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A Computational Learning Semantics for Inductive Empirical Knowledge

In Alexandru Baltag & Sonja Smets (eds.), Johan van Benthem on Logic and Information Dynamics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 289-337 (2014)

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  1. The nets of reason.Johan van Benthem - 2012 - Argument and Computation 3 (2-3):83 - 86.
    Argument & Computation, Volume 3, Issue 2-3, Page 83-86, June–September 2012.
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  • Conditioning and Interpretation Shifts.Jan-Willem Romeijn - 2012 - Studia Logica 100 (3):583-606.
    This paper develops a probabilistic model of belief change under interpretation shifts, in the context of a problem case from dynamic epistemic logic. Van Benthem [4] has shown that a particular kind of belief change, typical for dynamic epistemic logic, cannot be modelled by standard Bayesian conditioning. I argue that the problems described by van Benthem come about because the belief change alters the semantics in which the change is supposed to be modelled: the new information induces a shift in (...)
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  • The dynamic turn in quantum logic.Alexandru Baltag & Sonja Smets - 2012 - Synthese 186 (3):753 - 773.
    In this paper we show how ideas coming from two areas of research in logic can reinforce each other. The first such line of inquiry concerns the "dynamic turn" in logic and especially the formalisms inspired by Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL); while the second line concerns research into the logical foundations of Quantum Physics, and in particular the area known as Operational Quantum Logic, as developed by Jauch and Piron (Helve Phys Acta 42: 842-848, 1969), Pirón (Foundations of Quantum Physics, (...)
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  • Descriptive Complexity.Neil Immerman - 1998 - Springer Verlag.
    This book is a relatively self-contained introduction to the subject, which includes the necessary background material, as well as numerous examples and exercises.
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  • Neural basis for generalized quantifiers comprehension.C. T. Mcmillan, R. Clark, P. Moore, C. Devita & M. Grossman - 2005 - Neuropsychologia 43:1729--1737.
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  • Quantifiers comprehension in corticobasal degeneration.C. T. Mcmillan, R. Clark, P. Moore & M. Grossman - 2006 - Brain and Cognition 65:250--260.
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  • Channels: From Logic to Probability.J. Seligman - 2009 - In G. Sommaruga (ed.), Channels: From Logic to Probability.
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  • What one may come to know.J. van Benthem - 2004 - Analysis 64 (2):95-105.
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  • Logic in a Social Setting.Johan van Benthem - 2011 - Episteme 8 (3):227-247.
    Taking Backward Induction as its running example, this paper explores avenues for a logic of information-driven social action. We use recent results on limit phenomena in knowledge updating and belief revision, procedural rationality, and a ‘Theory of Play’ analyzing how games are played by different agents.
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  • A Computational Approach to Quantifiers as an Explanation for Some Language Impairments in Schizophrenia.Marcin Zajenkowski, Rafał Styła & Jakub Szymanik - 2011 - Journal of Communication Disorder 44:2011.
    We compared the processing of natural language quantifiers in a group of patients with schizophrenia and a healthy control group. In both groups, the difficulty of the quantifiers was consistent with computational predictions, and patients with schizophrenia took more time to solve the problems. However, they were significantly less accurate only with proportional quantifiers, like more than half. This can be explained by noting that, according to the complexity perspective, only proportional quantifiers require working memory engagement.
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  • A Note on a Generalization of the Muddy Children Puzzle.Nina Gierasimczuk & Jakub Szymanik - 2011 - In K. Apt (ed.), Proceeding of the 13th Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Rationality and Knowledge. ACM.
    We study a generalization of the Muddy Children puzzle by allowing public announcements with arbitrary generalized quantifiers. We propose a new concise logical modeling of the puzzle based on the number triangle representation of quantifi ers. Our general aim is to discuss the possibility of epistemic modeling that is cut for specifi c informational dynamics. Moreover, we show that the puzzle is solvable for any number of agents if and only if the quanti fier in the announcement is positively active (...)
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  • Invariance Properties of Quantifiers and Multiagent Information Exchange.Nina Gierasimczuk & Jakub Szymanik - 2011 - In M. Kanazawa (ed.), Proceedings of the 12th Meeting on Mathematics of Language, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 6878. Springer.
    The paper presents two case studies of multi-agent information exchange involving generalized quantifiers. We focus on scenarios in which agents successfully converge to knowledge on the basis of the information about the knowledge of others, so-called Muddy Children puzzle and Top Hat puzzle. We investigate the relationship between certain invariance properties of quantifiers and the successful convergence to knowledge in such situations. We generalize the scenarios to account for public announcements with arbitrary quantifiers. We show that the Muddy Children puzzle (...)
