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  1. Order-Based Salience Patterns in Language: What They Are and Why They Matter.Ella Kate Whiteley - 2024 - Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy 11.
    Whenever we communicate, we inevitably have to say one thing before another. This means introducing particularly subtle patterns of salience into our language. In this paper, I introduce ‘order-based salience patterns,’ referring to the ordering of syntactic contents where that ordering, pretheoretically, does not appear to be of consequence. For instance, if one is to describe a colourful scarf, it wouldn’t seem to matter if one were to say it is ‘orange and blue’ or ‘blue and orange.’ Despite their apparent (...)
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  • Exposing implicit biases and stereotypes in human and artificial intelligence: state of the art and challenges with a focus on gender.Ludovica Marinucci, Claudia Mazzuca & Aldo Gangemi - 2023 - AI and Society 38 (2):747-761.
    Biases in cognition are ubiquitous. Social psychologists suggested biases and stereotypes serve a multifarious set of cognitive goals, while at the same time stressing their potential harmfulness. Recently, biases and stereotypes became the purview of heated debates in the machine learning community too. Researchers and developers are becoming increasingly aware of the fact that some biases, like gender and race biases, are entrenched in the algorithms some AI applications rely upon. Here, taking into account several existing approaches that address the (...)
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  • Intuitive And Reflective Responses In Philosophy.Nick Byrd - 2014 - Dissertation, University of Colorado
    Cognitive scientists have revealed systematic errors in human reasoning. There is disagreement about what these errors indicate about human rationality, but one upshot seems clear: human reasoning does not seem to fit traditional views of human rationality. This concern about rationality has made its way through various fields and has recently caught the attention of philosophers. The concern is that if philosophers are prone to systematic errors in reasoning, then the integrity of philosophy would be threatened. In this paper, I (...)
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  • The Sexed Brain: Between Science and Ideology.Catherine Vidal - 2011 - Neuroethics 5 (3):295-303.
    Despite tremendous advances in neuroscience, the topic “brain, sex and gender” remains a matter of misleading interpretations, that go well beyond the bounds of science. In the 19th century, the difference in brain sizes was a major argument to explain the hierarchy between men and women, and was supposed to reflect innate differences in mental capacity. Nowadays, our understanding of the human brain has progressed dramatically with the demonstration of cerebral plasticity. The new brain imaging techniques have revealed the role (...)
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  • Adaptive developmental plasticity might not contribute much to the adaptiveness of reproductive strategies.Lars Penke - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (1):38-39.
    Del Giudice's model belongs among those that highlight the role of adaptive developmental plasticity in human reproductive strategies; but at least three other forms of evolutionary adaptation also influence reproductive behavior. Similar to earlier models, the existing evidence suggests that Del Giudice's hypothesized effects are rather weak. In particular, adult attachment styles are hardly predictive of outcomes visible to natural selection.
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  • Are thought experiments “disturbing”? The case of armchair physics.Samuel Schindler & Pierre Saint-Germier - 2020 - Philosophical Studies 177 (9):2671-2695.
    Proponents of the “negative program” in experimental philosophy have argued that judgements in philosophical cases, also known as case judgements, are unreliable and that the method of cases should be either strongly constrained or even abandoned. Here we put one of the main proponent’s account of why philosophical cases may cause the unreliability of case judgements to the test. We conducted our test with thought experiments from physics, which exhibit the exact same supposedly “disturbing characteristics” of philosophical cases.
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  • The effect of absolute age-position on academic performance: a study of secondary students in the United Arab Emirates.Michael Melkonian & Shaljan Areepattamannil - 2017 - Educational Studies 44 (5):551-563.
    The study examined the impact of students’ absolute age-position at the time of testing by grade level and gender on their achieved level of mathematics, reading and science performance. An analysis was conducted based on a sample of 11,500 15-year-old pupils in the United Arab Emirates who participated in the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment 2012 study. In support of an absolute age-position effect it was found that the youngest age-at-test student grouping demonstrated significantly lower levels of mathematics, reading (...)
