For a transitional market with a short history like that of Vietnam, corporate governance is a critical area of improvement. The issuance of Circular 121 in 2012 marked an important milestone of corporate governance reform in Vietnam as it includes stricter and more well-defined regulations learned from international best practices. Among them is the requirement that independent directors should make up at least one-third of the board of directors. Although improving financial reporting is not at the heart (...) of Circular 121, this Circular is expected to reduce earnings management through the mandatory requirement of board independence. Using data collected from a sample of 523 non-financial listed firms from 2009 – 2016, this study finds no significant relationship between earnings management and the proportion of independent directors, and Circular 121 has no impact on this relationship. These results are consistent across different regression approaches and various robustness tests, suggesting that board independence and corporate governance reform are not effective tools in mitigating earnings management. (shrink)

At the heart of Kant’s legal-political philosophy lies a liberal, republican ideal of justice understood in terms of private independence (non-domination) and subjection to public laws securing freedom for all citizens as equals. Given this basic commitment of Kant’s, it is puzzling to many that he does not consider democracy a minimal condition on a legitimate state. In addition, many find Kant ideas of reform or improvement of the historical states we have inherited vague and confusing. The aim of (...) this paper is to untangle both puzzles by exploring Kant’s idea of self-governance. I argue that Kant’s idea of self-governance gives us a very good starting point for thinking about how to leave room for a variety of political systems—different ideals—that have grown out of and responding to different contingent historical and cultural circumstances. It also helps us identify those areas where we want to take extra care to build in safeguards to secure stability and to take sufficiently seriously humankind’s truly nasty sides. (shrink)

This article focuses on Makerere University and Kyambogo University to highlight stakeholders’ concerns pertaining to the shared governance framework for public universities in Uganda. It is anchored in the interpretivist lens and the data was derived from three state-sponsored reports on the two public universities. The secondary data was analysed using content analysis. The findings demonstrate that the size, composition, authority and effectiveness of the university council and the senate and the mode through which leaders assume office, are the (...) salient governance concerns in the two universities. The results further show that, stakeholders’ concerns regarding the current shared governance framework for public universities relate to the substance of the framework rather than its form or the framework itself. This suggests that the governance framework comprising the university council, the university senate and the administration is fit for purpose and in sync with the nature of the academy. Arguably, these governance organs (and the nature of their work) set a university apart from other organisations. Finally, without being prescriptive, the article sketches options for reform. (shrink)

According to Warriner (1969) a simple way of defining land reforms is to name it “the redistribution of property or rights in land for the benefit of the landless, tenants and farm labourers”. Land reforms are mainly characterised by the government’s change of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership. Land reforms deal with the government in power distributing property which is in most times agricultural land. In some instances it also involves the distribution of land from the more powerful (...) or wealthy group of people such as nobles and bourgeoisie and giving potions of the land to the less powerful in society especially during the start of the post-colonial error in most countries in Southern Africa. During the pre-colonial period, land or pieces of land belonged to different ethnic groups, clans and lineages but now in the post-colonial land reform programs were to introduce individual ownership of land. There are many reasons why the government (both colonial and post-colonial) embark on land reforms and some of the factors influencing them include political reasons such promoting communism or socialism, social reasons such as separating the blacks from the whites and creating social stratification and economic reasons such as facilitating private investments and raising the country’s economic growth of the agricultural sector just but to mention a few reasons. Though some of the government’s reasons to embark on land reforms appear to be noble, local communities refuse these land reforms since they create social stratifications, at times increase poverty, destroy the matrilineal societies and are more political in nature rather than a means to better the people’s lives especially during the colonial error. The essay below will vividly portray why the government embarks on land reform programs and why local people resist these reforms using examples from both colonial and post-colonial Southern African countries. (shrink)

Abstract: For the last two decades, land and land-related problems are more complicated ever before. Especially the proliferation of large-scale rural land investments and the vulnerability of the local communities in land abundant developing countries instigated researchers, human right activists, and international and regional organizations to proposed governance guidelines, principles, and codes of conduct for large-scale land investments. To identify policy flaws on the protection of local community rights under the governance process of large-scale rural land investment in (...) Amhara National Regional State Ethiopia the commonalities of those international and regional accepted governance guiding lines and principles are taken as a point of reference to examine the land governance policies of the region through the approach of document analysis. The result shows all legislation with regard to the governance of large-scale rural land investment is flawed throughout the land policy reform processes and identified five ways in which the de jure land-related rights of the local communities are compromised and exacerbated the vulnerability of their livelihoods. (shrink)

Regulatory governance frameworks have become essential building blocks of world society. From supply chains to the regimes surrounding international organizations, extensive governance frameworks have emerged which structure and channel a variety of social exchanges, including economic, political, legal and cultural, on a global scale. Against this background, this special issue sets out to explore the multifaceted meaning, potential and impact as well as the social praxis of regulatory governance. Under the notions rules, resistance and responsibility the special (...) issue pins out three overall dimensions of regulation and governance thereby providing a theoretical and conceptual framework for grasping the phenomenon of regulatory governance. This is combined with extensive case studies on a number of regulatory governance settings ranging from the World Bank to agricultural reforms carried by the International Transitional Administrations (ITAs) in Kosovo and Iraq as well as global supply chains and their impact on the garment industry in Bangladesh. (shrink)

