Probability, Frequency and Reasonable Expectation.

According to the standard and largely traditional interpretation, Aristotle’s conception of nous, at least as it occurs in the Posterior Analytics, is geared against a certain set of skeptical worries about the possibility of scientific knowledge, and ultimately of the knowledge of Aristotelian first principles. On this view, Aristotle introduces nous as an intuitive faculty that grasps the first principles once and for all as true in such a way that it does not leave any room for the skeptic to (...) press his skeptical point any further. Thus the tradi- tional interpretation views Aristotelian nous as having an internalist justificatory role in Aristotelian epistemology. In contrast, a minority (empiricist) view that has emerged recently holds the same internalist justificatory view of nous but rejects its internally certifiable infallibility by stressing the connection between nous and Aristotelian induction. I argue that both approaches are flawed in that Aristotle’s project in the Posterior Analytics is not to answer the skeptic on internalist justificatory grounds, but rather lay out a largely externalist explication of scientific knowledge, i.e. what scientific knowledge consists in, without worrying as to whether we can ever show the skeptic to his satisfaction that we do ever possess knowledge so defined. (shrink)

We show that Bell inequalities can be violated in the macroscopic world. The macroworld violation is illustrated using an example involving connected vessels of water. We show that whether the violation of inequalities occurs in the microworld or the macroworld, it is the identification of nonidentical events that plays a crucial role. Specifically, we prove that if nonidentical events are consistently differentiated, Bell-type Pitowsky inequalities are no longer violated, even for Bohm's example of two entangled spin 1/2 quantum particles. We (...) show how Bell inequalities can be violated in cognition, specifically in the relationship between abstract concepts and specific instances of these concepts. This supports the hypothesis that genuine quantum structure exists in the mind. We introduce a model where the amount of nonlocality and the degree of quantum uncertainty are parameterized, and demonstrate that increasing nonlocality increases the degree of violation, while increasing quantum uncertainty decreases the degree of violation. (shrink)

В статье описываются и оцениваются различные концепции и подходы к рассмотрению феномена информации. Автор подчеркивает важность понятия информации как в анализе современного научного дискурса, так и в исследованиях общественных процессов, явлений и т. п. На основе современных работ в области философии информации поднимается вопрос о понимании самого феномена информации как основополагающего для определения понятия «информация». Рассматривается процесс историко-научной и историкофилософской эволюции понимания феномена информации в отечественной и зарубежной мысли. Акцентируется внимание на более детальной и фундаментальной проработанности понимания природы информации в (...) отечественной литературе. Автором предпринимается попытка рассмотрения ряда современных исследований информации, объединенных под общим названием философии информации. Рассматриваются работы Лучано Флориди, Константина К. Колина и Лю Гана. Делается вывод о том, что, благодаря своим концептуальным отличиям, наиболее перспективной, с точки зрения автора, является модальная теория информации, предлагаемая синологическим подходом как к философскому осмыслению информации, так и к западнофилософской мысли в целом. (shrink)

Украинский протестантизма присуща восточная и западная традиция, позволяет ему восстановить культурно-богословский связь с европейским протестантизмом и католицизмом в контексте межконфессионального диалога, экуменический потенциал которого обнаружил Укранская Mайдан Достоинства.

The purpose of the article is the explication of fashion as a subject of social-philosophical analysis. The thought of modern scientists according to the lack of long-term scientific review of fashion is traced, that is connected with its definition exclusively as part of everyday life of the individual. Interdisciplinary fashion as an object of scientific study is emphasized. Theoretical approaches and classification of the definition and genesis of fashion are analyzed. It is proved that the theoretical concept of fashion is (...) inextricably linked to social processes in society, which led to the dominance of the concept of social differentiation in the genesis of fashion. It is emphasized that some concepts are not only theoretical approaches to the explanation of the essence of fashion and also reveal its characteristics, regardless of its specific, historical and social periods. The attention is made that the current social conditions create a space that contributes to the desire of the individual to fashion not only as consumer but also as a mechanism to create own attractive image. It is proved that fashion is presented in the form of a sign which encodes the social situation of the individual through his visual perception. Subjective aspect of the phenomenon of fashion in the form of creation of designers and individuals is traced. Within the social philosophy at the individual level the consideration of new aspects is possible: identification, fulfilment, interaction with representatives of various religious and cultural groups, the consumption of material production, and others. At the under individual level it is possible to determine the mechanism of the genesis and subsequent existence, transformations of the phenomenon of fashion, based on social processes. The possibilities of creating an integrated fashion using the concept of social philosophy are demonstrated; it will restore the scientific status of the matter and reveal its new research prospects. (shrink)