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  • Contribution of Working Memory in the Parity and Proportional Judgments.Jakub Szymanik & Marcin Zajenkowski - 2011 - Belgian Journal of Linguistics 25:189-206.
    The paper presents an experimental evidence on differences in the sentence-picture verification under additional memory load between parity and proportional quantifiers. We asked subjects to memorize strings of 4 or 6 digits, then to decide whether a quantifier sentence is true at a given picture, and finally to recall the initially given string of numbers. The results show that: (a) proportional quantifiers are more difficult than parity quantifiers with respect to reaction time and accuracy; (b) maintaining either 4 or 6 (...)
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  • Believing and Necessity.Leonard Linsky - 1977 - Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 50 (6):526 - 538.
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  • A System of Dynamic Modal Logic.Maarten de Rijke - 1998 - Journal of Philosophical Logic 27 (2):109 - 142.
    In many logics dealing with information one needs to make statements not only about cognitive states, but also about transitions between them. In this paper we analyze a dynamic modal logic that has been designed with this purpose in mind. On top of an abstract information ordering on states it has instructions to move forward or backward along this ordering, to states where a certain assertion holds or fails, while it also allows combinations of such instructions by means of operations (...)
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  • Bewirken.Franz von Kutschera - 1986 - Erkenntnis 24 (3):253 - 281.
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  • Knowledge, Truth and Evidence.Keith Lehrer - 1965 - Analysis 25 (5):168 - 175.
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  • Players' information in extensive games.Giacomo Bonanno - 1992 - Mathematical Social Sciences 24 (1):35-48.
    This paper suggests a way of formalizing the amount of information that can be conveyed to each player along every possible play of an extensive game. The information given to each player i when the play of the game reaches node x is expressed as a subset of the set of terminal nodes. Two definitions are put forward, one expressing the minimum amount of information and the other the maximum amount of information that can be conveyed without violating the constraint (...)
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  • Church's Thesis and Principles for Mechanisms.Robin Gandy - 1980 - In The Kleene Symposium. North-Holland. pp. 123--148.
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  • Reduction axioms for epistemic actions.Johan van Benthem & Barteld Kooi - unknown
    Current dynamic epistemic logics often become cumbersome and opaque when common knowledge is added. In this paper we propose new versions that extend the underlying static epistemic language in such a way that dynamic completeness proofs can be obtained by perspicuous reduction axioms.
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  • First-order intensional logic.Melvin Fitting - 2004 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 127 (1-3):171-193.
    First - order modal logic is very much under current development, with many different semantics proposed. The use of rigid objects goes back to Saul Kripke. More recently, several semantics based on counterparts have been examined, in a development that goes back to David Lewis. There is yet another line of research, using intensional objects, that traces back to Richard Montague. I have been involved with this line of development for some time. In the present paper, I briefly sketch several (...)
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  • Cognition As Interaction.Johan van Benthem - unknown
    Many cognitive activities are irreducibly social, involving interaction between several different agents. We look at some examples of this in linguistic communication and games, and show how logical methods provide exact models for the relevant information flow and world change. Finally, we discuss possible connections in this arena between logico-computational approaches and experimental cognitive science.
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  • Decisions, Actions, and Games, a Logical Perspective.Johan van Benthem - unknown
    Over the past decades, logicians interested in rational agency and intelligent interaction studied major components of these phenomena, such as knowledge, belief, and preference. In recent years, standard ‘static’ logics describing information states of agents have been generalized to dynamic logics describing actions and events that produce information, revise beliefs, or change preferences, as explicit parts of the logical system. Van Ditmarsch, van der Hoek & Kooi 2007, Baltag, van Ditmarsch & Moss 2008, van Benthem, to appear A, are up-to-date (...)
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  • Open Problems in Logic and Games.Johan van Benthem - unknown
    Dov Gabbay is a prolific logician just by himself. But beyond that, he is quite good at making other people investigate the many further things he cares about. As a result, King's College London has become a powerful attractor in our field worldwide. Thus, it is a great pleasure to be an organizer for one of its flagship events: the Augustus de Morgan Workshop of 2005. Benedikt Loewe and I proposed the topic of 'interactive logic' for this occasion, with an (...)
