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A Theory of Justice

Oxford,: Harvard University Press. Edited by Steven M. Cahn (1971)

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  1. Bibliographical essay / legal positivism, natural law, and the Hart/Dworkin debate.Stephen W. Ball - 1984 - Criminal Justice Ethics 3 (2):68-85.
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  • Agency and surprise: learning at the limits of empathic‐imagination and liberal egalitarian political philosophy.Steven R. Smith - 2008 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 11 (1):25-40.
    Liberal egalitarians have been wary of being orientated by the empathetic understanding of others lest it offends the separateness of persons. This worry can be overcome by embracing second‐order as well as first‐order empathetic‐imagination, while doing so strengthens liberal‐egalitarian claims to treat all with equal concern and respect. ‘First‐order’ empathic‐imagination, which accesses objective knowledge about a person’s experience, is a necessary but not sufficient part of relating to others as agents. ‘Second‐order’ empathic‐imagination, encompassing a ‘disposition of surprise’ at an agent’s (...)
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  • Justice and Health Care: Selected Essays. [REVIEW]Roger Stanev - 2011 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 32 (2):137-142.
    Justice and Health Care: Selected Essays collects, in a systematic but non-chronological fashion, ten of Buchanan’s most significant essays on justice and health care, written over a period of almost three decades. As the Obama administration continues to struggle to implement much-needed comprehensive health care reform in the hopes of controlling rising health care costs and extending affordable health care to over 46 million uninsured Americans, there could hardly be a more appropriate time to read Buchanan’s selected essays.
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  • Luck, Opportunity and Disability.Cynthia A. Stark - 2013 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 16 (3):383-402.
    This paper argues that luck egalitarianism, especially in the guise of equality of opportunity for welfare, is in tension with the ideal of fair equality of opportunity in three ways. First, equal opportunity for welfare is compatible with a caste system in employment that is inconsistent with open competition for positions. Second, luck egalitarianism does not support hiring on the basis of qualifications. Third, amending luck egalitarianism to repair this problem requires abandoning fair access to qualifications. Insofar as luck egalitarianism (...)
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  • Education for grown-ups, a religion for adults: scepticism and alterity in Cavell and Levinas.Paul Standish - 2007 - Ethics and Education 2 (1):73-91.
    In his essay 'The Scandal of Skepticism', Stanley Cavell discusses aspects of the work of Emmanuel Levinas with a view to understanding how 'philosophical and religious ambitions so apparently different' as his own and those of Levinas can have led to 'phenomenological coincidences so precise'. The present paper explores themes of scepticism and alterity as these emerge in the work of these two increasingly influential philosophers. It shows education to be a sustained preoccupation in their work, crucially related to these (...)
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  • Decentered thought and consequentialist decision making.Keith E. Stanovich - 1996 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19 (2):323-324.
    Near the end of his target article, Baron argues that we need to address the question of how to conduct education in consequentialist decision making. However, recent trends in education have deemphasized and denigrated decentered and decontextualized thought. It is argued here that perspective decentering and decontextualized thinking are absolutely essential to the development of consequentialist reasoning.
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  • Confucianism, Democracy, and the Virtue of Deference.Aaron Stalnaker - 2013 - Dao: A Journal of Comparative Philosophy 12 (4):441-459.
    Some democratic theorists have argued that contemporary people should practice only a civility that recognizes others as equal persons, and eschew any form of deference to authority as a feudalistic cultural holdover that ought to be abandoned in the modern era. Against such views, this essay engages early Confucian views of ethics and society, including their analyses of different sorts of authority and status, in order to argue that, properly understood, deference is indeed a virtue of considerable importance for contemporary (...)
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  • Computer Ethics and Neoplatonic Virtue.Giannis Stamatellos - 2011 - International Journal of Cyber Ethics in Education 1 (1):1-11.
