is needed. Research questions: This study aimed to analyse, from the perspective of nurse and nurse leaders, the level of nurses’ and nurse leaders’ ethical competence, perceptions of support for nurses’ ethical competence at the organisational and individual levels and background factors associated with this support. Research design: (...)
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  • Moral Distress and the Contemporary Plight of Health Professionals.Wendy Austin - 2012 - HEC Forum 24 (1):27-38.
    Once a term used primarily by moral philosophers, “moral distress” is increasingly used by health professionals to name experiences of frustration and failure in fulfilling moral obligations inherent to their fiduciary relationship with the public. Although such challenges have always been present, as has discord regarding the right thing to do in particular situations, there is a radical change in the degree and intensity of moral distress being expressed. Has the plight of professionals in healthcare practice changed? “Plight” encompasses not (...)
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  • Doing ‘Ethics Work’ Together: Negotiating Service Users’ Independence in Community Mental Health Meetings.Sirpa Saario, Jenni-Mari Räsänen, Suvi Raitakari, Sarah Banks & Kirsi Juhila - 2018 - Ethics and Social Welfare 12 (4):370-386.
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  • Highlighting Moral Courage in the Business Ethics Course.Debra R. Comer & Michael Schwartz - 2017 - Journal of Business Ethics 146 (3):703-723.
    At the end of their article in the September 2014 issue of the Journal of Business Ethics, Douglas R. May, Matthew T. Luth, and Catherine E. Schwoerer state that they are “hopeful in outlook” about the “evidence that business ethics instructors are….able to encourage students…to develop the courage to come forward even when pressures in organizations dictate otherwise”. We agree with May et al. that it is essential to augment students’ moral courage. However, it seems overly optimistic to believe that (...)
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  • Evaluating clinical ethics support in mental healthcare.Marit Helene Hem, Reidar Pedersen, Reidun Norvoll & Bert Molewijk - 2015 - Nursing Ethics 22 (4):452-466.
    A systematic literature review on evaluation of clinical ethics support services in mental healthcare is presented and discussed. The focus was on (a) forms of clinical ethics support services, (b) evaluation of clinical ethics support services, (c) contexts and participants and (d) results. Five studies were included. The ethics support activities described were moral case deliberations and ethics rounds. Different qualitative and quantitative research methods were utilized. The results show that (a) participants felt that they gained an increased insight into (...)
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  • Moral distress in nursing: contributing factors, outcomes and interventions.Adam S. Burston & Anthony G. Tuckett - 2013 - Nursing Ethics 20 (3):312-324.
    Moral distress has been widely reviewed across many care contexts and among a range of disciplines. Interest in this area has produced a plethora of studies, commentary and critique. An overview of the literature around moral distress reveals a commonality about factors contributing to moral distress, the attendant outcomes of this distress and a core set of interventions recommended to address these. Interventions at both personal and organizational levels have been proposed. The relevance of this overview resides in the implications (...)
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  • Moral distress among acute mental health nurses: A systematic review.Sara Lamoureux, Amy E. Mitchell & Elizabeth M. Forster - 2024 - Nursing Ethics 31 (7):1178-1195.
    Moral distress has been identified as an occupational hazard for clinicians caring for vulnerable populations. The aim of this systematic review was (i) to summarize the literature reporting on prevalence of, and factors related to, moral distress among nurses within acute mental health settings, and (ii) to examine the efficacy of interventions designed to address moral distress among nurses within this clinical setting. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in October 2022 utilizing Nursing & Allied Health, Embase, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and (...)
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  • Impact of moral sensitivity on moral distress among psychiatric nurses.Kayoko Ohnishi, Kazuyo Kitaoka, Jun Nakahara, Maritta Välimäki, Raija Kontio & Minna Anttila - 2019 - Nursing Ethics 26 (5):1473-1483.
