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  1. Excellence V. Effectiveness: Macintyre’s Critique of Business.Charles M. Horvath - 1995 - Business Ethics Quarterly 5 (3):499-532.
    Abstract:Alasdair Maclntyre (1984) asserts that the ethical systems of the Enlightenment (formalism and utilitarianism) have failed to provide a meaningful definition of “good.” Lacking such a definition, business managers have no internal standards by which they can morally evaluate their roles or acts. Maclntyre goes on to claim that managers have substituted external measures of “winning” or “effectiveness” for any internal concept of good. He supports a return to the Aristotelian notion of virtue or “excellence.” Such a system of virtue (...)
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  • Individual and Organizational Antecedents of Misconduct in Organizations.Nicole Andreoli & Joel Lefkowitz - 2008 - Journal of Business Ethics 85 (3):309-332.
    A heterogeneous survey sample of for-profit, non-profit and government employees revealed that organizational factors but not personal characteristics were significant antecedents of misconduct and job satisfaction. Formal organizational compliance practices and ethical climate were independent predictors of misconduct, and compliance practices also moderated the relationship between ethical climate and misconduct, as well as between pressure to compromise ethical standards and misconduct. Misconduct was not predicted by level of moral reasoning, age, sex, ethnicity, job status, or size and type of organization. (...)
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  • (1 other version)Tone at the Top: An Ethics Code for Directors?Mark S. Schwartz, Thomas W. Dunfee & Michael J. Kline - 2005 - Journal of Business Ethics 58 (1-3):79-100.
    . Recent corporate scandals have focused the attention of a broad set of constituencies on reforming corporate governance. Boards of directors play a leading role in corporate governance and any significant reforms must encompass their role. To date, most reform proposals have targeted the legal, rather than the ethical obligations of directors. Legal reforms without proper attention to ethical obligations will likely prove ineffectual. The ethical role of directors is critical. Directors have overall responsibility for the ethics and compliance programs (...)
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  • The Bathsheba Syndrome: The ethical failure of successful leaders.Dean C. Ludwig & Clinton O. Longenecker - 1993 - Journal of Business Ethics 12 (4):265-273.
    Reports of ethical violations by upper level managers continue to multiply despite increasing attention being given to ethics by firms and business schools. Much of the analysis of these violations focuses on either these managers'lack of operational principles or their willingness to abandon principles in the face ofcompetitive pressures. Much of the attention by firms and business schools focuses either on the articulation of operational principles (a deontological approach) or on the training of managers to sort their way through subtle (...)
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  • Business Students' and Practitioners' Ethical Decisions over Time.James R. Glenn & M. Frances Van Loo - 1993 - Journal of Business Ethics 12 (11):835-847.
    This paper compares the ethical decisions and attitudes of business students and practitioners. Recent unpublished data from a national study of over 1600 students are contrasted with information reported previously. Students are found consistently to make less ethical choices than practitioners, and there is some indication that students are making less ethical choices in the 1980s than in the 1960s. In addition, both students and practitioners agree that buyers should beware, view the role of business more narrowly, and find fewer (...)
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  • A Test of Environmental, Situational, and Personal Influences on the Ethical Intentions of CEOs.Sara A. Morris, Kathleen A. Rehbein, Jamshid C. Hosselni & Robert L. Armacost - 1995 - Business and Society 34 (2):119-146.
    A national survey of CEOs of manufacturing firms was conducted to identify factors explaining CEOs' intentions to engage in two questionable business practices: soliciting a competitor's technological secrets and making payments to foreign government officials to secure business. Drawing on research in corporate misconduct, ethical decision making, and strategic management, the authors analyzed ethical intentions by looking at hostile environmental conditions, opportunity-rich situations, and/or personal characteristics. Based on responses to scenarios, their findings suggest that the ethical intentions of CEOs may (...)
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  • Business Ethics in Turkey: An Empirical Investigation with Special Emphasis on Gender. [REVIEW]M. G. Serap & S. Hande Tezölmez - 1999 - Journal of Business Ethics 18 (1):17-34.
    In today's complex business world, the question of business ethics is increasingly gaining importance as managers and employees face numerous ethical dilemmas in their jobs. The ethical climate in the Turkish business environment is also at a critical stage, and the business community as a whole is troubled by ethical problems. This study attempts to determine the effect of individual, managerial and organizational factors on the ethical judgments of Turkish managers, and to evaluate the ethical perceptions of these managers. The (...)