    In normative ethical theory, computer ethics belongs to the area of applied ethics dealing with practical and everyday moral problems arising from the use of computers and computer networks in the information society. Modern scholarship usually approves deontological and utilitarian ethics as appropriate to computer ethics, while classical theories of ethics, such as virtue ethics, are usually neglected as anachronistic and unsuitable to the information era and ICT industry. During past decades, an Aristotelian form of virtue ethics has been revived (...)
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  • Abstraction and Justification in Moral Theory.Cynthia A. Stark - 2010 - Hypatia 25 (4):825-833.
    Ethicists of care have objected to traditional moral philosophy's reliance upon abstract universal principles. They claim that the use of abstraction renders traditional theories incapable of capturing morally relevant, particular features of situations. I argue that this objection sometimes conflates two different levels of moral thinking: the level of justification and the level of deliberation. Specifically, I claim that abstraction or attention to context at the level of justification does not entail, as some critics seem to think, a commitment to (...)
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  • An Analysis of Consequentialism and Deontology in the Normative Ethics of the Bhagavadgītā.Sandeep Sreekumar - 2012 - Journal of Indian Philosophy 40 (3):277-315.
    This paper identifies the different normative ethical arguments stated and suggested by Arjuna and Krishna in the Gītā , analyzes those arguments, examines the interrelations between those arguments, and demonstrates that, contrary to a common view, both Arjuna and Krishna advance ethical theories of a broad consequentialist nature. It is shown that Krishna’s ethical theory, in particular, is a distinctive kind of rule-consequentialism that takes as intrinsically valuable the twin consequences of mokṣa and lokasaṃgraha . It is also argued that (...)
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  • What goals are to count?Mark D. Spranca - 1994 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17 (1):29-30.
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  • The Concept of Liberty in "A Theory of Justice" and Its Republican Version.Jean-Fabien Spitz - 1994 - Ratio Juris 7 (3):331-347.
    The Author offers three interpretations of the Rawlsian conception of liberty. At the same time he compares this formal version of civil and political liberty with the substantive version produced by the republican theory of liberty. The first question is this: Can liberties be unequal? Here the liberal concept of liberty is discussed linking human will of liberty and equality. The second question is: Can liberties be equal when their respective values are not? The Author stresses the Rawlsian distinction between (...)
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  • Using data bases to serve justice and maintain the public's trust.Karon Reinboth Speckman - 1994 - Journal of Mass Media Ethics 9 (4):235 – 242.
    Reporters' use of government data bases can create problems with serving justice and maintaining privacy. Although there are many advantages to the new reporting tool, problems can arise when the information is inaccurate or is misused for purposes other than originally intended. The ethical question of maintaining privacy while ful-filling the political function of the media is discussed. Suggested guidelines are given.
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  • Do You Deserve To Be Talented?Ezequiel Spector - 2011 - Utilitas 23 (1):115-125.
    Are inborn characteristics deserved or undeserved? Using Bertrand Russell's theory of descriptions and Peter Strawson's objection to this theory, I argue that this question does not make sense. In order to know whether a person deserves something she has, it is necessary to evaluate what she did before having it. But people did not exist before their birth, so they did not exist before having their inborn characteristics. Therefore, talking about people deserving their inborn characteristics does not make sense: these (...)
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  • Can economic globalization lead to a more just society?Farhad Rassekh & John Speir - 2010 - Journal of Global Ethics 6 (1):27-43.
    We briefly review the recent literature on globalization, and present empirical evidence showing that economic globalization has been correlated with higher economic growth and lower poverty rates. We then evaluate the consequences of economic globalization in light of standards of commutative justice as Smith articulated, distributive justice as Rawls presented, and practical justice as Kolm explicated. This essay argues that economic globalization fulfills the requirements of all three species of justice.
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  • Naturalizing jurisprudence – by Brian Leiter.Torben Spaak - 2008 - Theoria 74 (4):352-362.
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  • Republican justice.Nicholas Southwood - 2015 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 18 (6):669-678.