Comprehensive Reform for the Philippines: A Path to Balance, Progress, and Genuine Spirituality -/- The Philippines faces numerous challenges that hinder its development, with overpopulation, economic struggles, an outdated educational system, and inefficiencies in various sectors. These issues require a comprehensive reform that aligns with sustainable and balanced progress. A strong foundation in education, economic stability, government restructuring, urban planning, increased productivity, and genuine spirituality is essential to achieving long-term national growth. -/- Family, Self-Reliance, and Economic Balance -/- (...) One of the strongest aspects of Filipino culture is its close-knit family ties. While this fosters deep social connections and mutual support, it also highlights the need for self-reliance, especially in financial matters. No family member can provide permanent financial aid, making economic independence crucial. This balance between support and self-sufficiency should be emphasized in education to help individuals develop resilience and long-term financial planning skills. -/- Overpopulation remains a major issue in the country, straining resources, employment opportunities, and infrastructure. Without proper regulation, it creates an Imbalance that affects the economy and the overall well-being of citizens. Addressing this issue requires a world-class or holistic educational system that equips people with critical thinking skills and an understanding of sustainable living. -/- The Role of a Holistic Educational System -/- A key solution to many of the Philippines’ problems lies in education. The major goal of a holistic educational system is to produce a high-quality young generation of Filipinos—individuals who are not only academically competent but also morally upright, socially responsible, and innovative. This kind of education must go beyond memorization and standardized testing. It should focus on developing problem-solving skills, ethical reasoning, leadership, and an awareness of social and environmental responsibilities. -/- A well-educated population is more likely to make informed decisions about family planning, career paths, and financial management. It would also cultivate a workforce that is highly skilled and adaptable to a rapidly changing global economy. If properly implemented, this education system would empower Filipinos to become self-reliant, contribute to national progress, and break the cycle of poverty. -/- Economic Growth, Job Creation, and Increased Productivity -/- At the same time, job creation is crucial. A strong economy relies on a balance between government-driven employment programs, private sector growth, and foreign direct investments (FDI). Encouraging businesses, both local and international, to invest in the Philippines would provide job opportunities, boost the economy, and reduce poverty. However, this requires a government system that is transparent, efficient, and capable of managing these economic initiatives effectively. -/- To maximize economic potential, productivity across all sectors—including agriculture, manufacturing, and services—must be significantly improved. Strategies to increase productivity include: -/- 1. Agricultural Modernization – Investing in better farming techniques, irrigation systems, and post-harvest facilities can improve efficiency in food production and reduce waste. Government support in mechanization and research can increase yields and help farmers transition to more profitable and sustainable practices. -/- 2. Technology Integration in Industry – Encouraging automation, artificial intelligence, and digital tools in various industries will enhance efficiency and competitiveness. Training workers to adapt to these technologies is crucial for long-term success. -/- 3. Skills Development and Workforce Training – Continuous upskilling programs in technical and vocational fields will ensure that workers are equipped with the latest industry knowledge, increasing productivity and innovation. -/- 4. Support for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) – Providing financial assistance, mentorship programs, and access to international markets will help SMEs grow, create jobs, and contribute to the economy. -/- 5. Streamlining Government Processes – Reducing bureaucratic red tape and implementing digital governance solutions will improve efficiency in business registration, taxation, and service delivery, fostering a more productive environment. -/- The Importance of Urban Planning and Infrastructure Development -/- Another critical factor in national progress is urban planning and government investment in high-quality infrastructure projects. Many of the country’s problems, including traffic congestion, flooding, and housing shortages, stem from poor urban planning and outdated infrastructure. To address this, the government must invest in well-planned cities, efficient transportation systems, and sustainable housing projects. -/- Proper urban planning ensures that growing populations are managed effectively, preventing overcrowded informal settlements and ensuring that resources are distributed efficiently. High-quality infrastructure projects, such as modern highways, bridges, airports, and public transport systems, would not only improve the quality of life for Filipinos but also attract more foreign investments, further strengthening the economy. A well-structured and balanced urban environment leads to better economic opportunities, improved public services, and a higher standard of living for all citizens. -/- Comprehensive Government Reform -/- A comprehensive government reform is necessary to address these interconnected problems. Corruption, inefficiency, and short-term political agendas must be replaced with policies that focus on long-term sustainability and national progress. This can be achieved through a structured and merit-based political system, ensuring that competent and visionary leaders are in charge. If decision-makers follow the principles of balance in governance—ensuring fairness, stability, and sustainability—then the country can move toward real progress. -/- The Role of Genuine Spirituality -/- An essential yet often overlooked aspect of national development is genuine spirituality. While religion is deeply ingrained in Filipino culture, it must evolve beyond rituals and dogma to serve as a guiding force for ethical governance, responsible citizenship, and moral leadership. True spirituality is not about blind faith but about inner transformation, self-discipline, and wisdom in decision-making. Leaders and citizens alike must cultivate values such as integrity, compassion, and accountability—principles that align with the universal law of balance in nature. When people are spiritually grounded, they are more likely to act justly, prioritize the common good, and resist corruption and greed. -/- A Vision for the Future -/- Implementing a holistic approach that integrates education reform, economic stability, government restructuring, urban planning, productivity enhancement, infrastructure development, and genuine spirituality is key to fixing the Philippines’ systemic problems. By understanding and applying the universal law of balance in nature, the country can create policies that align with long-term development, benefiting not just the present generation but also the future. A nation guided by wisdom, moral responsibility, and a balanced perspective on life will be able to achieve real and lasting progress. -/- . (shrink)

In the opinion of many Slovenian and Croatian scholars, the constitutional and legislative design of citizen-initiated referendums in their respective countries was in many ways flawed. Referendums initiated by citizens have caused, at least from the point of view of governments in these two countries, many unexpected constitutional, political and/or economic problems. Over the years, several unsuccessful constitutional reforms of the institute of referendum have been attempted both in Slovenia and Croatia. In 2013, Slovenia finally attained its ‘constitutional moment’ in (...) which it was possible to reach an almost universal consensus in the National Assembly on constitutionally redesigning the legislative referendum. On the other hand, several attempts by the Croatian Parliament to amend the constitutional provision relating to citizens’ initiatives have come to nothing due to the interests of the major parties in the constitutional amendment process being different. (shrink)