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  • Board Team Leadership Revisited: A Conceptual Model of Shared Leadership in the Boardroom.Maarten Vandewaerde, Wim Voordeckers, Frank Lambrechts & Yannick Bammens - 2011 - Journal of Business Ethics 104 (3):403-420.
    In the slipstream of several large-scale corporate scandals, the board of directors has gained a pivotal position in the corporate governance debate. However, due to an overreliance on particular methodological (i.e. input–output studies) and theoretical (i.e. agency theory) research fortresses in past board research, academic knowledge concerning how this important governance mechanism actually operates and functions remains relatively limited. This theoretical paper aims to contribute to the promising stream of research which focuses on behavioural perspectives and processes within the corporate (...)
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  • Personal values' influence on the ethical dimension of decision making.David Fritzsche & E. Oz - 2007 - Journal of Business Ethics 75 (4):335 - 343.
    Personal values have long been associated with individual decision behavior. The role played by personal values in decision making within an organization is less clear. Past research has found that managers tend to respond to ethical dilemmas situationally. This study examines the relationship between personal values and the ethical dimension of decision making using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. The study examines personal values as they relate to five types of ethical dilemmas. We found a significant positive contribution of altruistic (...)
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  • Ethics through an entrepreneurial lens: Theory and observation. [REVIEW]Emeric Solymossy & John Masters - 2002 - Journal of Business Ethics 38 (3):227 - 241.
    Recent work in the fields of ethics and entrepreneurship has raised the possibility that entrepreneurs may differ from other individuals in the moral issues they face, in their moral judgements and behaviors concerning those issues, and even in their level of cognitive moral development. While this work has been exploratory and its conclusions tentative, the findings raise two interesting questions: do entrepreneurs actually differ from non-entrepreneurs in their ethical orientations and, if so, why? We propose a model of ethical decision (...)
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  • Empiricism in business ethics: Suggested research directions. [REVIEW]Diana C. Robertson - 1993 - Journal of Business Ethics 12 (8):585 - 599.
    This paper considers future directions of empirical research in business ethics and presents a series of recommendations. Greater emphasis should be placed on the normative basis of empirical studies, behavior (rather than attitudes) should be established as the key dependent variable, theoretical models of ethical decision making should be tested, and empirical studies need to focus on theory-building. Extensions of methodology and the unit of analysis are proposed together with recommendations concerning the need for replication and validity, and building links (...)
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  • Methodology in business ethics research: A review and critical assessment. [REVIEW]D. M. Randall & A. M. Gibson - 1990 - Journal of Business Ethics 9 (6):457 - 471.
    Using 94 published empirical articles in academic journals as a data base, this paper provides a critical review of the methodology employed in the study of ethical beliefs and behavior of organizational members. The review revealed that full methodological detail was provided in less than one half of the articles. Further, the majority of empirical research articles expressed no concern for the reliability or validity of measures, were characterized by low response rates, used convenience samples, and did not offer a (...)
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  • The impact of trust on business, international security and the quality of life.Alex C. Michalos - 1990 - Journal of Business Ethics 9 (8):619 - 638.
    The theses supported in this essay are that the world is to some extent constructed by each of us, that it can and ought to be constructed in a more benign way, that such construction will require more trust than most people are currently willing to grant, and that most of us will be better off if most of us can manage to be more trusting in spite of our doubts.
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  • Explaining amoral decision making: An external view of a human disaster. [REVIEW]Richard J. McKenna - 1996 - Journal of Business Ethics 15 (6):681 - 694.
    Quality of work life affects the quality of life. By applying amoral paradigms in decision making managers of business enterprises can cause a poor quality work life and reduce the quality of life. The explanation and prediction of ethical/unethical business behaviour should not always be attributed to individual managers, as it may result from strong culture and decision making systems. It is argued that the causes and the solutions to ethical dilemmas can often be found in a theory based on (...)
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  • Do complex moral reasoners experience greater ethical work conflict?E. Sharon Mason & Peter E. Mudrack - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (12-13):1311-1318.
    Individuals who disagree that organizational interests legitimately supersede those of the wider society may experience conflict between their personal standards of ethics and those demanded by an employing organization, a conflict that is well documented. An additional question is whether or not individuals capable of complex moral reasoning experience greater conflict than those reasoning at a less developed level. This question was first positioned in a theoretical framework and then investigated using 115 survey responses from a student sample. Correlational analysis (...)
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  • Corporate ethics initiatives as social control.William S. Laufer & Diana C. Robertson - 1997 - Journal of Business Ethics 16 (10):1029-1047.