    I raise three objections to Pettit’s republican account of justice: 1) that it fails to account adequately for the role of certain values such as substantive fairness; 2) that it represents an uncomfortable hybrid of egalitarianism and sufficientarianism; and 3) that it fails Pettit’s own “eyeball test”. I then conclude in a more constructive vein, speculating about the kind of account of justice it is supposed to be and suggesting that, construed a certain way, it may have resources for answering (...)
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  • Optimist/pessimist.Elliott Sober - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):87-88.
    The reception so far of Kitcher's Vaulting Ambition reminds me of the old saw about the difference between an optimist and a pessimist. Looking at the same glass of water, the former sees it as half full while the latter sees it as half empty. Some have seen Kitcher's book as a vindication of the possibility of an evolutionary science of human behavior; others have seen it as a devastating critique of the most influential efforts to date to construct such (...)
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  • Staging the self by performing the other: Global fantasies and the migration of the projective imagination 1.Luiz E. Soares - 1998 - Cultural Values 2 (2):288-304.
    (1998). Staging the self by performing the other: Global fantasies and the migration of the projective imagination 1. Cultural Values: Vol. 2, No. 2-3, pp. 288-304.
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  • John Rawls and the liberal theory of society.Joseph D. Sneed - 1976 - Erkenntnis 10 (1):1 - 19.
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  • Normative Reasons for Love, Part I.Aaron Smuts - 2014 - Philosophy Compass 9 (8):507-517.
    Are there normative reasons for love? More specifically, is it possible to rationally justify love? Or can we at best provide explanations for why we love? In Part I of this entry, I discuss the nature of love, theories of emotion, and what it takes to justify an attitude. In Part II, I provide an overview of the various positions one might take on the rational justification of love. I focus on the debate between defenders of the no-reasons view and (...)
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  • Are theories of rationality empirically testable?Howard Smokler - 1990 - Synthese 82 (2):297 - 306.
    Since rationality is a normative ideal, it is difficult to see how a theory of rationality might be subjected to empirical evaluation. This paper explores various aspects of this problem in relation to the work of L. J. Cohen, Amos Tversky and Daviel Kahneman, Ellery Eells, Isaac Levi, and Henry Kyburg. Special consideration is given to its significance for testing systems of inductive logic.
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  • Liberal Ethics and Well-being Promotion in the Disability Rights Movement, Disability Policy, and Welfare Practice.Steven R. Smith - 2013 - Ethics and Social Welfare 7 (1):20-35.
    The disability rights movement (DRM) has often been closely associated with the liberal values of individual choice and independence, or the ‘ethics of agency’, where enhancing the capacity to make autonomous decisions in various policy and practice-based contexts is said to facilitate disabled people's well-being. Nevertheless, other liberal values are derived from what will be termed here the ‘ethics of self-acceptance’. The latter is more disguised in liberalism and the DRM, as rather than emphasising the capacity to make autonomous decisions, (...)
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  • Is human sociobiology a progressive or a degenerating research programme?Peter K. Smith - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):86-87.
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  • Folk psychology versus pop sociobiology.Eric Alden Smith - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):85-86.
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  • Free will, egalitarianism and Rawls.Saul Smilansky - 2003 - Philosophia 31 (1-2):127-138.
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  • Equal protection remedies: The errors of liberal ways and means.Rogers M. Smith - 1993 - Journal of Political Philosophy 1 (3):185–212.
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  • Ethics and intervention.Michael Joseph Smith - 1989 - Ethics and International Affairs 3:1–26.
    The moral complexity surrounding intervention is influenced by a broad spectrum of both ethical and practical assumptions and considerations.
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  • Egoism and Emotion.Michael Slote - 2013 - Philosophia 41 (2):313-335.
    Recently, the idea that human beings may be totally egoistic has resurfaced in philosophical and psychological discussions. But many of the arguments for that conclusion are conceptually flawed. Psychologists are making a conceptual error when they think of the desire to avoid guilt as egoistic; and the same is true of the common view that the desire to avoid others’ disapproval is also egoistic. Sober and Wilson argue against this latter idea on the grounds that such a desire is relational, (...)