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  • Strengthening the resilience of Myanmar children studying in monastic schools.Khin Hnin Phyu & Buxin Han - 2021 - Archive for the Psychology of Religion 43 (3):269-296.
    Three-quarters of children in Myanmar face developmental barriers and risk-increasing conditions such as poverty, broken families, and difficulty accessing basic requirements. These children rely heavily on institutionalization. Given the adverse effects of institutional systems, knowing the differing impacts of sociodemographic and cultural factors is foundational to aiding healthy personal outcomes. Thus, this study focused primarily on enhancing the resilience of children in a monastic school through a dhamma-based school intervention. A three-phase mixed quantitative-qualitative research design was applied: a descriptive survey, (...)
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  • Evolutionary Ethics and Mate Selection.Harriet Muus - manuscript
    Moral philosophers argue that mechanisms such as reciprocal altruism and indirect reciprocity can result in the evolution of shared interests and a ‘moral sense’ in humans. This article discusses the need to broaden that view when considering the consequences of genetic conflict, in particular, the conflict associated with mate selection. An alternative application of evolutionary arguments to morality has been suggested by biologists such as Richard Alexander, who argue that ethical, moral and legal questions arise purely out of conflicts of (...)
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  • After the trans brain: a critique of the neurobiological accounts of embodied trans* identities.Maite Arraiza Zabalegui - 2024 - History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 46 (1):1-24.
    This paper critically analyses three main neurobiological hypotheses on trans* identities: the neurobiological theory about the origin of gender dysphoria, the neurodevelopmental cortical hypothesis, and the alternative hypothesis of self-referential thinking and body perception. In this study I focus then the attention on three elements: the issue of (de)pathologisation, the idea of the trans brain, and the aetiology of trans* identities. While the neurobiological theory about the origin of gender dysphoria and the neurodevelopmental cortical hypothesis claim the existence of the (...)
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  • Neurofeminism and feminist neurosciences: a critical review of contemporary brain research.Sigrid Schmitz & Grit Hã¶Ppner - 2014 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8.
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  • Mathematics Anxiety: What Have We Learned in 60 Years?Ann Dowker, Amar Sarkar & Chung Yen Looi - 2016 - Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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  • Meaning and reality: a cross-traditional encounter.Lajos L. Brons - 2013 - In Bo Mou R. Tiesze (ed.), Constructive Engagement of Analytic and Continental Approaches in Philosophy. Brill. pp. 199-220.
    (First paragraph.) Different views on the relation between phenomenal reality, the world as we consciously experience it, and noumenal reality, the world as it is independent from an experiencing subject, have different implications for a collection of interrelated issues of meaning and reality including aspects of metaphysics, the philosophy of language, and philosophical methodology. Exploring some of these implications, this paper compares and brings together analytic, continental, and Buddhist approaches, focusing on relevant aspects of the philosophy of Donald Davidson, Jacques (...)
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  • Self-protection as an adaptive female strategy.Joyce F. Benenson, Christine E. Webb & Richard W. Wrangham - 2022 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45:e128.
    Many male traits are well explained by sexual selection theory as adaptations to mating competition and mate choice, whereas no unifying theory explains traits expressed more in females. Anne Campbell's “staying alive” theory proposed that human females produce stronger self-protective reactions than males to aggressive threats because self-protection tends to have higher fitness value for females than males. We examined whether Campbell's theory has more general applicability by considering whether human females respond with greater self-protectiveness than males to other threats (...)
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  • Feminist activist women are masculinized in terms of digit-ratio and social dominance: a possible explanation for the feminist paradox.Guy Madison, Ulrika Aasa, John Wallert & Michael A. Woodley - 2014 - Frontiers in Psychology 5.
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  • Fearing fear: gender and economic discourse.Julie A. Nelson - 2015 - Mind and Society 14 (1):129-139.