Reforming Freedom of Speech to Eliminate Dogmatic and Negative Thinking and Behavior -/- Freedom of speech is a fundamental human right that allows individuals to express their thoughts, ideas, and beliefs without fear of government suppression. It has been a cornerstone of democratic societies, enabling progress through open dialogue and the exchange of diverse perspectives. However, freedom of speech also presents challenges, particularly when it allows for the spread of dogmatic thinking, misinformation, negative behavior, and ideological extremism. The question arises: (...) Can we reform freedom of speech to create a cultural mentality free from dogmatic thinking, negative thinking, and harmful behavior without compromising intellectual freedom? -/- The Role of Freedom of Speech in Intellectual and Behavioral Progress -/- Freedom of speech is crucial for intellectual and social development. It allows for questioning of dogma, whether religious, political, or ideological, and encourages open debate that helps refine knowledge and discard outdated or harmful beliefs. However, unrestricted speech can also enable the spread of misinformation, fear-based ideologies, and divisive rhetoric, which can entrench dogmatic thinking and encourage negative behavior. A well-balanced approach to reforming freedom of speech must ensure that while harmful speech and behavior are addressed, intellectual freedom and constructive dialogue remain protected. -/- Reforming Freedom of Speech Without Harming Intellectual and Cultural Growth -/- Rather than imposing rigid restrictions on speech, societies can implement reforms that guide how speech is used in constructive ways. This can be achieved through education, selective regulation, cultural transformation, and behavioral awareness. -/- 1. Education-Based Approach -/- Mandate critical thinking and logic training in schools: Teaching students how to analyze arguments, recognize logical fallacies, and differentiate between rational and emotional reasoning can significantly reduce the spread of dogmatic thinking and negative behaviors. -/- Teach media literacy: In the digital age, misinformation spreads rapidly. Educating individuals on how to verify sources, evaluate evidence, and distinguish propaganda from fact-based information is essential. -/- Encourage scientific literacy: A society that understands scientific principles is less likely to fall prey to ideological extremism and more likely to base decisions on evidence rather than emotion or tradition. -/- Foster emotional intelligence education: Encouraging self-awareness, empathy, and constructive communication can reduce negative behaviors such as hostility, intolerance, and impulsivity. -/- 2. Regulating Harmful Speech and Behavior Without Limiting Thought -/- Laws against incitement to violence, hate speech, and deliberate misinformation: While free speech should be protected, speech that causes direct harm, promotes violence, or spreads falsehoods with malicious intent should be regulated. -/- Promote fact-checking and responsible journalism: Media outlets and digital platforms should be encouraged to uphold ethical standards, ensuring that information shared with the public is accurate and balanced. -/- Encourage platform moderation: Social media platforms play a significant role in shaping public discourse. Implementing policies to prevent echo chambers of radical dogma, misinformation, and toxic behavior can help maintain a balanced and rational discussion environment. -/- 3. Promoting Constructive Speech, Cultural Transformation, and Positive Behavior -/- Encourage public discourse that values logic and evidence: Societies should foster an environment where rational discussion is appreciated over emotional or ideological rhetoric. -/- Promote public intellectuals and role models: Figures who exemplify balanced, critical thinking and positive behavior should be highlighted in media and education to inspire future generations. -/- Shift cultural norms to value evidence-based reasoning and ethical behavior: Encouraging a cultural shift where truth, facts, and rationality are held in high regard while fostering kindness, respect, and constructive interaction can help reduce the influence of dogmatic ideologies and harmful behaviors. -/- Use behavioral psychology insights to design better policies: Governments and institutions can use insights from psychology to craft policies that encourage cooperation, critical thought, and ethical decision-making. -/- Risks of Over-Regulation -/- While reforming speech and behavior policies can have benefits, excessive control poses serious risks: -/- Authoritarian tendencies: Over-regulation can lead to a government or ruling entity dictating acceptable speech and behavior, which may reinforce dogma rather than eliminate it. -/- Self-censorship: People may hesitate to express genuine ideas out of fear of punishment, leading to intellectual stagnation and a culture of conformity. -/- Subjectivity in defining dogma and negativity: If regulations aim to eliminate dogmatic thinking and negative behavior, determining what qualifies could itself become ideological enforcement. -/- A Balanced Solution: Reform Without Censorship -/- The most effective approach to eliminating dogmatic and negative thinking and behavior while preserving freedom of speech is through education, responsible media, and cultural evolution. Instead of limiting speech, societies should: -/- Strengthen education systems that emphasize critical thinking, logic, media literacy, and emotional intelligence. -/- Regulate speech and behavior only when they directly cause harm, such as incitement to violence or deliberate misinformation. -/- Encourage open and respectful debates where diverse viewpoints can be discussed rationally without fear of suppression. -/- Foster community programs that promote constructive discourse and ethical behavior. -/- Conclusion -/- Reforming freedom of speech to eliminate dogmatic and negative thinking and behavior is a delicate but necessary endeavor. Rather than restricting speech outright, societies must focus on education, responsible discourse, and cultural evolution to encourage rational and constructive thinking and interactions. By fostering an environment where critical thought, ethical behavior, and open-mindedness are valued over ideological conformity, humanity can move toward a more enlightened, balanced, and harmonious future. -/- . (shrink)