    Efforts to institutionalize ethics in corporations have been discussed without first addressing the desirability of norm conformity or the possibility that the means used to elicit conformity will be coercive. This article presents a theoretical context, grounded in models of social control, within which ethics initiatives may be evaluated. Ethics initiatives are discussed in relation to variables that already exert control in the workplace, such as environmental controls, organizational controls, and personal controls.
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  • A content analysis of ethical policy statements regarding marketing activities.Robert E. Hite, Joseph A. Bellizzi & Cynthia Fraser - 1988 - Journal of Business Ethics 7 (10):771 - 776.
    Many large corporations now have written codes of ethics to guide the business/marketing activities of employees. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and types of topics which are covered in the ethics policy statements of large U.S. corporations. The results indicated that the topics covered most often (respectively) were: misuse of funds/improper accounting, conflicts of interest, political contributions, and confidential information. It is concluded that in addition to written ethics policy statements, top management should communicate ethical (...)
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  • A model of decision-making incorporating ethical values.David J. Fritzsche - 1991 - Journal of Business Ethics 10 (11):841 - 852.
    A model is presented which describes the process decision-makers follow when faced with problems containing ethical dimensions. The model, based upon the empirical literature, is designed to provide guidance to researchers studying ethical behavior in business. The model portrays the decision-maker with a set of personal values which are mediated by elements of the organization's culture. The combination of personal values and organizational influences yields decisions which may be significantly different from those made based upon personal values alone. Inclusion of (...)
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  • Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. [REVIEW]Robert C. Ford & Woodrow D. Richardson - 1994 - Journal of Business Ethics 13 (3):205 - 221.
    The authors review the empirical literature in order to assess which variables are postulated as influencing ethical beliefs and decision making. The variables are divided into those unique to the individual decision maker and those considered situational in nature. Variables related to an individual decision maker examined in this review are nationality, religion, sex, age, education, employment, and personality. Situation specific variables examined in this review are referent groups, rewards and sanctions, codes of conduct, type of ethical conflict, organization effects, (...)
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  • Business ethics in turkey: An empirical investigation with special emphasis on gender.M. G. Serap Ekin & S. Hande Tezölmez - 1999 - Journal of Business Ethics 18 (1):17 - 34.
    In today's complex business world, the question of business ethics is increasingly gaining importance as managers and employees face numerous ethical dilemmas in their jobs. The ethical climate in the Turkish business environment is also at a critical stage, and the business community as a whole is troubled by ethical problems. This study attempts to determine the effect of individual, managerial and organizational factors on the ethical judgments of Turkish managers, and to evaluate the ethical perceptions of these managers. The (...)
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  • An empirical study of moral reasoning among managers.Robbin Derry - 1989 - Journal of Business Ethics 8 (11):855 - 862.
    Current research in moral development suggests that there are two distinct modes of moral reasoning, one based on a morality of justice, the other based on a morality of care. The research presented here examines the kinds of moral reasoning used by managers in work-related conflicts. Twenty men and twenty women were randomly selected from the population of first level managers in a Fortune 100 industrial corporation. In open-ended interviews each participant was asked to describe a situation of moral conflict (...)
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  • Financial accountants' perceptions of management's ethical standards.Jill M. D'Aquila - 2001 - Journal of Business Ethics 31 (3):233 - 244.
    It is believed that the atmosphere in which employees carry out their responsibilities influences whether employees will behave ethically. An important factor contributing to the integrity of the financial reporting process is the tone set by senior management (i.e., the corporate environment). This study was conducted to describe financial accountants'' perceptions of management''s ethical standards. These perceptions are based on both management''s actions and management''s expectations of the employee. This researcher also attempted to identify demographic variables that are related to (...)
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  • Business ethics in new zealand organisations: Views from the middle and lower level managers. [REVIEW]Kazi Fioz Alam - 1999 - Journal of Business Ethics 22 (2):145 - 153.
    This study is carried out to assess the state of business ethics in New Zealand organisations from the point view of middle and lower level managers. The survey results clearly indicate that companies in New Zealand give low priorities to ethics with other values in the corporate culture. A significant number of respondents also believe that pressures from the top to achieve results and the organisational climate and ruthless competition help create an unethical environment. A greater emphasis on ethical content (...)
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  • Factors affecting ethical optimism of purchasing professionals in India.Johanan Collins, Stephen Newell & Satish P. Deshpande - 2021 - Asian Journal of Business Ethics 10 (2):315-329.