    Economic discourse—or the lack of it—about fear is gendered on at least three fronts. First, while masculine-associated notions of reason and mind have historically been prioritized in mainstream economics, fear—along with other emotions and embodiment—has tended to be culturally associated with femininity. Research on cognitive “gender schema,” then, may at least partly explain the near absence of discussions of fear within economic research. Second, in the extremely rare cases where fear and emotion are alluded to within the contemporary economics literature (...)
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  • (1 other version)Hardwired for Sexism? Approaches to Sex/Gender in Neuroscience.Rebecca Jordan-Young & Raffaella I. Rumiati - 2011 - Neuroethics 5 (3):305-315.
    Evidence has long suggested that ‘hardwiring’ is a poor metaphor for brain development. But the metaphor may be an apt one for the dominant paradigm for researching sex differences, which pushes most neuroscience studies of sex/gender inexorably towards the ‘discovery’ of sex/gender differences, and makes contemporary gender structures appear natural and inevitable. The argument we forward in this paper is twofold. In the first part of the paper, we address the dominant ‘hardwiring’ paradigm of sex/gender research in contemporary neuroscience, which (...)
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  • Underrepresentation in the real world.Daryl E. Chubin - 2009 - Science and Engineering Ethics 15 (1):7-10.
    D. E. Chubin is a former academic and federal policy analyst who now assists universities in advancing programs in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education and careers.
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  • Birth Cohort Changes in the Subjective Well-Being of Chinese College Students: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis, 2002–2017.Qian Su & Guofang Liu - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  • Dynamics of perceiving oneself on femininity and masculinity dimensions in diverse contexts.Katarzyna Serafińska & Bogusława Błoch - 2010 - Polish Psychological Bulletin 41 (4):155-162.
    Dynamics of perceiving oneself on femininity and masculinity dimensions in diverse contexts The article is about issues related to gender perceived as a result of social context and thus fits in the current, processual gender paradigm. Two studies have been conducted verifying hypotheses about perceiving oneself on the femininity and masculinity dimensions in various types of contexts. Expectations were that generic contexts would make perceiving oneself within the psychological gender dimensions more dynamic. Women were expected to perceive themselves as more (...)
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  • Race and Gender: Toward a Proper Pattern of Knowledge and Ignorance in Research.Janet A. Kourany - 2023 - International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 36 (3):173-192.
    This paper concerns a project to right a wrong, an epistemic as well as social wrong. The wrong? Science was to serve all humankind; that is what Francis Bacon and the other founders of modern science had promised and what a long line of their successors had signed on to. But by the twentieth century it had become clear that this science was regularly serving some of humankind far more than others and was even, quite frequently, actually harming those others (...)
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  • Beyond individual sex differences: “Staying alive theory” as an adaptive complex.John Archer - 2022 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45:e129.
    Extended staying alive theory (SAT) raises the issue of the extent to which its various attributes are linked or whether they provide alternative means to the same adaptive ends. Theories such as SAT that consider an array of sex differences may benefit from the application of the multivariateDstatistic, rather than using a series ofdvalues, as is common at present.
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  • Of Time Gals and Mega Men: Empirical Findings on Gender Differences in Digital Game Genre Preferences and the Accuracy of Respective Gender Stereotypes.Benjamin P. Lange, Peter Wühr & Sascha Schwarz - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12:657430.
    We investigated the accuracy of gender stereotypes regarding digital game genre preferences. In Study 1, 484 female and male participants rated their preference for 17 game genres (gender differences). In Study 2, another sample of 226 participants rated the extent to which the same genres were presumably preferred by women or men (gender stereotypes). We then compared the results of both studies in order to determine the accuracy of the gender stereotypes. Study 1 revealed actual gender differences for most genres—mostly (...)
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  • Do Only White or Asian Males Belong in Genius Organizations? How Academic Organizations’ Fixed Theories of Excellence Help or Hinder Different Student Groups’ Sense of Belonging.Christina Bauer & Bettina Hannover - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    High-profile organizations often emphasize fixed giftedness rather than malleable effort-based criteria as critical for excellent achievements. With giftedness being primarily associated with White or Asian males, such organizational implicit theories of excellence may shape individuals’ sense of belonging depending on the extent to which they match the gifted White/Asian male prototype, i.e., the prototypical gifted person which is typically imagined to be a White or Asian male. Previous research has reported fixed excellence theories emphasizing giftedness to impair the sense of (...)