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  • 'One is a Lonely Number': on the logic of communication.Johan van Benthem - unknown
    Logic is not just about single-agent notions like reasoning, or zero-agent notions like truth, but also about communication between two or more people. What we tell and ask each other can be just as 'logical' as what we infer in Olympic solitude. We show how such interactive phenomena can be studied systematically by merging epistemic and dynamic logic.
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  • The Convergence of Scientific Knowledge a View From the Limit.Vincent F. Hendricks - 2001 - Dordrecht, Netherland: Springer.
    This book will be a rewarding reading for everybody who is interested in logical aspects of scientific knowledge acquisition. The presentation of the issues discussed in the book is exemplary. The author was able to present in parallel way three different perspectives under which the issues discussed in the book might be approached.
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  • Comments On the Interpretation of Game Theory.Ariel Rubinstein - unknown
    The paper is a discussion of the interpretation of game theory. Game theory is viewed as an abstract inquiry into the concepts used in social reasoning when dealing with situations of conflict and not as an attempt to predict behavior. The first half of the paper..
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  • Computational Semantics for Monadic Quantifiers.Marcin Mostowski - 1998 - Journal of Applied Non--Classical Logics 8 (1-2):107--121.
    The paper gives a survey of known results related to computational devices (finite and push–down automata) recognizing monadic generalized quantifiers in finite models. Some of these results are simple reinterpretations of descriptive—feasible correspondence theorems from finite–model theory. Additionally a new result characterizing monadic quantifiers recognized by push down automata is proven.
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  • Completeness of weak implication.Alasdair I. F. Urquhart - 1971 - Theoria 37 (3):274-282.
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  • Products of 'transitive' modal logics.David Gabelaia, Agi Kurucz, Frank Wolter & Michael Zakharyaschev - 2005 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 70 (3):993-1021.
    We solve a major open problem concerning algorithmic properties of products of ‘transitive’ modal logics by showing that products and commutators of such standard logics as K4, S4, S4.1, K4.3, GL, or Grz are undecidable and do not have the finite model property. More generally, we prove that no Kripke complete extension of the commutator [K4,K4] with product frames of arbitrary finite or infinite depth (with respect to both accessibility relations) can be decidable. In particular, if.
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  • Canonical Extensions and Relational Completeness of Some Substructural Logics.J. Michael Dunn, Mai Gehrke & Alessandra Palmigiano - 2005 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 70 (3):713 - 740.
    In this paper we introduce canonical extensions of partially ordered sets and monotone maps and a corresponding discrete duality. We then use these to give a uniform treatment of completeness of relational semantics for various substructural logics with implication as the residual(s) of fusion.
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  • Minimal predicates, fixed-points, and definability.Johan van Benthem - 2005 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 70 (3):696-712.
    Minimal predicates P satisfying a given first-order description φ(P) occur widely in mathematical logic and computer science. We give an explicit first-order syntax for special first-order ‘PIA conditions’ φ(P) which guarantees unique existence of such minimal predicates. Our main technical result is a preservation theorem showing PIA-conditions to be expressively complete for all those first-order formulas that are preserved under a natural model-theoretic operation of ‘predicate intersection’. Next, we show how iterated predicate minimization on PIA-conditions yields a language MIN(FO) equal (...)
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  • The Price of Universality.Edith Hemaspaandra - 1996 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 37 (2):174-203.
    We investigate the effect on the complexity of adding the universal modality and the reflexive transitive closure modality to modal logics. From the examples in the literature, one might conjecture that adding the reflexive transitive closure modality is at least as hard as adding the universal modality, and that adding either of these modalities to a multi-modal logic where the modalities do not interact can only increase the complexity to EXPTIME-complete. We show that the first conjecture holds under reasonable assumptions (...)
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  • Minimal Temporal Epistemic Logic.Joeri Engelfriet - 1996 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 37 (2):233-259.
    In the study of nonmonotonic reasoning the main emphasis has been on static (declarative) aspects. Only recently has there been interest in the dynamic aspects of reasoning processes, particularly in artificial intelligence. We study the dynamics of reasoning processes by using a temporal logic to specify them and to reason about their properties, just as is common in theoretical computer science. This logic is composed of a base temporal epistemic logic with a preference relation on models, and an associated nonmonotonic (...)
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  • Incremental semantics for propositional texts.C. F. M. Vermeulen - 1994 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 35 (2):243-271.
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  • Defining "good" and "bad" in terms of "better".Sven Ove Hansson - 1989 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 31 (1):136-149.
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  • Tense logic and time.Johan van Benthem - 1984 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 25 (1):1-16.