A critical inquiry of the philosophical fundamentals in a pre-internet Age of the 1960ies and 1970ies. The monograph starts with the essentials of Chomsky's communication theory, makes a critical assessment on the social and psychological turns of body language and brings out relevant analytic points of Kierkegaard's, Nietzsche's, Heidegger's and Jasper's existential philosophy. It prepares the framework and the preriquisites of a global 'Age of Access'.

Recent work in quantum information science has produced a revolution in our understanding of quantum entanglement. Scientists now view entanglement as a physical resource with many important applications. These range from quantum computers, which would be able to compute exponentially faster than classical computers, to quantum cryptographic techniques, which could provide unbreakable codes for the transfer of secret information over public channels. These important advances in the study of quantum entanglement and information touch on deep foundational issues in both physics (...) and philosophy. This interdisciplinary volume brings together fourteen of the world's leading physicists and philosophers of physics to address the most important developments and debates in this exciting area of research. It offers a broad spectrum of approaches to resolving deep foundational challenges - philosophical, mathematical, and physical - raised by quantum information, quantum processing, and entanglement. This book is ideal for historians, philosophers of science and physicists"--Provided by publisher. (shrink)

The mathematical theory of communication.

First published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

A fascinating portrait of the Pythagorean tradition, including a substantial account of the Neo-Pythagorean revival, and ending with Johannes Kepler on the threshold of modernism.

We study logic translations from an abstract perspective, without any commitment to the structure of sentences and the nature of logical entailment, which also means that we cover both proof- theoretic and model-theoretic entailment. We show how logic translations induce notions of logical expressiveness, consistency strength and sublogic, leading to an explanation of paradoxes that have been described in the literature. Connectives and quantifiers, although not present in the definition of logic and logic translation, can be recovered by their abstract (...) properties and are preserved and reflected by translations under suitable conditions. (shrink)

We extend in a natural way the operation of Turing machines to infinite ordinal time, and investigate the resulting supertask theory of computability and decidability on the reals. Everyset. for example, is decidable by such machines, and the semi-decidable sets form a portion of thesets. Our oracle concept leads to a notion of relative computability for sets of reals and a rich degree structure, stratified by two natural jump operators.

This is a detailed study of Niels Bohr's work on an epistemological foundation for 20th century physics. The connections he drew between physics, language, and philosophy, are traced historically and their validity is analyzed in the light of contemporary science. (Philosophy).

This volume reviews the history and development of mathematics, logic and the physical sciences to show that late 20th-century work in quantum theory offers answers to questions that have puzzled philosophers for centuries such as: is the world ultimately intelligible?

The initial sections of this text deal with syntactical matters such as logical formalism, cut-elimination, and the embedding of intuitionistic logic in classical linear logic. Concluding chapters focus on proofnets for the multiplicative fragment and the algorithmic interpretation of cut-elimination in proofnets.

"Freiburger Vorlesungen Sommersemester 1933 und Wintersemester 1933/34 / herausgegeben von Hartmut Tietjen"--T.p. verso.

