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  1. Board Gender Diversity and Corporate Response to Cyber Risk: Evidence from Cybersecurity Related Disclosure.Camélia Radu & Nadia Smaili - 2022 - Journal of Business Ethics 177 (2):351-374.
    Cyber risk has become one of the greatest threats to firms in recent years. Accordingly, boards of directors must be continually vigilant about this danger. They have a duty to ensure that the companies adopt appropriate cybersecurity measures to manage the risk of cyber fraud. Boards should also ensure that the firm disclose material cyber risk and breaches. We examine how the board’s gender composition can influence the extent of such disclosure, based on a sample of the companies listed on (...)
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  • Do LGBT Workplace Diversity Policies Create Value for Firms?Mohammed Hossain, Muhammad Atif, Ammad Ahmed & Lokman Mia - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 167 (4):775-791.
    We show that the U.S. anti-discriminatory laws prohibiting discrimination in the workplace based on sexual orientation and gender identity identities) spur innovation, which ultimately leads to higher firm performance. We use the Human Rights Campaign’s Corporate Equality Index of 398 U.S. firms between 2011 and 2014, and find a significantly positive relationship between CEI and firm innovation. We also find that an interacting effect of CEI and firm innovation leads to higher firm performance. We use our understanding of Rawls’ Theory (...)
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  • Women’s Leadership and Firm Performance: Family Versus Nonfamily Firms.Mehdi Nekhili, Héla Chakroun & Tawhid Chtioui - 2018 - Journal of Business Ethics 153 (2):291-316.
    We evaluate the relationship between the appointment of women to CEO or Chair positions and firm performance, and shed light on the differences between family and nonfamily firms. By using a propensity score matching approach on a sample of 394 French firms over the period 2001–2010, we find major discordances between women’s leadership style and family business expectations relative to firm performance, as measured by return on assets and Tobin’s q. Notably, our results support the conjecture that family firms, which (...)
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  • Female CEOs and Core Earnings Quality: New Evidence on the Ethics Versus Risk-Aversion Puzzle.Alaa Mansour Zalata, Collins Ntim, Ahmed Aboud & Ernest Gyapong - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 160 (2):515-534.
    The question of whether females tend to act more ethically or risk-averse compared to males is an interesting ethical puzzle. Using a large sample of US firms over the 1992–2014 period, we investigate the effect that the gender of a chief executive officer has on earnings management using classification shifting. We find that the pre-Sarbanes–Oxley Act period was characterized by high levels of classification shifting by both female and male CEOs, but the magnitude of such practices is, surprisingly, significantly higher (...)
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  • Board gender diversity and firm performance: The moderating role of firm size.Haishan Li & Peng Chen - 2018 - Business Ethics: A European Review 27 (4):294-308.
    This paper investigates the relationships among board gender diversity, firm performance, and firm size. Our paper provides new insights into the relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance by examining whether firm size alters the impact of board gender diversity on firm performance. We use a panel data from A‐share‐listed non‐financial firms in China to examine the relationship during the period of 2007–2012. Our finding demonstrates that the gender diversity on the board has a positive impact on firm performance (...)
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  • Does Confucianism Reduce Board Gender Diversity? Firm-Level Evidence from China.Xingqiang Du - 2016 - Journal of Business Ethics 136 (2):399-436.
    This study extends previous literature on the association between Confucianism and corporate decisions by examining Confucianism’s influence on board gender diversity. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms during the period of 2001–2011 and geographic-proximity-based Confucianism variables, I provide strong and consistent evidence to show that Confucianism is significantly negatively associated with board gender diversity, suggesting that the proportion of women directors in the boardroom is significantly lower for firms surrounded by strong Confucianism atmosphere than for firms located in regions (...)
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  • The Influence of Board Diversity, Board Diversity Policies and Practices, and Board Inclusion Behaviors on Nonprofit Governance Practices.Kathleen Buse, Ruth Sessler Bernstein & Diana Bilimoria - 2016 - Journal of Business Ethics 133 (1):179-191.
    This study examines how and when nonprofit board performance is impacted by board diversity. Specifically, we investigate board diversity policies and practices as well as board inclusion behaviors as mediating mechanisms for the influence of age, gender, and racial/ethnic diversity of the board on effective board governance practices. The empirical analysis, using a sample of 1,456 nonprofit board chief executive officers, finds that board governance practices are directly influenced by the gender and racial diversity of the board and that board (...)