    This study examines the impact of various ethical climate types, dependency factors, and ethical training on ethical optimism of purchasing professionals (n = 151) in India. Instrumental and independence climate types had a significant negative impact on ethical optimism. Other climate types (professional, caring, rules, and efficiency) had no significant impact on ethical optimism. Among the dependency factors, while task uncertainty had a significant positive impact, monitoring had a significant negative impact on ethical optimism. None of the other factors significantly (...)
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  • A Multifocal and Integrative View of the Influencers of Ethical Attitudes Using Qualitative Configurational Analysis.Nicole A. Celestine, Catherine Leighton & Chris Perryer - 2020 - Journal of Business Ethics 162 (1):103-122.
    Ethical attitudes and behaviour are complex. This complexity extends to the influencers operating at different levels both outside and within the organisation, and in different combinations for different individuals. There is hence a growing need to understand the proximal and distal influencers of ethical attitudes, and how these operate in concert at the individual, organisational, and societal levels. Few studies have attempted to combine these main research streams and systematically examine their combined impact. The minority of studies that have taken (...)
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  • Personal Values’ Influence on the Ethical Dimension of Decision Making.David J. Fritzsche & Effy Oz - 2007 - Journal of Business Ethics 75 (4):335-343.
    Personal values have long been associated with individual decision behavior. The role played by personal values in decision making within an organization is less clear. Past research has found that managers tend to respond to ethical dilemmas situationally. This study examines the relationship between personal values and the ethical dimension of decision making using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. The study examines personal values as they relate to five types of ethical dilemmas. We found a significant positive contribution of altruistic (...)
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  • The Ethical Environment of Tax Professionals: Partner and Non-Partner Perceptions and Experiences.Donna D. Bobek, Amy M. Hageman & Robin R. Radtke - 2010 - Journal of Business Ethics 92 (4):637-654.
    This article examines perceptions of tax partners and non-partner tax practitioners regarding their CPA firms’ ethical environment, as well as experiences with ethical dilemmas. Prior research emphasizes the importance of executive leadership in creating an ethical climate (e.g., Weaver et al., Acad Manage Rev 42(1):41–57, 1999; Trevino et al., Hum Relat 56(1):5–37, 2003; Schminke et al., Organ Dyn 36(2):171–186, 2007). Thus, it is important to consider whether firm partners and other employees have congruent perceptions and experiences. Based on the responses (...)
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  • Ethics in New Zealand organisations.Kazi Firoz Alam - 1993 - Journal of Business Ethics 12 (6):433-440.
    The main objective of this study is to assess the state of business ethics in New Zealand organisations. The survey results suggest that top New Zealand companies give low priorities to ethical values. A number of suggestions have been put forward by the respondents to improve the corporate ethical environment. These include commitment of top management, written and published codes of ethics, comprehensive accounting standards and annual reporting and monitoring and an efficient legal and education system.
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  • Values and Corporate Social Responsibility Perceptions of Chinese University Students.Lei Wang & Heikki Juslin - 2012 - Journal of Academic Ethics 10 (1):57-82.
    The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of personal demographic factors on Chinese university students’ values and perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) issues, and to identify the link between personal values and perceptions of CSR. The quantitative data consisted of 980 Chinese university students, and were collected by using a structured self-completion questionnaire. This study found that: 1) the importance of values education should be stressed, because we found that altruistic values associate negatively with perception of (...)
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  • Scenarios in Business Ethics Research: Review, Critical Assessment, and Recommendations.James Weber - 1992 - Business Ethics Quarterly 2 (2):137-160.
    A growing number of researchers in the business ethics field have used scenarios as a data gathering technique in their empirical investigations of ethical issues. This paper offers a review and critique of 26 studies that have utilized scenarios to elicit inferences of ethical reasoning, decision making, and/or intended behavior from managerial or student populations. The use of a theoretical foundation, the development of hypotheses, various characteristics germane to the use of scenarios, population and sampling issues, and the use of (...)
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  • Ethical standards for human resource management professionals: A comparative analysis of five major codes. [REVIEW]Carolyn Wiley - 2000 - Journal of Business Ethics 25 (2):93 - 114.
    Focusing on professional codes of ethics in HR, this article establishes a foundation for understanding the contents of thesecodes and for future research in this area. Five key professionalethics codes in HRM are analyzed according to six obligations.The resulting characterizations revealed that these codes advocatefive principles related to integrity, legality, proficiency, loyalty, and confidentiality. Particular flaws in code content and implementationare identified with recommendations for addressing them. Also,suggestions for standardizing professional HR codes and forfuture research are discussed.