    Background: Moral distress occurs when one knows the right thing to do, but institutional constraints make it nearly impossible to pursue the right course of action. Moral distress was found to cause negative feelings, burnout, and/or resignation. Not only external factors such as lack of staff but also internal ones affect moral distress. Moral sensitivity, which is thought of as an advantage of nurses, could effect moral distress, as nurses being unaware of existing ethical problems must feel little distress. Objectives: (...)
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  • Registered Nurses' Perceptions of Moral Distress and Ethical Climate.Bernadette Pauly, Colleen Varcoe, Janet Storch & Lorelei Newton - 2009 - Nursing Ethics 16 (5):561-573.
    Moral distress is a phenomenon of increasing concern in nursing practice, education and research. Previous research has suggested that moral distress is associated with perceptions of ethical climate, which has implications for nursing practice and patient outcomes. In this study, a randomly selected sample of registered nurses was surveyed using Corley’s Moral Distress Scale and Olson’s Hospital Ethical Climate Survey (HECS). The registered nurses reported moderate levels of moral distress intensity. Moral distress intensity and frequency were found to be inversely (...)
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  • Nurses' perceptions of and responses to morally distressing situations.Colleen Varcoe, Bernie Pauly, Jan Storch, Lorelei Newton & Kara Makaroff - 2012 - Nursing Ethics 19 (4):488-500.
    Research on moral distress has paid limited attention to nurses’ responses and actions. In a survey of nurses’ perceptions of moral distress and ethical climate, 292 nurses answered three open-ended questions about situations that they considered morally distressing. Participants identified a range of situations as morally distressing, including witnessing unnecessary suffering, being forced to provide care that compromised values, and negative judgments about patients. They linked these situations to contextual constraints such as workload and described responses, including feeling incompetent and (...)
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  • Situating moral distress within relational ethics.Sadie Deschenes & Diane Kunyk - 2020 - Nursing Ethics 27 (3):767-777.
    Nurses may, and often do, experience moral distress in their careers. This is related to the complicated work environment and the complex nature of ethical situations in everyday nursing practice. The outcomes of moral distress may include psychological and physical symptoms, reduced job satisfaction and even inadequate or inappropriate nursing care. Moral distress can also impact retention of nurses. Although research has grown considerably over the past few decades, there is still a great deal about this topic that we do (...)
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  • An Overview of Moral Distress and the Paediatric Intensive Care Team.Austin Wendy, Kelecevic Julija, Goble Erika & Mekechuk Joy - 2009 - Nursing Ethics 16 (1):57-68.
    A summary of the existing literature related to moral distress (MD) and the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) reveals a high-tech, high-pressure environment in which effective teamwork can be compromised by MD arising from different situations related to: consent for treatment, futile care, end-of-life decision making, formal decision-making structures, training and experience by discipline, individual values and attitudes, and power and authority issues. Attempts to resolve MD in PICUs have included the use of administrative tools such as shift worksheets, the (...)
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  • Ethical Challenges in Pain Management Post-Surgery.Nahid Rejeh, Fazlollah Ahmadi, Eesa Mohamadi, Moniereh Anoosheh & Anooshirvan Kazemnejad - 2009 - Nursing Ethics 16 (2):161-172.
    This qualitative study describes ethical challenges faced by Iranian nurses in the process of pain management in surgical units. To address this issue, semistructured interviews were conducted with 26 nurses working in surgery units in three large university hospitals in Tehran. An analysis of the transcripts revealed three main categories: institutional limitations; nurses' proximity to and involvement with pain and suffering; and nurses' fallibility. Specific themes identified within the categories were: insufficient resources, medical hierarchy; difficulties with believing patients' complaints regarding (...)
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  • Interprofessional collaboration-in-practice: The contested place of ethics.C. Ewashen, G. McInnis-Perry & N. Murphy - 2013 - Nursing Ethics (3):0969733012462048.