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  • Quick completeness proofs for some logics of conditionals.John P. Burgess - 1981 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 22 (1):76-84.
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  • Calculations by Man and Machine: Mathematical Presentation.Wilfried Sieg - unknown
    Wilfried Sieg. Calculations by Man and Machine: Mathematical Presentation.
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  • Learning theory and epistemology.Kevin Kelly - 2004 - In Ilkka Niiniluoto, Matti Sintonen & Jan Woleński (eds.), Handbook of Epistemology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 183--203.
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  • Quantifiers and Working Memory.Jakub Szymanik & Marcin Zajenkowski - 2010 - In Maria Aloni & Katrin Schulz (eds.), Amsterdam Colloquium 2009, LNAI 6042. Springer.
    The paper presents a study examining the role of working<br>memory in quantifier verification. We created situations similar to the<br>span task to compare numerical quantifiers of low and high rank, parity<br>quantifiers and proportional quantifiers. The results enrich and support<br>the data obtained previously in and predictions drawn from a computational<br>model.
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  • Non-Well-Founded Sets.Peter Aczel - 1988 - Palo Alto, CA, USA: Csli Lecture Notes.
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  • Logics for the relational syllogistic.Ian Pratt-Hartmann & Lawrence S. Moss - 2009 - Review of Symbolic Logic 2 (4):647-683.
    The Aristotelian syllogistic cannot account for the validity of certain inferences involving relational facts. In this paper, we investigate the prospects for providing a relational syllogistic. We identify several fragments based on (a) whether negation is permitted on all nouns, including those in the subject of a sentence; and (b) whether the subject noun phrase may contain a relative clause. The logics we present are extensions of the classical syllogistic, and we pay special attention to the question of whether reductio (...)
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  • A system of ethics.Edwin T. Mitchell - 1950 - New York,: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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  • Preference and obligation.Sven Danielsson - 1969 - Uppsala,: Filosofiska föreningen.
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  • Qualitative probabilities for default reasoning, belief revision, and causal modeling.Moisés Goldszmidt & Judea Pearl - 1996 - Artificial Intelligence 84 (1-2):57-112.
    This paper presents a formalism that combines useful properties of both logic and probabilities. Like logic, the formalism admits qualitative sentences and provides symbolic machinery for deriving deductively closed beliefs and, like probability, it permits us to express if-then rules with different levels of firmness and to retract beliefs in response to changing observations. Rules are interpreted as order-of-magnitude approximations of conditional probabilities which impose constraints over the rankings of worlds. Inferences are supported by a unique priority ordering on rules (...)
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  • A Note on some Neuroimaging Study of Natural Language Quantifiers Comprehension.Jakub Szymanik - 2007 - Neuropsychologia 45 (9):2158-2160.
    We discuss McMillan et al. (2005) paper devoted to study brain activity during comprehension of sentences with generalized quantifiers. According to the authors their results verify a particular computational model of natural language quantifier comprehension posited by several linguists and logicians (e. g. see van Benthem, 1986). We challenge this statement by invoking the computational difference between first-order quantifiers and divisibility quantifiers (e. g. see Mostowski, 1998). Moreover, we suggest other studies on quantifier comprehension, which can throw more light on (...)
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  • The logic of proofs, semantically.Melvin Fitting - 2005 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 132 (1):1-25.
    A new semantics is presented for the logic of proofs (LP), [1, 2], based on the intuition that it is a logic of explicit knowledge. This semantics is used to give new proofs of several basic results concerning LP. In particular, the realization of S4 into LP is established in a way that carefully examines and explicates the role of the + operator. Finally connections are made with the conventional approach, via soundness and completeness results.
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  • Quantifiers in TIME and SPACE. Computational Complexity of Generalized Quantifiers in Natural Language.Jakub Szymanik - 2009 - Dissertation, University of Amsterdam
    In the dissertation we study the complexity of generalized quantifiers in natural language. Our perspective is interdisciplinary: we combine philosophical insights with theoretical computer science, experimental cognitive science and linguistic theories. -/- In Chapter 1 we argue for identifying a part of meaning, the so-called referential meaning (model-checking), with algorithms. Moreover, we discuss the influence of computational complexity theory on cognitive tasks. We give some arguments to treat as cognitively tractable only those problems which can be computed in polynomial time. (...)
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  • An essay in classical modal logic.Krister Segerberg - 1971 - Uppsala,: Filosofiska föreningen och Filosofiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet.
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