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  • Organizational dependence and the likelihood of complying with organizational pressures to behave unethically.Judy Wahn - 1993 - Journal of Business Ethics 12 (3):245 - 251.
    This paper reports the results of a survey completed by 565 human resource professionals in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The major result suggests that individuals who are more dependent on their employing organizations are more likely to comply with organizational pressures to behave unethically. Factor analysis of our dependent measure of ethical organizational behavior suggested that two distinct constructs were being tapped; furthermore, different variables were found to predict each. The potential for conceptualizing unethical organizational behavior as (...)
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  • How do managers think about market economies and morality? Empirical enquiries into business-ethical thinking patterns.Peter Ulrich & Ulrich Thielemann - 1993 - Journal of Business Ethics 12 (11):879 - 898.
    How do managers think about the relationship between the pursuit of economic success and ethical demands? This paper presents the main results of a qualitative-empirical study (Ulrich and Thielemann, 1992). The range of thinking patterns displayed by Swiss managers in this field of tension is elucidated and typologized. The results are then compared with those yielded by other studies on managerial ethics. Although the comparisons reveal essential parallels, the findings of previous investigations are interpreted in a considerably different manner. In (...)
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  • The impact of the work environment on ethical decision making: Some australian evidence. [REVIEW]Geoffrey Soutar, Margaret M. McNeil & Caron Molster - 1994 - Journal of Business Ethics 13 (5):327 - 339.
    Business ethics has emerged in recent years as a field of significant scholarly endeavour. Particularly well documented is the existence of ethical conflict at work and the reported inseparability of business decisions and moral consequences. However, to date, the majority of studies have been conducted in the American business context.This paper examines the concept of ethical conflict as experienced by employees in the Australian context. According to a sample of Western Australian managers, ethical conflicts at work do occur — with (...)
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  • Taking stock: Can the theory of reasoned action explain unethical conduct? [REVIEW]Donna M. Randall - 1989 - Journal of Business Ethics 8 (11):873 - 882.
    Extensive interest in business ethics has developed accompanied by an increase in empirical research on the determinants of unethical conduct. In setting forth the theory of reasoned action, Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) maintained that research attention on such variables as personality traits and demographic characteristics is misplaced and, instead, researchers should focus on behavioral intentions and the beliefs that shape those intentions. This study summarizes business ethics research which tests the theory of reasoned action and suggests directions for further research.
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  • Does tenure impact upon the principled reasoning of managers?Clare M. Pennino - 2002 - Journal of Business Ethics 40 (3):219 - 226.
    The relationship between tenure and principled reasoning is of vital importance to the fields of management and business ethics, as more tenured managers often hold influential posts and have the ability to affect the overall ethical tones of their organizations. Few researchers have studied this relationship, however, and those studies that have been conducted have produced mixed results. While some researchers have found that greater tenure is associated with higher levels of ethical reasoning, others have found the reverse to be (...)
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  • The importance of ethics to job performance: An empirical investigation of managers' perceptions. [REVIEW]Ralph A. Mortensen, Jack E. Smith & Gerald F. Cavanagh - 1989 - Journal of Business Ethics 8 (4):253 - 260.
    This study probed a crucial assumption underlying much of the ethics theory and research: do managers perceive ethical behavior to be an important personal job requirement? A large sample of managers from a cross-section of industries and job functions indicated that, compared to other job duties, certain ethical behaviors were moderate to somewhat major parts of their jobs. Some noteworthy differences by industry, organization size, tenure and job function were also found. These findings underscore the importance of ethics for business (...)
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  • After Durkheim: An agenda for the scoiology of business ethics. [REVIEW]John Hendry - 2001 - Journal of Business Ethics 34 (3-4):209 - 218.
    Over the last twenty years the organization of business activity appears to have shifted from an emphasis on bureaucratic organizations toward an emphasis on market structures. Economic self-interest has acquired a new social legitimacy, and the force of traditional moral authorities has waned. In these circumstances the work of Emile Durkheim on the problematics of business ethics and the impact of a culture of self-interest on the stability of society, work that has hitherto been neglected by the business ethics community, (...)
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  • Business students' and practitioners' ethical decisions over time.James R. Glenn & M. Frances Loo - 1993 - Journal of Business Ethics 12 (11):835 - 847.