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  • Interbrain Synchrony in the Expectation of Cooperation Behavior: A Hyperscanning Study Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.Mingming Zhang, Huibin Jia & Mengxue Zheng - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
    Expectation of others’ cooperative behavior plays a core role in economic cooperation. However, the dynamic neural substrates of expectation of cooperation are little understood. To fully understand EOC behavior in more natural social interactions, the present study employed functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning to simultaneously measure pairs of participants’ brain activations in a modified prisoner’s dilemma game. The data analysis revealed the following results. Firstly, under the high incentive condition, team EOC behavior elicited higher interbrain synchrony in the right inferior frontal (...)
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  • Social or Economic Goals? The Professional Goal Orientation of Students Enrolled in STEM and Non-STEM Majors in University.Ilka Wolter, Lisa Ehrtmann, Tina Seidel & Barbara Drechsel - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • Does Exposure to Counterstereotypical Role Models Influence Girls’ and Women’s Gender Stereotypes and Career Choices? A Review of Social Psychological Research.Maria Olsson & Sarah E. Martiny - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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  • Gender Differences in the Recognition of Vocal Emotions.Adi Lausen & Annekathrin Schacht - 2018 - Frontiers in Psychology 9:359771.
    The conflicting findings from the few studies conducted with regard to gender differences in the recognition of vocal expressions of emotion have left the exact nature of these differences unclear. Several investigators have argued that a comprehensive understanding of gender differences in vocal emotion recognition can only be achieved by replicating these studies while accounting for influential factors such as stimulus type, gender-balanced samples, number of encoders, decoders, and emotional categories. This study aimed to account for these factors by investigating (...)
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  • Gender-Specific Covariations between Competencies, Interest and Effort during Science Learning in Virtual Environments.Eva Christophel & Wolfgang Schnotz - 2017 - Frontiers in Psychology 8:238195.
    Women are still underrepresented in engineering courses although some German universities offer separate women’s engineering courses which include virtual STEM learning environments. To outline information about fundamental aspects relevant for virtual STEM learning, one has to reveal which similarities both genders in virtual learning show. Moreover, the question arises as to whether there are in fact differences in the virtual science learning of female and male learners. Working with virtual STEM learning environments requires strategic and arithmetic-operative competences. Even if we (...)
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  • The Use of Animal Models in Behavioural Neuroscience Research.B. Bovenkerk & F. Kaldewaij - unknown
    Animal models are used in experiments in the behavioural neurosciences that aim to contribute to the prevention and treatment of cognitive and affective disorders in human beings, such as anxiety and depression. Ironically, those animals that are likely to be the best models for psychopathology are also likely to be considered the ones that are most morally problematic to use, if it seems probable that (and if indeed they are initially selected as models because) they have experiences that are similar (...)
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  • The power of stereotyping and confirmation bias to overwhelm accurate assessment: the case of economics, gender, and risk aversion.Julie A. Nelson - 2014 - Journal of Economic Methodology 21 (3):211-231.
    Behavioral research has revealed how normal human cognitive processes can tend to lead us astray. But do these affect economic researchers, ourselves? This article explores the consequences of stereotyping and confirmation bias using a sample of published articles from the economics literature on gender and risk aversion. The results demonstrate that the supposedly ‘robust’ claim that ‘women are more risk averse than men’ is far less empirically supported than has been claimed. The questions of how these cognitive biases arise and (...)
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  • The new science of cognitive sex differences.David I. Miller & Diane F. Halpern - 2014 - Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18 (1):37-45.
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  • Into the Black Box: Sex and Gender in the Study on Decision-Making – An Evidence from a Slovak Sample.Magdalena Adamus & Eva Ballová Mikušková - 2023 - Human Affairs 33 (1):13-33.