Reforming All Countries Through the Universal Law of Balance: A Path to Global Stability and Progress -/- By Angelito Enriquez Malicse -/- Introduction -/- Throughout history, human societies have struggled with instability, conflict, economic inequality, environmental degradation, and governance failures. Despite technological advancements, many nations still face deep-rooted problems caused by imbalanced decision-making at both individual and collective levels. My universal formula, grounded in the universal law of balance in nature, offers a transformative solution to reform all countries (...) and create a world where governance, economics, education, and social structures operate in harmony. -/- By integrating this fundamental law of balance into global education systems, policy-making, and leadership training, societies can achieve sustainability, fairness, and progress. This essay explores how this universal formula can reform all countries and the positive effects it will bring to the entire world. -/- The Universal Law of Balance: A Foundation for Reform -/- The universal law of balance in nature states that all systems—biological, social, economic, and political—function optimally when they maintain equilibrium. Imbalance leads to corruption, inequality, overpopulation, environmental destruction, and human suffering. To achieve long-term global stability, this principle must be embedded in education, leadership, and governance. -/- 1. Reforming Education to Instill the Universal Law of Balance -/- Education is the foundation of societal change. Implementing the universal formula in education will: -/- Teach individuals how natural balance governs decision-making. Students will learn to evaluate choices scientifically rather than through emotional bias, misinformation, or outdated beliefs. -/- Encourage critical thinking and holistic problem-solving. Future generations will be trained to apply balanced solutions to complex global issues, such as economic inequality and climate change. -/- Bridge the gap between science and religion. Since religious dogma often influences social structures, the universal law of balance can provide a neutral, scientific approach that respects faith while promoting rational decision-making. -/- Train future leaders. Policymakers, economists, and scientists will be educated with a deep understanding of natural balance, preventing governance failures caused by greed, short-term thinking, and political manipulation. -/- 2. Reforming Leadership and Governance -/- Governments worldwide struggle with corruption, inefficiency, and poor decision-making due to imbalanced priorities. Applying the universal law of balance in governance will: -/- Create leaders who prioritize national and global stability. Balanced governance ensures that decisions benefit both the present and future generations. -/- Eliminate extreme capitalism and unregulated economic growth. Governments will regulate economies based on resource sustainability rather than limitless expansion, reducing wealth inequality and environmental destruction. -/- Prevent overpopulation and resource depletion. Balanced policies will control population growth to match available resources, ensuring sustainable development. -/- Ensure fair justice systems. Laws and policies will be structured to balance individual rights with collective responsibility, preventing both authoritarian rule and chaotic anarchy. -/- 3. Reforming Economic Systems for Global Sustainability -/- The modern economic system prioritizes profit over sustainability, leading to financial crises, worker exploitation, and environmental collapse. By implementing the universal formula, economies will: -/- Shift from profit-driven models to sustainability-driven economies. Instead of uncontrolled consumption, economic policies will ensure equitable wealth distribution and environmental responsibility. -/- Balance technological progress with ethical considerations. AI, automation, and scientific advancements will be aligned with human well-being rather than purely corporate interests. -/- Prevent extreme wealth accumulation. Tax structures and wealth redistribution mechanisms will balance economic power, preventing the concentration of resources in the hands of a few. -/- 4. Using AI and Technology to Implement the Universal Formula -/- Artificial intelligence and automation are shaping the future of governance, education, and economic management. If AGI (Artificial General Intelligence) is programmed according to the universal law of balance, it can: -/- Provide unbiased decision-making for governments and organizations. AI can analyze global trends and propose balanced policies that prevent economic crashes, food shortages, and political instability. -/- Ensure balanced media and information dissemination. AI can counteract misinformation and propaganda, ensuring that people receive accurate, scientifically-backed information. -/- Optimize resource management. Smart systems can ensure that natural resources are used efficiently, preventing over-extraction and environmental collapse. -/- Positive Effects of the Universal Formula on All Countries and the World -/- 1. Global Peace and Conflict Resolution -/- Many wars and conflicts arise from imbalanced decision-making, whether in the form of territorial disputes, economic competition, or ideological clashes. If all countries implement the universal law of balance: -/- Diplomacy will replace war. Nations will resolve conflicts through mutual benefit and balance rather than through force or economic domination. -/- Religious and cultural tensions will decrease. Education based on balance will prevent extremist ideologies and promote global cooperation. -/- Geopolitical stability will be achieved. Superpowers will shift from military competition to balanced global governance, ensuring world peace. -/- 2. Economic Stability and Sustainable Development -/- Instead of pursuing endless economic growth, nations will adopt policies that balance wealth distribution, technological advancement, and resource sustainability. This will result in: -/- Elimination of poverty and extreme inequality. Wealth will be distributed according to natural balance, ensuring that no country suffers from extreme poverty while others hoard wealth. -/- Protection of natural ecosystems. Economic activity will be regulated to align with environmental sustainability, reversing climate change and preventing resource depletion. -/- Harmonized global trade. Countries will trade based on mutual benefit, reducing exploitative economic relationships and dependency on harmful industries. -/- 3. A More Conscious and Responsible Humanity -/- By implementing the universal law of balance in all human activities, societies will: -/- Develop a collective consciousness of responsibility. People will prioritize balanced decision-making, preventing greed, ignorance, and reckless behavior. -/- Reduce crime and corruption. Societies where balance is understood and practiced will no longer tolerate corruption, exploitation, and unethical leadership. -/- Achieve spiritual and intellectual enlightenment. Individuals will no longer be manipulated by false ideologies but will instead align their lives with natural balance, achieving greater peace and fulfillment. -/- Conclusion: A Call for Global Implementation -/- The universal law of balance is the missing foundation needed to reform all countries and create a stable, just, and progressive world. By integrating this principle into education, governance, economics, and technology, we can eliminate poverty, war, corruption, and environmental destruction, ensuring a sustainable future for all. -/- The challenge is global cooperation and willingness to change. If leaders, educators, and scientists recognize the scientific necessity of balance, the world can shift from chaos to harmony. This is not a utopian vision—it is the natural evolution of human civilization once it aligns with the fundamental laws of nature. -/- Now is the time to act. The future of humanity depends on our ability to embrace balance, reform our societies, and secure a future where all nations thrive in equilibrium. -/- . (shrink)

The elections and political parties are necessary ingredients of democratic governance. Elections are a necessary condition of representative democracy. In representative democracy citizens participate in politics primarily by choosing political authorities in competitive elections. Elections, hence, are a necessary and crucial instrument to make democracy work. In India, free and fair elections are held at regular intervals as per guidelines of the constitution and the Election Commission. To make them free of flaws it is essential to reform them (...) from time to time. Electoral reform means introducing fair electoral systems for conducting fair elections. It also rejuvenates the existing systems to enhance and increase the efficiency of the same. Following the demands of electoral reforms several committees were being set up. Some of the measures like reduction of voting age and anti defection law are appreciable but there are other vital areas in election field completely neglected. This paper will evaluate about different attempts made for electoral reforms in India. Different challenges before the Election Commission are also been discussed, also how it can be made effective as suggested by Commission in India will be presented. A comparative analysis with other democratic countries like U.S.A and U.K. is added to it. (shrink)