    This paper compares the ethical decisions and attitudes of business students and practitioners. Recent unpublished data from a national study of over 1600 students are contrasted with information reported previously. Students are found consistently to make less ethical choices than practitioners, and there is some indication that students are making less ethical choices in the 1980s than in the 1960s. In addition, both students and practitioners agree that buyers should beware, view the role of business more narrowly, and find fewer (...)
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  • Personal values: Potential keys to ethical decision making. [REVIEW]David J. Fritzsche - 1995 - Journal of Business Ethics 14 (11):909 - 922.
    Personal values have long been associated with individual decision behavior. The role played by personal values in decision making within an organization is less clear. This study examines the relationship between personal values and the ethical dimension of indicated decisions utilizing discriminant analysis. Past research has found that managers tend to respond to ethical dilemmas situationally. The study examines personal values as they relate to four types of ethical dilemmas.
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  • The Aftermath of Organizational Corruption: Employee Attributions and Emotional Reactions.Kathie L. Pelletier & Michelle C. Bligh - 2008 - Journal of Business Ethics 80 (4):823-844.
    Employee attributions and emotional reactions to unethical behavior of top leaders in an organization recently involved in a highly publicized ethics scandal were examined. Participants (n = 76) from a large southern California government agency completed an ethical climate assessment. Secondary data analysis was performed on the written commentary to an open-ended question seeking employees' perceptions of the ethical climate. Employees attributed the organization's poor ethical leadership to a number of causes, including: lack of moral reasoning, breaches of trust, hypocrisy, (...)
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  • Exploring the contextual and individual factors on ethical decision making of salespeople.Willem Verbeke, Cok Ouwerkerk & Ed Peelen - 1996 - Journal of Business Ethics 15 (11):1175 - 1187.
    This paper studies how salespeople make ethical decisions. For this purpose a structural model has been developed which configures how the organization's environment, the organizations's climate, and personality traits affect ethical decision making. Internal communication and the choice of a control system especially affect ethical decision making. Internal communication also affects the attraction of salespeople with unethical personality traits (Machiavellism), while the control system affects the ethical climate. Ethical climate and salespeople's personality traits also affect the ethical decision making. In (...)
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  • The ethical context of entrepreneurship: Proposing and testing a developmental framework. [REVIEW]Michael H. Morris, Minet Schindehutte, John Walton & Jeffrey Allen - 2002 - Journal of Business Ethics 40 (4):331 - 361.
    The aim of this study is to increase our understanding of the ethical climate of entrepreneurial firms as they grow and develop. A developmental framework is introduced to describe the formal and informal ethical structures that emerge in entrepreneurial firms over time. Factors influencing where firms are within the developmental framework are posited, including the entrepreneur's psychological profile, lifecycle stage of the business, and descriptive characteristics of the venture. It is also proposed that the implementation of ethical structures will impact (...)
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  • Level of Agreement Between Sales Managers and Salespeople on the Need for Internal Virtue Ethics and a Direct Path from Satisfaction with Manager to Turnover Intent.Kevin J. Shanahan & Christopher D. Hopkins - 2019 - Journal of Business Ethics 159 (3):837-848.
    The nature of the sales manager/salesperson relationship is examined. Our study investigates the level of agreement between sales managers and salespeople on the importance of the salesperson having specific internal virtues in order to do their job properly. Unlike external virtues that can be codified into codes of conduct, internal virtues are traits that cannot be codified but rather are part of the spiritual makeup of the person. Findings suggest that the level of agreement between sales managers and salespeople in (...)
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  • Determinants of Unethical Business Behaviour among Owner–Managers.Sunday Samson Babalola - 2009 - Journal of Human Values 15 (1):61-75.
    Several studies have identified entrepreneurship as a key factor in wealth creations in addition to associating certain personality characteristics to its growth. The question is to what extent have these wealth creations performed ethically. The present study is set to explore the cognitive orientation (locus of control, risk taking ability and impression management) and demographic (age and gender) factors that are associated with unethical business. Two hundred and fifty-six owner–managers in the age range of 24 to 68 years participated in (...)
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  • The american association of advertising agencies (4as) standards of practice: How far does this professional association's code of ethics' influence of reach. [REVIEW]Jeanne D. Maes, Arthur Jeffery & Tommy V. Smith - 1998 - Journal of Business Ethics 17 (11):1155-1161.
    In a national survey, members of 4As agencies were contrasted with non-member agencies to determine awareness and influence of the 4As Standards of Practice, the Professional Code of Ethics for 4As members. The 4As Code was selected because the 4As represents the principle professional association of the support service industry, advertising.
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