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  • Diversity as Polyphony: Reconceptualizing Diversity Management from a Communication-Centered Perspective.Hannah Trittin & Dennis Schoeneborn - 2017 - Journal of Business Ethics 144 (2):305-322.
    In this paper, we propose reconceptualizing diversity management from a communication-centered perspective. We base our proposal on the observation that the literature on diversity management, both in the instrumental and critical traditions, is primarily concerned with fostering the diversity of organizational members in terms of individual-bound criteria. By drawing on Bakhtin’s notion of polyphony as well as the ‘communicative constitution of organizations’ perspective, we suggest reconsidering diversity as the plurality of ‘voices’ which can be understood as the range of individual (...)
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  • Gender Diversity on European Banks' Boards of Directors.Ruth Mateos de Cabo, Ricardo Gimeno & María J. Nieto - 2012 - Journal of Business Ethics 109 (2):145-162.
    This article investigates the gender diversity of the corporate board of European Union banks. Employing a large sample of 612 European banks from 20 European countries, it identifies organizational characteristics that could be predictive of women’s presence on bank boards. We identify three factors that play a particularly important role in defining bank board gender diversity. First, the proportion of women on the board is higher for lower-risk banks. We argue that there may be some statistical discrimination behind this relation, (...)
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  • Female Institutional Directors on Boards and Firm Value.María Consuelo Pucheta-Martínez, Inmaculada Bel-Oms & Gustau Olcina-Sempere - 2018 - Journal of Business Ethics 152 (2):343-363.
    The aim of this research is to examine what impact female institutional directors on boards have on corporate performance. Previous research shows that institutional female directors cannot be considered as a homogeneous group since they represent investors who may or may not maintain business relations with the companies on whose corporate boards they sit. Thus, it is not only the effect of female institutional directors as a whole on firm value that has been analysed, but also the impact of pressure-resistant (...)
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  • Women on the Board and Managers’ Pay: Evidence from Spain.Gregorio Sánchez-Marín, Juan Francisco Martín-Ugedo, Juan Samuel Baixauli-Soler, Antonio Mínguez-Vera & Maria Encarnación Lucas-Pérez - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 129 (2):265-280.
    The current literature shows great interest in the issue of gender diversity on boards of directors. Some studies have hypothesized a direct relationship between diversity and the value of the firm, but not many examine the intermediate mechanisms that may exert an influence on such relationships. We employ two stages of GMM estimation methodology to exhibit evidences of the relationship between gender diversity and compensation of top managers in the Spanish context. Results show that gender diversity positively affects the effectiveness (...)
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  • CEO Gender, Ethical Leadership, and Accounting Conservatism.Simon S. M. Ho, Annie Yuansha Li, Kinsun Tam & Feida Zhang - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 127 (2):351-370.
    Since male CEOs dominate corporate leadership, the literature on top management decision making suffers from an implicit masculine bias. Although research indicates that males and females are biologically and psychologically different, the leadership characteristics of female CEOs are largely unexplored. Two of these characteristics, risk aversion and ethical sensitivity, are tied to key accounting issues, such as conservatism in financial reporting and steadfast opposition to fraud. In this study, we examine the relationship between CEO gender and accounting conservatism, and find (...)
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  • Boardroom Diversity and its Effect on Social Performance: Conceptualization and Empirical Evidence. [REVIEW]Taïeb Hafsi & Gokhan Turgut - 2013 - Journal of Business Ethics 112 (3):463-479.
    In this paper, we seek to answer two questions: (1) what does boardroom diversity stand for in the strategic management literature? And, (2) is there a significant relationship between boardroom diversity and corporate social performance. We first clarify the boardroom diversity concept, distinguishing between a structural diversity of boards and a demographic diversity in boards, and then we investigate its possible linkage to social performance in a sample of S&P500 firms. We find a significant relationship between diversity in boards and (...)
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  • IPO Firm Performance and Its Link with Board Officer Gender, Family-Ties and Other Demographics.Paul B. McGuinness - 2018 - Journal of Business Ethics 152 (2):499-521.