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  • The hypothalamus and the impartial perspective.Peter Singer - 1987 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10 (1):84-85.
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  • Use of a "Coping-Modeling, Problem-Solving" Program in Business Ethics Education.Sheldene K. Simola - 2010 - Journal of Business Ethics 96 (3):383 - 401.
    During the last decade, scholars have identified a number of factors that pose significant challenges to effective business ethics education. This article offers a "coping-modeling, problem-solving" (CMPS) approach (Cunningham, 2006) as one option for addressing these concerns. A rationale supporting the use of the CMPS framework for courses on ethical decisionmaking in business is provided, following which the implementation processes for this program are described. Evaluative data collected from N = 101 undergraduate business students enrolled in a third year required (...)
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  • Thinking about the good: Reconfiguring liberal metaphysics (or not) for people with cognitive disabilities.Anita Silvers & Leslie Pickering Francis - 2009 - Metaphilosophy 40 (3-4):475-498.
    Liberalism welcomes diversity in substantive ideas of the good but not in the process whereby these ideas are formed. Ideas of the good acquire weight on the presumption that each is a person's own, formed independently. But people differ in their capacities to conceptualize. Some, appropriately characterized as cerebral, are proficient in and profoundly involved with conceptualizing. Others, labeled cognitively disabled, range from individuals with mild limitations to those so unable to express themselves that we cannot be sure whether their (...)
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  • Ecosystem Services and Distributive Justice: Considering Access Rights to Ecosystem Services in Theories of Distributive Justice.Stefanie Sievers-Glotzbach - 2013 - Ethics, Policy and Environment 16 (2):162-176.
    As the increasing loss of ecosystem services severely affects life perspectives of today's poor and future populations, governing access to, and use of, ecosystem services in an intragenerational and intergenerational just way is an urgent issue. The author argues that theories of distributive justice should consider the distribution of access rights to ecosystem services. Three specific demands that a theory of distributive justice should fulfill to adequately cope with the distribution of access rights to ecosystem services, and show that Rawls??A (...)
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  • Ethics of caring and the institutional ethics committee.Betty A. Sichel - 1990 - HEC Forum 2 (4):45 - 56.
    Institutional ethics committees (IECs) in health care facilities now create moral policy, provide moral education, and consult with physicians and other health care workers. After sketching reasons for the development of IECs, this paper first examines the predominant moral standards it is often assumed IECs are now using, these standards being neo-Kantian principles of justice and utilitarian principles of the greatest good. Then, it is argued that a feminine ethics of care, as posited by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings, is (...)
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  • Knocking out pain in livestock: Can technology succeed where morality has stalled?Adam Shriver - 2009 - Neuroethics 2 (3):115-124.
    Though the vegetarian movement sparked by Peter Singer’s book Animal Liberation has achieved some success, there is more animal suffering caused today due to factory farming than there was when the book was originally written. In this paper, I argue that there may be a technological solution to the problem of animal suffering in intensive factory farming operations. In particular, I suggest that recent research indicates that we may be very close to, if not already at, the point where we (...)
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  • Equity and nuclear waste disposal.Kristin Shrader-Frechette - 1994 - Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 7 (2):133-156.
    Following the recommendations of the US National Academy of Sciences and the mandates of the 1987 Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act, the US Department of Energy has proposed Yucca Mountain, Nevada as the site of the world's first permanent repository for high-level nuclear waste. The main justification for permanent disposal (as opposed to above-ground storage) is that it guarantees safety by means of waste isolation. This essay argues, however, that considerations of equity (safer for whom?) undercut the safety rationale. The (...)
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  • On that peculiar practice of promising.Kenneth Shockley - 2008 - Philosophical Studies 140 (3):385 - 399.
    T. M. Scanlon has alleged that the social practice of promising fails to capture the sense in which when I break my promise I have wronged the promisee in particular. I suggest the practice of promising requires the promisee to have a normatively significant status, a status with interpersonal authority with respect to the promisor, and so be at risk of a particular harm made possible by the social practice of promising. This formulation of the social practice account avoids Scanlon’s (...)