    The main goal of the paper was to obtain insights into how gender measures can be incorporated into quantitative research on risk-related behaviour. We explored relations between the measures (short versions of Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), and Traditional Masculinity-Femininity (TMF) scale) and their explanatory power in relation to risky behaviours (Decision Outcome Inventory, DOI). The sample consisted of 470 adults (238 men). The corresponding BSRI and PAQ subscales correlated significantly, while TMF correlated positively with the (...)
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  • Changes in United States Latino/a High School Students’ Science Motivational Beliefs: Within Group Differences Across Science Subjects, Gender, Immigrant Status, and Perceived Support.Ta-Yang Hsieh, Yangyang Liu & Sandra D. Simpkins - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
    Science motivational beliefs are crucial for STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) performance and persistence, but these beliefs typically decline during high school. We expanded the literature on adolescents’ science motivational beliefs by examining: 1) changes in motivational beliefs in three specific science subjects, 2) how gender, immigrant generation status, and perceived support from key social agents predicted differences in adolescents’ science motivational beliefs, and 3) these processes among Latino/as in the United States, whose underrepresentation in STEM is understudied. We (...)
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  • Investigating cognitive style differences in the perception of biological motion associated with visuospatial processing.Anthony Watt & Kaivo Thomson - 2013 - Polish Psychological Bulletin 44 (1):50-55.
    The purpose of the study was to compare the visuospatial decision-making error scores related to the perception of biological motion of individuals categorized as field dependent or field independent. A sample of 69 participants aged 18-27 years that included 33 males and 36 females completed the experiment. Cognitive style was assessed using the Group Embedded Figure Test. Perception of biological motion was evaluated using two different point-light stimuli developed from video images of a ballet dancer’s performance of a correct and (...)
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  • Recommendations for sex/gender neuroimaging research: key principles and implications for research design, analysis, and interpretation.Gina Rippon, Rebecca Jordan-Young, Anelis Kaiser & Cordelia Fine - 2014 - Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8.
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  • Sex Differences in Language Across Early Childhood: Family Socioeconomic Status does not Impact Boys and Girls Equally.Stéphanie Barbu, Aurélie Nardy, Jean-Pierre Chevrot, Bahia Guellaï, Ludivine Glas, Jacques Juhel & Alban Lemasson - 2015 - Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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  • Emotional engagement during literary reception: Do men and women differ?Özen Odağ - 2013 - Cognition and Emotion 27 (5):856-874.
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  • Figurative Dream Analysis and U.S. Traveling Identities.Jeannette Marie Mageo - 2006 - Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology 34 (4):456-487.
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  • The phenomena of inner experience.Christopher L. Heavey & Russell T. Hurlburt - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (3):798-810.
    This study provides a survey of phenomena that present themselves during moments of naturally occurring inner experience. In our previous studies using Descriptive Experience Sampling we have discovered five frequently occurring phenomena—inner speech, inner seeing, unsymbolized thinking, feelings, and sensory awareness. Here we quantify the relative frequency of these phenomena. We used DES to describe 10 randomly identified moments of inner experience from each of 30 participants selected from a stratified sample of college students. We found that each of the (...)
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  • The Contribution of Shape Features and Demographic Variables to Disembedding Abilities.Elisa Morgana Cappello, Giada Lettieri, Andrea Patricelli Malizia, Sonia D’Arcangelo, Giacomo Handjaras, Nicola Lattanzi, Emiliano Ricciardi & Luca Cecchetti - 2022 - Frontiers in Psychology 13.
    Humans naturally perceive visual patterns in a global manner and are remarkably capable of extracting object shapes based on properties such as proximity, closure, symmetry, and good continuation. Notwithstanding the role of these properties in perceptual grouping, studies highlighted differences in disembedding performance across individuals, which are summarized by the field dependence dimension. Evidence suggests that age and educational attainment explain part of this variability, whereas the role of sex is still highly debated. Also, which stimulus features primarily influence inter-individual (...)