    Issues of social justice underlie the clamour for greater gender balance in top-management. The present study reveals that pursuit of such social justice is also value-enhancing in relation to the longer-run performance of initial public offerings stocks, especially where female board members are unencumbered by family-connection with other directors. This study examines the economic benefits of board gender diversity for state- and privately controlled firms in the Hong Kong IPO market. Gender board diversity is much less common in state-run IPO (...)
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  • Board Openness During an Economic Crisis.Kangtao Ye, Jigao Zhu & Sunny Li Sun - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 129 (2):363-377.
    Does a board with greater gender diversity make better investment decisions? Drawing on Austrian economic cycle theory and work groups theory, we argue that such board openness will help male board members to overcome gender biases, discrimination, and conflicts; integrate different perspectives under the economic cycle and crisis; and foster an environment in which better decisions are made. The results of an empirical study of 14,609 firm-quarter observations from 1,555 listed firms in China between 2007 and 2009 strongly support our (...)
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  • The Media Impact of Board Member Appointments in Spanish-Listed Companies: A Gender Perspective.Celia de Anca & Patricia Gabaldon - 2014 - Journal of Business Ethics 122 (3):425-438.
    Recent corporate governance literature on gender diversity within boards has linked the effect of an increase in gender diversity to the firm’s corporate reputation. This paper analyzes the media impact of appointing new directors of Spanish companies at a particularly significant moment, during the period from 2007 to 2010, just a year before and 3 years after the Gender Equality Act was passed. By analyzing female and male board nominations in Spanish IBEX-35 companies, the paper examines whether appointing a female (...)
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  • Does board diversity reduce the probability of financial distress? Evidence from Chinese firms.Shahid Ali, Shoukat Ali, Junfeng Jiang, Martina Hedvicakova & Ghulam Murtaza - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    This paper empirically investigates the impact of cognitive board diversity in education, expertise, and tenure facets on financial distress likelihood in the emerging economy of China. This study examines how this relationship varies across State-Owned Enterprises and Non-State-Owned Enterprises. Paper argues that the Chinese stock market, as a typical emerging market, is an excellent laboratory for studying the impact of board diversity on the probability of financial distress. Its underdeveloped financial system and inadequate investor protection leave firms unprotected from financial (...)
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  • Empowering Women: The Role of Emancipative Forces in Board Gender Diversity.Steven A. Brieger, Claude Francoeur, Christian Welzel & Walid Ben-Amar - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 155 (2):495-511.
    This study investigates the effect of country-level emancipative forces on corporate gender diversity around the world. Based on Welzel’s theory of emancipation, we develop an emancipatory framework of board gender diversity that explains how action resources, emancipative values and civic entitlements enable, motivate and encourage women to take leadership roles on corporate boards. Using a sample of 6390 firms operating in 30 countries around the world, our results show positive single and combined effects of the framework components on board gender (...)
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  • The Paradox of Diversity Initiatives: When Organizational Needs Differ from Employee Preferences.Leon Windscheid, Lynn Bowes-Sperry, Jens Mazei & Michèle Morner - 2017 - Journal of Business Ethics 145 (1):33-48.
    Women are underrepresented in the upper echelons of management in most countries. Despite the effectiveness of identity conscious initiatives for increasing the proportion of women, many organizations have been reluctant to implement such initiatives because potential employees may perceive them negatively. Given the increasing competition for labor, attracting talent is relevant for the long-term success of organizations. In this study, we used an experimental design to examine the effects of identity blind and identity conscious gender diversity initiatives on people’s pursuit (...)
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  • Does having women managers lead to increased gender equality practices in corporate social responsibility?Izaskun Larrieta-Rubín de Celis, Eva Velasco-Balmaseda, Sara Fernández de Bobadilla, María del Mar Alonso-Almeida & Gurutze Intxaurburu-Clemente - 2014 - Business Ethics: A European Review 24 (1):91-110.
    There is increasing interest in determining what impact having women in management positions may have on corporate social responsibility initiatives. Various authors suggest that gender equality practices should be factored into the broader framework of CSR. This paper examines how the presence of women on corporate boards, in top and middle management and as heads of CSR departments, influences gender equality practices in the field of CSR. Using information collected from companies that have signed up to Women's Empowerment Principles in (...)
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  • Ethics, Diversity Management, and Financial Reporting Quality.Réal Labelle, Rim Makni Gargouri & Claude Francoeur - 2010 - Journal of Business Ethics 93 (2):335-353.