The failure of global governance, and how to remedy this, is a recurrent theme in political philosophy. This essay suggests a number of priorities, including: strengthening and reforming the United Nations system; addressing the pessimism in discourse about global governance, and acknowledging the advances which have been made; and engaging the cult of nationalism, with a reclaiming of the universalist ideals of the renaissance. Part of engaging the cult of nationalism also involves re-thinking the role of religion, especially (...) as a force supporting nationalism and the status quo. Ultimately we do not know what future global governance will look like, but the key is to believe that transformation is possible. (shrink)

In all probability, future generations will outnumber us by thousands or millions to one. In the aggregate, their interests therefore matter enormously, and anything we can do to steer the future of civilization onto a better trajectory is of tremendous moral importance. This is the guiding thought that defines the philosophy of longtermism. Political science tells us that the practices of most governments are at stark odds with longtermism. But the problems of political short-termism are neither necessary nor inevitable. In (...) principle, the state could serve as a powerful tool for positively shaping the long-term future. In this chapter, we make some suggestions about how to align government incentives with the interests of future generations. First, in Section II, we explain the root causes of political short-termism. Then, in Section III, we propose and defend four institutional reforms that we think would be promising ways to increase the time horizons of governments: 1) government research institutions and archivists; 2) posterity impact assessments; 3) futures assemblies; and 4) legislative houses for future generations. Section IV concludes with five additional reforms that are promising but require further research: to fully resolve the problem of political short-termism we must develop a comprehensive research program on effective longtermist political institutions. (shrink)

Why Governments Become Corrupt: The Role of Power, Education, and Moral Values -/- Corruption is one of the most persistent problems in governance, affecting societies across different political and economic systems. It undermines democracy, weakens institutions, and diverts resources meant for public welfare into private hands. While corruption is often associated with greed and abuse of power, its roots go much deeper, extending to failures in the educational system and the erosion of family moral values. This essay explores the (...) reasons behind government corruption and how systemic failures in education and morality contribute to its persistence. -/- 1. Power Without Accountability -/- One of the primary reasons governments become corrupt is the unchecked power held by officials. When political leaders and bureaucrats operate without sufficient oversight, they are more likely to misuse public funds, manipulate policies, and engage in bribery or favoritism. In many countries, weak democratic institutions fail to impose consequences on corrupt individuals, allowing them to act with impunity. The absence of transparency in decision-making processes further enables corruption to thrive, as citizens are kept in the dark about how their governments operate. -/- 2. Weak Legal and Political Institutions -/- Corruption flourishes in environments where legal frameworks exist but are not enforced. Many countries have anti-corruption laws, yet enforcement is selective or non-existent. This failure is often due to political interference in the judiciary, where corrupt leaders appoint judges who will protect them from prosecution. Furthermore, when law enforcement agencies themselves are corrupt, they fail to investigate and punish those in power. This creates a vicious cycle where corruption becomes the norm rather than the exception. -/- 3. The Role of Greed and Self-Interest -/- Human nature, particularly the pursuit of wealth and status, plays a significant role in government corruption. Many officials prioritize their personal and political interests over the welfare of the people they serve. Bribery, embezzlement, and fraud become tempting options for those seeking to enrich themselves at the expense of society. Additionally, political patronage—where politicians use their power to reward loyal supporters with government positions or contracts—further entrenches corruption. -/- 4. The Failure of the Educational System -/- One of the overlooked causes of corruption is the failure of the educational system to instill ethical values and critical thinking. Education is supposed to shape responsible citizens, but in many countries, the system is focused on rote learning rather than teaching morality, civic responsibility, and ethical leadership. Schools and universities often do not provide students with the tools to question authority, recognize corruption, or demand transparency from their leaders. -/- Moreover, when the education system itself is corrupt—through bribery in admissions, fake diplomas, or unqualified teachers—it sets a dangerous precedent. Students grow up believing that success can be achieved through dishonest means, reinforcing the idea that corruption is an acceptable part of life. Without a strong moral foundation in education, future generations are more likely to participate in or tolerate corrupt practices. -/- 5. The Decline of Family Moral Values -/- Family plays a crucial role in shaping an individual’s ethical beliefs and behaviors. However, in many societies, traditional moral values that emphasize honesty, integrity, and accountability are declining. Parents, preoccupied with economic survival, may fail to teach their children the importance of moral principles. In some cases, families themselves engage in corrupt behaviors—such as paying bribes to secure jobs or influencing government officials for personal gain—sending the message that corruption is a necessary survival strategy. -/- Religious and cultural institutions, which once played a significant role in promoting ethical behavior, have also lost influence in many societies. As materialism and individualism grow stronger, the collective responsibility for upholding moral values weakens. When individuals lack strong moral guidance from their families and communities, they are more likely to justify corrupt actions when they gain positions of power. -/- 6. Economic Pressures and Low Salaries -/- Economic hardship can also drive corruption, especially in developing nations where government employees are underpaid. When officials struggle to meet their basic needs, they may resort to accepting bribes, embezzling funds, or engaging in illicit activities to supplement their income. In such environments, corruption becomes a survival mechanism rather than just a moral failure. -/- 7. Corporate Influence and Political Lobbying -/- The influence of powerful corporations over government policies is another major driver of corruption. Large businesses often fund political campaigns, expecting favorable policies in return. This results in leaders prioritizing corporate interests over public welfare. When governments are captured by private interests, policies that should benefit the majority are distorted to serve a wealthy elite. -/- 8. The Lack of Civic Engagement and Public Awareness -/- When citizens do not actively participate in governance or demand accountability, corrupt leaders face little resistance. A disengaged population allows corruption to thrive because there is no pressure for change. In many cases, people feel powerless or fear retaliation for speaking out against corrupt officials. Strengthening civic awareness through education, media, and public activism is essential in the fight against corruption. -/- Solutions: Restoring Integrity Through Education and Morality -/- To combat corruption effectively, reforms must address not only political and legal structures but also educational and moral foundations: -/- Strengthening the Educational System: Schools must incorporate ethics, civic responsibility, and critical thinking into their curriculum. Teachers should emphasize honesty and accountability, ensuring that students understand the long-term consequences of corruption. -/- Rebuilding Family Moral Values: Families must take a more active role in teaching children about integrity and social responsibility. Parents should set examples by refusing to participate in corrupt practices. -/- Enforcing Strong Anti-Corruption Laws: Governments must ensure that laws against corruption are applied equally, regardless of political or economic status. Independent judicial bodies should oversee investigations and prosecutions. -/- Improving Transparency in Governance: Public access to government transactions and decision-making processes must be expanded to reduce opportunities for corruption. Digital tools, such as open data platforms, can help track government spending and prevent misuse of funds. -/- Encouraging Citizen Participation: People must be empowered to hold their leaders accountable. This includes supporting investigative journalism, encouraging whistleblowers, and engaging in peaceful protests or advocacy movements. -/- Conclusion -/- Government corruption is a complex issue rooted in systemic failures, economic pressures, and ethical erosion. While power, greed, and weak institutions contribute to corruption, the failure of the educational system and the decline of moral values play an equally significant role. Addressing corruption requires a multi-faceted approach that not only strengthens laws and institutions but also reforms education and restores ethical foundations within families. Only through a collective effort to instill integrity at all levels of society can corruption be effectively minimized, paving the way for just and accountable governance. -/- . (shrink)