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  • Two interpretations of the difference principle in Rawls's theory of justice.Prakash P. Shenoy & Rex Martin - 1983 - Theoria 49 (3):113-141.
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  • Suicide and public policy: A critique of the?New consensus?Richard Sherlock - 1982 - Journal of Bioethics 4 (1):58-70.
    Several writers have recently developed proposals calling for a public policy that would allow a number of individuals to commit suicide if they so choose. Suicide, it is argued, is a fundamental matter of personal liberty and as such only very minimal restrictions should be placed on it. In this essay I offer a critique of these views and the public policies they entail. The result is a defense of the general outlines of current professional and legal policies which permit (...)
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  • Promise as practice reason.Hanoch Sheinman - 2008 - Acta Analytica 23 (4):287-318.
    To promise someone to do something is to commit oneself to that person to do that thing, but what does that commitment consist of? Some think a promissory commitment is an obligation to do what’s promised, and that while promising practices facilitate the creation of promissory obligations, they are not essential to them. I favor the broadly Humean view in which, when it comes to promises (and so promissory obligations), practices are of the essence. I propose the Practice Reason Account (...)
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  • Fairness in Technological Design.Cameron Shelley - 2012 - Science and Engineering Ethics 18 (4):663-680.
    This paper addresses an important multi-disciplinary issue of current interest, that is, the implications of technological design for fairness. A visual, graphical methodology centered on the Taylor-Russell diagram is proposed to address this issue. The Taylor-Russell diagram helps to identify and explore ways in which predictions built into designs can pit the interests of different constituencies against one another. The configuration of the design represents a trade-off between the interests of the communities involved. Whether or not the trade-off is appropriate (...)
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  • A Human Right not to be Punished? Punishment as Derogation of Rights.J. D. Shepherd - 2012 - Criminal Law and Philosophy 6 (1):31-45.
    In this essay, I apply international human rights theory to the domestic discussion of criminalization. The essay takes as its starting point the “right not to be punished” that Douglas Husak posited in his recent book Overcriminalization . By reviewing international human rights norms, I take up Husak’s challenge to imbue this right with further normative content. This process reveals additional relationships between the criminal law and human rights theory, and I discuss one analogy: the derogation by states of an (...)
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  • Why the Facts Matter to Public Justification.Philip Shadd - 2015 - Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society 27 (2):198-212.
    ABSTRACTIt is often held that disagreement over non-normative facts is less significant to the project of public justification than disagreement over relevant moral norms. But this dismissal of non-normative factual disagreement is unjustified—an ad hoc attempt to save the ideal of public justification from the endemic actual disagreement that threatens it. Disagreement over norms is relevant to political legitimacy; so, too, is disagreement over facts. I draw two implications from this point. First, inasmuch as accounts of public justification typically involve (...)
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  • Introduction.Shaun P. Young - 2008 - Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 11 (2):109-114.
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  • A theory of probability should tutor our intuitions.Glenn Shafer - 1983 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6 (3):508.
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  • Welfare inequalities and Rawlsian axiomatics.Amartya Sen - 1976 - Theory and Decision 7 (4):243-262.
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  • Peircean showers: Inquiry and experience in the pragmatic tradition.Dennis M. Senchuk - 2002 - Semiotica 2002 (141).
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  • Moral intuitions and justification in ethics.Stefan Sencerz - 1986 - Philosophical Studies 50 (1):77 - 95.
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  • Classical German philosophy and Cohen's critique of Rawls.Julius Sensat - 2003 - European Journal of Philosophy 11 (3):314–353.
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  • Promoting Justice, Trust, Compliance, and Health: The Case for Compensation.Michael J. Selgelid - 2009 - American Journal of Bioethics 9 (11):22-24.
    The qualitative research of Baum and colleagues (2009), among other things, reveals that people are worried about the financial consequences of social-distancing measures and that lack of trust in...
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