A central figure in Victorian science, William Whewell held professorships in Mineralogy and Moral Philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge, before becoming Master of the college in 1841. His mathematical textbooks, such as A Treatise on Dynamics, were instrumental in bringing French analytical methods into British science. This three-volume history, first published in 1837, is one of Whewell's most famous works. Taking the 'acute, but fruitless, essays of Greek philosophy' as a starting point, it provides a history of the physical sciences (...) that culminates with the mechanics, astronomy, and chemistry of 'modern times'. Volume 2 focuses on the rise and development of modern mechanics in the seventeenth century. Whewell shows how Galileo's laws of motion exemplify a paradigmatic shift from 'formal' to 'physical' sciences - a new approach concerned with explaining causes rather than merely observing phenomena. It also discusses the implications for physical astronomy of Newton's discoveries. (shrink)

The Philosophy of Science, if the phrase were to be understood in the comprehensive sense which most naturally offers itself to our thoughts, ...

Originally published in 1830, this book can be called the first modern work in the philosophy of science, covering an extraordinary range of philosophical, methodological, and scientific subjects. "Herschel's book . . . brilliantly analyzes both the history and nature of science."—Keith Stewart Thomson, American Scientist.

Монографія А.Колодного "Релігійне життя України в особах його діячів і дослідників" - оцінки її рецензентів М.Ткачук, П.Мовчана, А.Єрмоленка та П.Яроцького.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...) in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Стаття присвячена розгляду процесів ідентифікації серед українських протестантів в діаспорі. Доводиться, що це самовизначення носить суперечливий і нелінійний характер й пов’язане насамперед із складними соціально-політичними змінами в світі, зокрема в Україні. Протестанти діаспори, як і в Україні, постають перед новими викликами глобального виміру, до яких вони не завжди готові.

В статье описываются и оцениваются различные концепции и подходы к рассмотрению феномена информации. Автор подчеркивает важность понятия информации как в анализе современного научного дискурса, так и в исследованиях общественных процессов, явлений и т. п. На основе современных работ в области философии информации поднимается вопрос о понимании самого феномена информации как основополагающего для определения понятия «информация». Рассматривается процесс историко-научной и историкофилософской эволюции понимания феномена информации в отечественной и зарубежной мысли. Акцентируется внимание на более детальной и фундаментальной проработанности понимания природы информации в (...) отечественной литературе. Автором предпринимается попытка рассмотрения ряда современных исследований информации, объединенных под общим названием философии информации. Рассматриваются работы Лучано Флориди, Константина К. Колина и Лю Гана. Делается вывод о том, что, благодаря своим концептуальным отличиям, наиболее перспективной, с точки зрения автора, является модальная теория информации, предлагаемая синологическим подходом как к философскому осмыслению информации, так и к западнофилософской мысли в целом. (shrink)

The significance of the research topic is found in the analysis of the problem of thinking, one of the most important abilities of man, which today, in combination with knowledge, appears as a means of creating a new world and man. The purpose of the study is to identify the main content load of thinking in the process of its formation and development in the system of various intellectual and cognitive practices, in the culture of communication, which determines its role (...) in the acquisition and transformation of the surrounding reality - natural, social, spiritual. Objectives of the study - to identify the main directions of development of thinking - logical, philosophical, psychological, to reveal the content of the concept of "productive thinking", its development in classical epistemology and post-classical philosophy of science, which show the polymeaningfulness of the phenomenon of thinking. Methodology of the research - analytical-historical, contaminant, rational-heuristic methods are used, which allows to carry out a systematic analysis of thinking, which acquired a variety of forms and means in the history of philosophy and culture; methods of contemporary socio-philosophical and cognitive analysis showed the relationship of theoretical foundations of thinking with practical principles. The result of the study is the conceptualization of the problem of thinking as an effective intellectual, heuristic, cognitive and theoretical tool in the development of knowledge, objectivized in concepts, principles, and laws. The establishment of the role of thinking in the development of scientific knowledge, in the creation of new paradigms of knowledge is also an important aspect. The result of the analysis is the development of scientific-theoretical and methodological approaches in identifying the heuristic, creative essence of thinking, whose influence on the objective and subjective world causes their transformation and the transition to a new quality. Conclusion - the solution of theoretical problems of intellectual and intellectual activity as a factor in the formation and development of philosophy, culture and creative activity of man. (shrink)

Post non classical methodology is based on the thesis of the problematic nature of operating by entities which were traditionally viewed as a large-scale subject of history and the media of historical sense. They are too abstract to be real actors of history in terms of thinking and acting. The possibility of constructing of the global historical schemes, concepts is determined as doubtful. Some functions of ideological philosophy of history were partially shifted to other areas of social and scientific knowledge, (...) especially in theoretical sociology. The methodology of historical globalization came into being as well as “world-system” theory and historical projection of geopolitical ideas. The main characteristic feature and difference among these theories is the understanding of contemporary global and transnational processes in terms of retro perspectives of 500 years of the world history. The methodology of the historical globalistics turns round the historians from essentially humanitarian knowledge to social sciences. This direction of research occurs under the conditions of actualization of cultural-historical approach and the supremacy the concept of historical relativism. Eurocentric, linear and strictly deterministic concepts of traditional philosophy of history are denied in the article. The theories of cultural anthropology and synergy are prepared together with its methodological tools. Hence socio-historical existence again becomes existentially open to different possibilities. (shrink)

В статті досліджується постмодерністський дискурс «риторики економіки», що відкриває нові перспективи логічного аналізу. Показано особливості логіки викладу позиції Д.Макклоски, аргументи якої обґрунтовують економічну науку в якості риторики. Виступаючи співмірністю засобів і мети в мові економічної теорії, риторика презентує себе в якості «економіка мови», наукою про розподіл блага для людей. Для обґрунтування своїх положень економічна наука використовує в якості аргументів факти, метафори, положення логіки, історії, що дозволяє глибше зрозуміти наукові тексти. В статті доводиться, що предметом риторики економіки є діалог, який ведуть (...) між собою економісти з метою переконати один одного в тій чи іншій істині. Дана обставина відкриває нові перспективи для розвитку логіки і філософії. (shrink)