    This article proposes and empirically tests a theoretical framework incorporating Reidenbach and Robin’s (J Bus Ethics 10(4):273–284, 1991 ) conceptual model of corporate moral development. The framework is used to examine the relation between governance and business ethics, as proxied by diversity management (DM), and financial reporting quality, as proxied by the magnitude of earnings management (EM). The level of DM and governance quality are measured in accordance with the ratings of Jantzi Research (JR), a leading provider of social and (...)
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  • Are Demographic Attributes and Firm Characteristics Drivers of Gender Diversity? Investigating Women’s Positions on French Boards of Directors.Mehdi Nekhili & Hayette Gatfaoui - 2013 - Journal of Business Ethics 118 (2):227-249.
    In this article, we examine the factors determining the representation of women on boards of directors by considering three main questions. The first question deals with the relationship between characteristics of ownership and governance on one side, and female directorship on the other. The second major question concerns the demographic attributes of women directors, such as nationality, foreign experience, educational level, business expertise, and connections to external sources. The third important question refers to women in senior positions on French boards (...)
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  • Board gender diversity and firm performance: evidence from India.Neeti Khetarpal Sanan - 2016 - Asian Journal of Business Ethics 5 (1-2):1-18.
    This study examines the impact of board gender diversity on financial performance of listed Indian firms in a dynamic modelling framework. Using a firm-year unit of analysis, a sample of 148 publicly listed firms across multiple industries have been studied over a period of five financial years namely FY 2008–2009 to FY 2012–2013. Employing panel data analysis, percentage of women directors is taken as the independent variable and firm performance measured by return on assets and Tobin’s Q as the dependent (...)
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  • The Complexity of Interaction between Executive Board Gender Diversity and Financial Performance: A Panel Analysis Approach Based on Random Effects.Victoria Bogdan, Dorina-Nicoleta Popa & M. Beleneşi - 2022 - Complexity 2022:1-20.
    This study examined the influence of the executive board of directors’ gender diversity on the financial performance of listed companies on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, for the period 2011 to 2019. The analysis of the composition and different characteristics of the board and the executive directors proved to be effective tools for corporate governance in countries with an emerging capital market. Therefore, a disclosure index on directors’ characteristics was used to moderate the interaction between gender diversity and financial performance, based (...)
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  • Gender-inclusive corporate boards and business performance in Pakistan.Syeda Hoor-Ul-Ain & Khalid M. Iraqi - 2022 - Asian Journal of Business Ethics 11 (1):227-273.
    This study examines the significance of gender-inclusive corporate boards for improving business performance in Pakistan and addresses the social paradox of gender quotas for reducing gender disparities in boardrooms. The conceptual review of all-inclusive literature focuses on assembling descriptive outlines of the evidence explored; analyzing and evaluating it; sieving out inapt studies; and furnishing an aperçu of the authentic evidence. Pakistan’s case for boardroom’s gender diversity merits consideration in the context of kinship, competence, business ethics, and meritocracy. With the legal (...)
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  • Exploring Women’s Multi-Level Career Prospects in Pakistan: Barriers, Interventions, and Outcomes.Ambreen Sarwar & Muhammad Kashif Imran - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • Board Gender Quotas: Exploring Ethical Tensions From A Multi-Theoretical Perspective.Siri Terjesen & Ruth Sealy - 2016 - Business Ethics Quarterly 26 (1):23-65.
    ABSTRACT:Despite 40 years of equal opportunities policies and more than two decades of government and organization initiatives aimed at helping women reach the upper echelons of the corporate world, women are seriously underrepresented on corporate boards. Recently, fifteen countries sought to redress this imbalance by introducing gender quotas for board representation. The introduction of board gender quota legislation creates ethical tensions and dilemmas which we categorize in terms of motivations, legitimacy, and outcomes. We investigate these tensions through four overarching theoretical (...)
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  • Financial Management Effectiveness and Board Gender Diversity in Member-Governed, Community Financial Institutions.Anne Marie Ward & John Forker - 2017 - Journal of Business Ethics 141 (2):351-366.
    Although non-profit organisations typically have high representation of females on their boards, relatively little is known about the effects of gender diversity in these organisations particularly in relation to financial management. In this archival study, resource dependency theory and agency analysis are combined to provide theoretical insight and empirical analysis of gender diversity on effective financial management in member-governed, community financial institutions. The investigation is possible due to the unique characteristics of the organisational form and region being examined—credit unions in (...)