    The main question examined is: How do nurses and other healthcare professionals ensure ethical interprofessional collaboration-in-practice as an everyday practice actuality? Ethical interprofessional collaboration becomes especially relevant and necessary when interprofessional practice decisions are contested. To illustrate, two healthcare scenarios are analyzed through three ethics lenses. Biomedical ethics, relational ethics, and virtue ethics provide different ways of knowing how to be ethical and to act ethically as healthcare professionals. Biomedical ethics focuses on situated, reflective, and nonabsolute principled justification, all things (...)
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  • Identification of risk factors for moral distress in nurses: basis for the development of a new assessment tool.Rafaela Schaefer, Elma Lourdes Campos Pavone Zoboli & Margarida Vieira - 2016 - Nursing Inquiry 23 (4):346-357.
    This article proposes to identify risk factors for moral distress from the literature, validate them through expert analysis and provide the basis for a new tool to assess the risk of moral distress among nurses. Moral distress is related to the psychological, emotional and physiological aspects of nursing. It arises from constraints caused by various circumstances and can lead to significant negative consequences. A scoping review and validation through expert analysis were used. The research question guiding this study was as (...)
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  • Moral margins concerning the use of coercion in psychiatry.Elleke Gm Landeweer, Tineke A. Abma & Guy Am Widdershoven - 2011 - Nursing Ethics 18 (3):304-316.
    In the closed wards of mental health institutions, moral decisions are made concerning the use of forced seclusion. In this article we focus on how these moral decisions are made and can be improved. We present a case study concerning moral deliberations on the use of seclusion and its prevention among nurses of a closed mental health ward. Moral psychology provides an explanation of how moral judgments are developed through processes of interaction. We will make use of the Social Intuitionist (...)
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  • Whistleblowing and Organizational Ethics.Susan L. Ray - 2006 - Nursing Ethics 13 (4):438-445.
    The purpose of this article is to discuss an external whistleblowing event that occurred after all internal whistleblowing through the hierarchy of the organization had failed. It is argued that an organization that does not support those that whistle blow because of violation of professional standards is indicative of a failure of organizational ethics. Several ways to build an ethics infrastructure that could reduce the need to resort to external whistleblowing are discussed. A relational ethics approach is presented as a (...)
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  • The Lived Experience of Nursing Advocacy.Robert G. Hanks - 2008 - Nursing Ethics 15 (4):468-477.
    Nursing advocacy for patients is considered to be an essential component of nursing practice. This phenomenological qualitative pilot study explored registered nurses' lived experience of nursing advocacy with patients using a sample of three medical-surgical registered nurses. The guiding research questions were: (1) how do registered nurses practicing in the medical-surgical specialty area describe their experiences with nursing advocacy for their patients; and (2) what reflections on educational preparation for their professional roles do registered nurses identify as related to their (...)
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  • Moral distress experienced by non-Western nurses: An integrative review.Chuleeporn Prompahakul & Elizabeth G. Epstein - 2020 - Nursing Ethics 27 (3):778-795.
    Background: Moral distress has been identified as a significant issue in nursing practice for many decades. However, most studies have involved American nurses or Western medicine settings. Cultural differences between Western and non-Western countries might influence the experience of moral distress. Therefore, the literature regarding moral distress experiences among non-Western nurses is in need of review. Aim: The aim of this integrative review was to identify, describe, and synthesize previous primary studies on moral distress experienced by non-Western nurses. Review method: (...)
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  • Moral distress experienced by psychiatric nurses in Japan.Kayoko Ohnishi, Yasuko Ohgushi, Masataka Nakano, Hirohide Fujii, Hiromi Tanaka, Kazuyo Kitaoka, Jun Nakahara & Yugo Narita - 2010 - Nursing Ethics 17 (6):726-740.