Since the Niels Bohr centenary of 1985 there has been an astonishing international surge of scholarly analyses of Bohr's philosophy. Now for the first time in Niels Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy Jan Faye and Henry Folse have brought together sixteen of today's leading authors who have helped mould this new round of discussions on Bohr's philosophy. In fifteen entirely new, previously unpublished essays we discover a surprising variety of the different facets of Bohr as the natural philosopher whose `framework of (...) complementarity' shaped the final phase of the quantum revolution and influenced two generations of the century's leading physicists. There is much on which the authors included here agree; but there are also polar disagreements, which assure us that the philosophical questions revolving around Bohr's `new viewpoint' will continue to be a subject of scholarly interest and discussion for years to come. This collection will interest all serious students of history and philosophy of science, and foundations of physics. (shrink)

In this study, I offer an account of the relationship between Heidegger's notion of difference and Derrida's notion of differance in light of the question of Being. I argue that, while Derrida's account of differance calls into question Heidegger's characterization of difference as that which allows for presence, this same account calls itself into question as well, that is, in the manner of the liar paradox--if it is true, it is false--which is just to say it is undecidable in the (...) Derridian sense of the term. I come to these conclusions through a close reading of Heidegger's Identity and Difference and Derrida's Speech and Phenomena, where I uncover a motif of external and internal relations which I employ in contrasting difference and differance. ;In addition, this study is concerned with the doctrine of God, a doctrine which I suggest is closely related to Heidegger's question of Being insofar as both attempt to account for the genesis of things. I argue that, while Heidegger's account undercuts traditional theism, the problematization of the question of Being by virtue of differance suggests that the theological project, insofar as it involves giving an account of the absolute, i.e., God, has likewise been called into question. I suggest further that this situation indicates the need to redirect the concerns of theology toward interpersonal and social issues, and that this move does not set a precedent insofar as certain Western and Eastern approaches have always valued releasement from doctrinal attachments as a way to encourage the best in human relations. (shrink)

The two theories that revolutionized physics in the twentieth century, relativity and quantum mechanics, are full of predictions that defy common sense. Recently, we used three such paradoxical ideas to prove “The Free Will Theorem” (strengthened here), which is the culmination of a series of theorems about quantum mechanics that began in the 1960s. It asserts, roughly, that if indeed we humans have free will, then elementary particles already have their own small share of this valuable commodity. More precisely, if (...) the experimenter can freely choose the directions in which to orient his apparatus in a certain measurement, then the particle’s response (to be pedantic—the universe’s response near the particle) is not determined by the entire previous history of the universe. Our argument combines the well-known consequence of relativity theory, that the time order of space-like separated events is not absolute, with the EPR paradox discovered by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen in 1935, and the Kochen-Specker Paradox of 1967 (See [2].) We follow Bohm in using a spin version of EPR and Peres in using his set of 33 directions, rather than the original configuration used by Kochen and Specker. More contentiously, the argument also involves the notion of free will, but we postpone further discussion of this to the last section of the article. Note that our proof does not mention “probabilities” or the “states” that determine them, which is.. (shrink)

Durch eine Untersuchung der Stoßvorgänge wird die Auffassung entwickelt, daß die Quantenmechanik in der Schrödingerschen Form nicht nur die stationären Zustände, sondern auch die Quantensprünge zu beschreiben gestattet.

What is predicativity? While the term suggests that there is a single idea involved, what the history will show is that there are a number of ideas of predicativity which may lead to different logical analyses, and I shall uncover these only gradually. A central question will then be what, if anything, unifies them. Though early discussions are often muddy on the concepts and their employment, in a number of important respects they set the stage for the further developments, and (...) so I shall give them special attention. NB. Ahistorically, modern logical and set-theoretical notation will be used throughout, as long as it does not conflict with original intentions. (shrink)

This brief survey analyzes the epistemological implications about the role of observer in the interpretations of Quantum Mechanics. As we know, the goal of most interpretations of quantum mechanics is to avoid the apparent intrusion of the observer into the measurement process. In the same time, there are implicit and hidden assumptions about his role. In fact, most interpretations taking as ontic level one of these fundamental concepts as information, physical law and matter bring us to new problematical questions. We (...) think, that no interpretation of the quantum theory can avoid this intrusion until we do not clarify the nature of observer. (shrink)