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  • Adolescents’ Motivational Profiles in Mathematics and Science: Associations With Achievement Striving, Career Aspirations and Psychological Wellbeing.Helen M. G. Watt, Micaela Bucich & Liam Dacosta - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • “Why Does all the Girls have to Buy Pink Stuff?” The Ethics and Science of the Gendered Toy Marketing Debate.Cordelia Fine & Emma Rush - 2018 - Journal of Business Ethics 149 (4):769-784.
    The gendered marketing of children’s toys is under considerable scrutiny, as reflected by numerous consumer-led campaigns and vigorous media debates. This article seeks to assist stakeholders to better understand the ethical and scientific assumptions that underlie the two opposing positions in this debate, and assess their relative strength. There is apparent consensus in the underlying ethical foundations of the debate, with all commentators seeming to endorse the values of corporate social responsibility and gender equality. However, the debate splits over three (...)
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  • Understanding Parenting Intentions Among Childfree Gay Men: A Comparison With Lesbian Women and Heterosexual Men and Women.Joke T. van Houten, Samantha L. Tornello, Peter J. Hoffenaar & Henny M. W. Bos - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  • Sexual identity and neurosexism: A critique of reductivist approaches of sexual behavior and gender.Fabricio Pontin, Laura Dick Guerim, Camila Palhares Barbosa & Bruna Fernandes Ternus - 2017 - Dissertatio 45 (S5):22-37.
    This paper will unfold in two different critiques, first dealing with how neuroscience has sexed the brain, ignoring cultural elements of gender formation, and further focusing on the masculine bias of neuroscience research, which, we claim, adopts male physiological and social patterns as “normal”. In order to do so, we will start our investigation with some insights on the sex/gender debate and how it is of consequence for research on neurosciences of sexuality. Secondly, we will critic the way studies are (...)
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  • Aggression Dimensions Among Athletes Practising Martial Arts and Combat Sports.Karolina Kostorz & Krzysztof Sas-Nowosielski - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Purpose: The main aim of the research was to analyse aggression dimensions among athletes practising martial arts and combat sports.Material and Methods: There were 219 respondents. The Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire in the Polish adaptation by Siekierka was applied.Results: Martial arts apprentices turned out to present a statistically significantly lower level of hostility and of the general aggression index than combat sports athletes. It turned out that lower level of aggression was noted in female participants, verbal aggression, hostility, and (...)
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  • Intuition, gender and the under-representation of women in philosophy.Vera Tripodi - 2015 - Rivista di Estetica 58:136-146.
    Recently, Wesley Buckwalter and Stephen Stich have argued that there are different gender philosophical intuitions and that these differences may play a role in explaining the marginalization of women philosophers. To the contrary, I defend the view that intuitions are in part socially constructed and the product of stereotypical behaviours. My paper has two aims: firstly, to offer some speculations about the effect of Buckwalter and Stich’s hypothesis and to focus on whether “intuition” is a gendered notion; secondly, to argue (...)
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  • Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis.Ashley E. Thompson & Daniel Voyer - 2014 - Cognition and Emotion 28 (7):1164-1195.
    The present study aimed to quantify the magnitude of sex differences in humans' ability to accurately recognise non-verbal emotional displays. Studies of relevance were those that required explicit labelling of discrete emotions presented in the visual and/or auditory modality. A final set of 551 effect sizes from 215 samples was included in a multilevel meta-analysis. The results showed a small overall advantage in favour of females on emotion recognition tasks (d = 0.19). However, the magnitude of that sex difference was (...)
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  • Gender Differences in Affective and Evaluative Responses to Experimentally Induced Body Checking of Positively and Negatively Valenced Body Parts.Julia A. Tanck, Silja Vocks, Bettina Riesselmann & Manuel Waldorf - 2019 - Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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  • Ultimate and proximate influences on human sex differences.Drew H. Bailey, Jonathan K. Oxford & David C. Geary - 2009 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (3-4):266-267.
    We agree with Archer that human sex differences in aggression are well explained by sexual selection, but note that explanations of human behaviors are not logically mutually exclusive from explanations and therefore should not be framed as such. We discuss why this type of framing hinders the development of both social learning and evolutionary theories of human behavior.
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