    This study aimed to: (1) develop and evaluate the Moral Distress Scale for Psychiatric nurses (MDS-P); (2) use the MDS-P to examine the moral distress experienced by Japanese psychiatric nurses; and (3) explore the correlation between moral distress and burnout. A questionnaire on the intensity and frequency of moral distress items (the MDS-P: 15 items grouped into three factors), a burnout scale (Maslach Burnout Inventory — General Survey) and demographic questions were administered to 391 Japanese psychiatric nurses in 2007—2008. These (...)
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  • The balancing act: psychiatrists' experience of moral distress. [REVIEW]Wendy J. Austin, Leon Kagan, Marlene Rankel & Vangie Bergum - 2007 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 11 (1):89-97.
    Experiences of moral distress encountered in psychiatric practice were explored in a hermeneutic phenomenological study. Moral distress is the state experienced when moral choices and actions are thwarted by constraints. Psychiatrists describe struggling ‘to do the right thing’ for individual patients within a societal system that places unrealistic demands on psychiatric expertise. Certainty on the part of the psychiatrist is an expectation when judgments of dangerousness and/or the need for coercive treatments are made. This assumption, however, ignores the uncertainty and (...)
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  • Nursing under the influence: A relational ethics perspective.Diane Kunyk & Wendy Austin - 2012 - Nursing Ethics 19 (3):380-389.
    When nurses have active and untreated addictions, patient safety may be compromised and nurse-health endangered. Genuine responses are required to fulfil nurses' moral obligations to their patients as well as to their nurse-colleagues. Guided by core elements of relational ethics, the influences of nursing organizational responses along with the practice environment in shaping the situation are contemplated. This approach identifies the importance of consistency with nursing values, acknowledges nurses interdependence, and addresses the role of nursing organization as moral agent. By (...)
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  • The role of online ethics consultation on mental health.Kayoko Ohnishi, Teresa E. Stone, Takashi Yoshiike & Kazuyo Kitaoka - 2020 - Nursing Ethics 27 (5):1261-1269.
    Background Nurses experience moral distress when they cannot do what they believe is right or when they must do what they believe is wrong. Given the limited mechanisms for managing ethical issues for nurses in Japan, an Online Ethics Consultation on mental health (OEC) was established open to anyone seeking anonymous consultation on mental health practice. Research objective To report the establishment of the Online Ethics Consultation and describe and evaluate its effectiveness. Ethical considerations The research was conducted in accordance (...)
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  • Interprofessional collaboration-in-practice.Carol Ewashen, Gloria McInnis-Perry & Norma Murphy - 2013 - Nursing Ethics 20 (3):325-335.
    The main question examined is: How do nurses and other healthcare professionals ensure ethical interprofessional collaboration-in-practice as an everyday practice actuality? Ethical interprofessional collaboration becomes especially relevant and necessary when interprofessional practice decisions are contested. To illustrate, two healthcare scenarios are analyzed through three ethics lenses. Biomedical ethics, relational ethics, and virtue ethics provide different ways of knowing how to be ethical and to act ethically as healthcare professionals. Biomedical ethics focuses on situated, reflective, and nonabsolute principled justification, all things (...)
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  • Refusal of Brain Death Diagnosis.Marcia Sue DeWolf Bosek - 2007 - Jona's Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation 9 (3):87.
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  • Revalidation of the Perceptions of Conscience Questionnaire (PCQ) and the Stress of Conscience Questionnaire (SCQ).Johan Åhlin, Eva Ericson-Lidman, Astrid Norberg & Gunilla Strandberg - 2012 - Nursing Ethics 19 (2):220-232.
    The Perceptions of Conscience Questionnaire (PCQ) and the Stress of Conscience Questionnaire (SCQ) have previously been developed and validated within the ‘Stress of Conscience Study’. The aim was to revalidate these two questionnaires, including two additional, theoretically and empirically significant items, on a sample of healthcare personnel working in direct contact with patients. The sample consisted of 503 healthcare personnel. To test variation and distribution among the answers, descriptive statistics, item analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to examine (...)
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