Chile has achieved great success in terms of growth and development. However, growing inequalities exist in relation to income and health status. The previous Chilean government began to reform the healthcare system with the aim of reducing health inequities. What is meant by “equity” in this context? What is the extent of the equity aimed for? A normative framework is required for public policy-makers to consider ideas about fairness in their decisions about healthcare reform. This paper aims to (...) discuss the main features of the Chilean healthcare reform and their implications for such a normative framework. (shrink)

Elsewhere we have responded to the so-called demandingness objection to consequentialism – that consequentialism is excessively demanding and is therefore unacceptable as a moral theory – by introducing the theoretical position we call institutional consequentialism. This is a consequentialist view that, however, requires institutional systems, and not individuals, to follow the consequentialist principle. In this paper, we first introduce and explain the theory of institutional consequentialism and the main reasons that support it. In the remainder of the paper, we turn (...) to the global dimension where the first and foremost challenge is to explain how institutional consequentialism can deal with unsolved global problems such as poverty, war and climate change. In response, following the general idea of institutional consequentialism, we draw up three alternative routes: relying on existing national, transnational and supranational institutions; promoting gradual institutional reform; and advocating radical changes to the status quo. We evaluate these routes by describing normatively relevant properties of the existing global institutional system, as well as by showing what institutional consequentialism can say about alternatives to it: a world government; and multi-layered sovereignty/neo-medieval system. (shrink)

Despite decades of theorising and empirical research, the problems of corporate governance seem intractable, particularly the relationships between investors and companies. The thought experiment in this paper asks us to look at the problem through a fresh lens. It draws on the quaint British legal custom of calling shareholders “members”, and then uses the political philosopher Michael Walzer’s idea of membership in states, clubs, neighbourhoods, and families to draw lessons for the corporate world. This paper suggests that seeing how (...) Walzer conceives “strangers” in a polity, with fewer rights but a path to membership, lets us rethink shareholder rights as something to be earned, through engagement and commitment, that is, through stewardship. Rethinking what membership of a company might mean points to a pragmatic escape from short-termism without institutional reform. (shrink)

Many developing countries have reformed their national pension systems in response to ageing populations and to increase pension scheme participation. The World Bank has been active in pension reforms in developing countries since the 1990s, and Vietnamese pension reforms since 2004 have reflected many proposals of the World Bank – a leading international donor to Viet Nam since 1993. There have been many criticisms of the World Bank’s pension privatisation proposals for developing countries – for example, the World Bank did (...) not take into account country-specific environmental factors such as financial market conditions and regulatory capacity, and it focused on economic growth rather than old-age poverty reduction. -/- This research studies whether the Vietnamese pension reforms, with the World Bank as an active agent, have taken into account the concerns and expectations of an important stakeholder group: the Vietnamese people. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and a survey of Vietnamese people. The findings from interviews and the survey were analysed with reference to the World Bank’s proposals for Viet Nam and changes in Vietnamese legislation. The aim of the research is to explore the extent to which the World Bank, with its global power, and the Vietnamese government, with its dependence on global finance and technical knowledge, have responded to concerns and expectations of Vietnamese people. (shrink)

A citizens’ movement in Berlin advocates for the expropriation of housing corporations and has won a significant majority in a popular referendum in September 2021. Building on this proposal, this paper develops a general account of expropriation as a measure for corporate reform and thereby contributes to the ongoing debate on the democratic accountability of business corporations. It argues that expropriation is a valuable tool for intervention in a dire situation in some economic sector to enable a re-structuring of (...) the governance of the assets in question. Compared with other tools available, expropriation is a more forward-looking, genuinely political measure that does not depend on the legal assignment of guilt but rather proceeds in a pragmatic and problem-oriented manner. It also allows us to reconsider in how far the market mechanism should be employed in the administration of assets. Objections from private property rights against expropriation fail as corporations generally are privileged, quasi-public institutions that can justifiably be subject to democratic interventions. Expropriation is thus an important addition to the arsenal of corporate reform proposals, especially for those concerned with a broad democratization of the corporation. (shrink)