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  • The Effects of Women on Corporate Boards on Firm Value, Financial Performance, and Ethical and Social Compliance.Helena Isidro & Márcia Sobral - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 132 (1):1-19.
    The European Commission has recently proposed the introduction of legally binding quotas for women on corporate boards of European companies. This proposal has put the spotlight on the question of whether increasing female representation on the board brings economic benefits to the firm. In order to shed light on the issue, this study investigates the direct and indirect effects of women on the board on firm value. We use a simultaneous equation model to estimate the effects of women on the (...)
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  • Family firm status and environmental disclosure: The moderating effect of board gender diversity.Barbara Maggi, Rafaela Gjergji, Luigi Vena, Salvatore Sciascia & Alessandro Cortesi - 2023 - Business Ethics, the Environment and Responsibility 32 (4):1334-1351.
    Building on agency and resource-based view theories, this study investigates the level of environmental disclosure (ED) practices of family versus non-family firms and explores the moderating role of board gender diversity. We test our hypotheses on a 3-year (2018–2020) panel data sample comprising 324 observations of Italian small- and medium-sized enterprises traded on the Euronext Growth Milan. Findings show that, compared to non-family firms, companies with a family firm status are characterized by lower levels of ED. Gender diversity on the (...)
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  • Are Female CEOs and Chairwomen More Conservative and Risk Averse? Evidence from the Banking Industry During the Financial Crisis.Ajay Palvia, Emilia Vähämaa & Sami Vähämaa - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 131 (3):577-594.
    This paper examines whether bank capital ratios and default risk are associated with the gender of the bank’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson of the board. Given the documented gender-based differences in conservatism and risk tolerance, we postulate that female CEOs and board Chairs should assess risks more conservatively, and thereby hold higher levels of equity capital and reduce the likelihood of bank failure during periods of market stress. Using a large panel of U.S. commercial banks, we document that banks (...)
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  • Transforming Human Resource Management Systems to Cope with Diversity.Fernando Martín-Alcázar, Pedro M. Romero-Fernández & Gonzalo Sánchez-Gardey - 2012 - Journal of Business Ethics 107 (4):511-531.
    The purpose of this study is to examine how workgroup diversity can be managed through specific strategic human resource management systems. Our review shows that ‘affirmative action’ and traditional ‘diversity management’ approaches have failed to simultaneously achieve business and social justice outcomes of diversity. As previous literature has shown, the benefits of diversity cannot be achieved with isolated interventions. To the contrary, a complete organizational culture change is required, in order to promote appreciation of individual differences. The paper contributes to (...)
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  • Board Diversity and Corporate Social Responsibility.Maretno Harjoto, Indrarini Laksmana & Robert Lee - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 132 (4):641-660.
    This study examines the impact of board diversity on firms’ corporate social responsibility performance. Using seven different measures of board diversity across 1,489 U.S. firms from 1999 to 2011, the study finds that board diversity is positively associated with CSR performance. Board diversity is associated with a greater number of areas in which CSR is strong and a fewer number of areas in which CSR is a concern. These findings support the stakeholder theory and are consistent with the view that (...)
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  • Where Are All the Women? Institutional Context and the Prevalence of Women on the Corporate Board of Directors.Johanne Grosvold - 2011 - Business and Society 50 (3):531-555.
    This dissertation abstract and the reflection commentary present the work of Dr. Johanne Grosvold. The dissertation addresses the influence of institutional context on the prevalence of women on corporate boards of directors. The dissertation abstract explains the research questions, setting, and methods.The reflection commentary discusses the author’s views of research process as a junior scholar.
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  • The Influence of Presence and Position of Women on the Boards of Directors: The Case of NHS Foundation Trusts.Javier Garcia-Lacalle & Sheila Ellwood - 2015 - Journal of Business Ethics 130 (1):69-84.
    This study examines the influence of women on the boards of directors of National Health Service Foundation Trusts in England. FTs provide a public service where social performance is the primary objective, although financial constraints must be met. Female presence is higher for executive directors than non-executives, reflecting the high number of women employed in the sector. We find that a high female presence among executive and non-executive directorships does not result in significant differences either in financial return or service (...)
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