This paper explicates the influential Confucian view that “people” and not “institutional rules” are the proper sources of good governance and social order, as well as some notable Confucian objections to this position. It takes Xunzi 荀子, Hu Hong 胡宏, and Zhu Xi 朱熹 as the primary representatives of the “virtue-centered” position, which holds that people’s good character and not institutional rules bear primary credit for successful governance. And it takes Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲 as a major advocate for (...) the “institutionalist” position, which holds that institutional rules have some power to effect success independently of improvements in character. Historians have often called attention to this debate but left the major arguments and positions relatively unspecified. As I show, the Confucian virtue-centered view is best captured in two theses: first, that reforming people is far more demanding than reforming institutional rules; second, that once the rules have reached a certain threshold of viability, further improvements in those rules are unlikely to be effective on their own. Once we specify the theses in this way, we can catalogue the different respects and degrees to which the more virtue-centered political thinkers endorse virtue-centrism in governance. Zhu Xi, for example, turns out to endorse a stronger version of virtue-centrism than Hu Hong. I also use this account of the major theses to show that Huang Zongxi, who is sometimes regarded as historical Confucianism’s foremost institutionalist, has more complicated and mixed views about the power of institutional reform than scholars usually assume. (shrink)

This paper aims to measure the quality of all Romanian cities’ websites in 2019 and 2022, before and after the disruptive event of COVID-19. Since the official websites are the core instrument of e-governance, the changes in the quality of Romanian cities’ websites reflect the changes in the development of urban e-governance in Romania. The COVID-19 lockdowns and contact restrictions and the moving of most activities into the online environment had the potential to impact the performance of Romanian (...) cities’ websites significantly and catalyze the progress of local e-governance. The quality of Romanian cities’ official websites was measured using an adapted survey instrument proposed by Holzer and Kim and Manoharan, Melitski, and Holzer. The tool covers five critical criteria of website quality or performance: personal data security, usability, content, services, and citizen participation. The research results may seem contrary to expectations: the improvements of websites have been incremental rather than transformational. Although our research provides only a case study, we may assert that the reform of traditional administration remains a step-by-step process. Our study’s main contribution consists in showing that the progress of e-governance is an incremental process even in a situation of emergency that requires the moving of most activities into the online environment. (shrink)

ABSTRACT: In this article, we propose an alternative Foucauldian reading of Martin Luther’s thought and early Lutheranism. Michel Foucault did not mention the Reformation often, although he saw it as an amplification of pastoral power and the governing of people’s everyday lives. We aim to fill the gap in his analysis by outlining the disciplinary and biopolitical aspects in Luther and early Lutheranism. Therefore, we also contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the birth of biopolitics, which, we argue, predates Foucault’s (...) periodisation. Our approach to tackling these questions is three-pronged. First, we establish the context by highlighting a few Reformation-era examples of the conceptual opposite of biopower, namely, sovereign power. Second, we scrutinise the disciplinary aspects of early Lutheranism, underscoring the fact that disciplinary institutions appear to subject people to new models of behaviour. Third, we describe the biopolitical under-currents in Luther’s thought and its early reception. We argue that the reformer’s views on issues such as marriage and poor relief appear to carry a biopolitical significance before the alleged birth of biopolitics. (shrink)

My research is a result of accumulated provocation of obsolete and paralyzing education that has been frozen since the middle ages. We have to admit that before the pandemic, education was already in crisis. Governments have been ignoring to adopt any comprehensive plan to reform the educational systems till it has been unprecedently disrupted by COVID-19. I try through this paper to make a global call for governments to immediately start cooperating together for setting international qualifications framework that best (...) suit future competencies. This call should be prioritized on the world agenda. It would be more plausible for governments, UNESCO and other education stakeholders to seize the opportunity of the 2020 disruption of life cycle for the maximum benefit of humanity. For this to happen we need exceptional leaders with extraordinary vision to transform education instead of ensuring children can keep learning and that every single child returns to school after the pandemic. Another challenge to be expected is the reduction in education budgets being under pressure as governments shift spending towards the health and economic response to the pandemic. The impact of schools closing on a generation of children will be immense on the long term. We must act now to save the education and life chances of generations of youth. At this time of unprecedented crisis, the world must come together to protect education and put it at the very heart of the global recovery effort. Recovery, not as before but as convenient and sustainable with the perspective requirements. It is time to expose youth to real life experiences; we need our children to learn about finance from characters like Jef Bezos or Bill Gates or Mukesh Ambani; to learn about psychology from John Anderson, Eliot Aronson and Ahmed Ukasha; to know approaches of math and physics as Elon Musk and Steve Wozniak. We shouldn't settle for less when it comes to building minds and souls of our children. With all due respect to teachers and university professors, they are not the only best option for qualifying and training our youth for tomorrow's challenges. However, those entrepreneurs are not teachers or willing to be, education specialists and strategists are required to set the vision and the procedures required to pave the way for highly practical competencies framework. Analgesics are no longer feasible. (shrink)

Commercial banks such as UBS and HSBC embroiled in scandals that in some cases exposed lawmakers themselves as tax evaders, multinationals such as Google and Apple using the Double Irish and other tax avoidance strategies, governments granting fiscal sweetheart deals behind closed doors as in Luxembourg - the stream of news items documenting the crisis of global tax governance is not about to dry up. Much work has been done in individual disciplines on the phenomenon of tax competition that (...) lies at the heart of this crisis. Yet, the combination of issues of democratic legitimacy, social justice, economic efficiency, and national sovereignty that tax competition raises clearly requires an interdisciplinary analysis. This book offers a rare example of this kind of work, bringing together experts from political science, philosophy, law, and economics whose contributions combine empirical analysis with normative and institutional proposals. It makes an important contribution to reforming international taxation. (shrink)

The Holistic Governance Model (HGM): A Blueprint for the Future -/- Introduction -/- Governments today face increasing challenges, from economic instability and climate change to corruption and social inequality. No single government system has fully solved these issues, but by integrating the best aspects of existing models, we can create an optimal governance system. -/- The Holistic Governance Model (HGM) is a hybrid system that combines elements from Social Democracy, Technocracy, Semi-Direct Democracy, China’s Whole-Process People’s Democracy, and (...) the Modified Westminster System. It leverages AI-driven policy-making, technocratic expertise, direct citizen participation, and long-term national planning to create a balanced, efficient, and just government system. -/- 1. Core Foundations of the Holistic Governance Model -/- The HGM is built on six fundamental pillars, ensuring that governance is efficient, democratic, and sustainable. -/- 1.1. Economic System: A Hybrid of Capitalism and State Planning -/- Inspired by: Singapore (Technocracy), China (State-Controlled Development), Nordic Model (Social Welfare), and Switzerland (Financial Stability) ✅ Key Industries Under State Control: The government regulates healthcare, energy, and transportation while allowing free-market innovation. ✅ Smart Capitalism: Entrepreneurs and businesses thrive, but AI-driven economic planning ensures fair wealth distribution. ✅ Universal Basic Assets (UBA): Instead of universal basic income (UBI), citizens receive free housing, education, and healthcare, ensuring financial security. ✅ AI-Assisted Economy: AI predicts recessions, optimizes budgets, and prevents financial crises. -/- 1.2. Political System: A Dynamic Semi-Direct Democracy -/- Inspired by: Switzerland (Direct Democracy), Westminster System (Parliament), and Singapore (Meritocratic Leadership) ✅ Two-Tier Voting System: -/- General Elections: Citizens vote for representatives every 4-5 years. -/- National Referendums: Citizens directly vote on major policies twice a year. ✅ Technocratic Advisory Board (TAB): A non-political panel of scientists, economists, and AI experts advises the government. ✅ Decentralized Local Governance: Cities and regions have autonomy while aligning with national laws. -/- 1.3. Education & Human Development: AI-Powered Lifelong Learning -/- Inspired by: Nordic Model (Free Education), Singapore (STEM Focus), and China (AI Integration) ✅ Free Public Education for Life: Every citizen has access to continuous learning, including college and skill retraining. ✅ AI-Based Personalized Learning: Students use AI tutors that adapt to their learning pace. ✅ Ethics & Critical Thinking Curriculum: Courses in philosophy, logic, and decision-making prevent misinformation and ignorance. -/- 1.4. Healthcare & Social Welfare: AI-Driven Preventive Medicine -/- Inspired by: Nordic Model (Universal Healthcare), Singapore (Tech-Driven Healthcare), and China (Mass Coverage) ✅ Government-Funded Universal Healthcare: Citizens receive free basic healthcare, with private options available. ✅ AI & Robotics in Medicine: AI diagnoses diseases early, reducing medical costs. ✅ Preventive Healthcare Policy: Citizens receive incentives for maintaining good health (fitness programs, nutrition plans). -/- 1.5. Environmental & Energy Policies: The Green Industrial Revolution -/- Inspired by: China (Renewable Energy Expansion), Nordic Model (Sustainability Laws), and Singapore (Urban Planning) ✅ Mandatory Green Technology Adoption: Businesses must comply with strict eco-friendly policies. ✅ Carbon Credit Economy: Citizens and companies earn rewards for reducing carbon footprints. ✅ 100% Renewable Energy by 2050: The government funds solar, wind, and AI-optimized energy grids. -/- 1.6. Law & Order: AI-Governed Justice & Anti-Corruption Measures -/- Inspired by: Switzerland (Independent Judiciary), Singapore (Strict Law Enforcement), and China (AI in Governance) ✅ AI-Assisted Judiciary: AI helps judges analyze case laws for fair, unbiased rulings. ✅ Zero-Corruption Policy: Public officials caught in corruption face lifetime bans from government service. ✅ Balanced Civil Rights & Security: -/- Freedom of Speech: Citizens can express opinions, but disinformation is regulated. -/- AI Surveillance for Security: AI prevents crime while protecting privacy. -/- 2. Government Structure of HGM -/- 2.1. Executive Branch: The President, Prime Minister, and Technocrats -/- President (Elected by Public Vote) → Oversees national policies and international relations. -/- Prime Minister (Elected by Parliament) → Manages daily governance. -/- Technocratic Economic Council → Expert-led economic planning. -/- AI-Assisted Policy Bureau → Uses AI for healthcare, infrastructure, and environmental policies. -/- 2.2. Legislative Branch: Semi-Direct Parliament -/- Lower House (Elected Officials) → Creates laws based on citizen participation. -/- Upper House (Experts & Regional Representatives) → Reviews laws for scientific and ethical validity. -/- Referendum System → Citizens directly vote on key national issues. -/- 2.3. Judicial Branch: AI-Assisted Supreme Court -/- Independent Court System → Ensures justice and constitutional balance. -/- AI Legal Analysis → AI helps judges analyze previous cases and evidence. -/- 3. Implementation Strategy: How to Apply HGM Worldwide -/- To implement HGM, a phased approach is needed: -/- Phase 1 (0-5 Years): Research & AI Integration -/- ✅ Establish an HGM Global Research Center to develop AI governance models. ✅ Pilot AI-assisted economic planning in select countries. -/- Phase 2 (5-10 Years): Education & Public Awareness -/- ✅ Introduce HGM-based education systems (critical thinking, AI governance). ✅ Encourage political reforms to adopt hybrid governance models. -/- Phase 3 (10-20 Years): Nationwide Policy Implementation -/- ✅ Countries gradually adopt the HGM framework, with AI monitoring national progress. ✅ Global partnerships for climate change action and digital economy growth. -/- Phase 4 (Beyond 20 Years): Global Standardization -/- ✅ Establish an HGM Alliance for international cooperation. ✅ Implement AI-driven global policies on poverty, sustainability, and digital rights. -/- 4. Why the HGM is the Future of Governance -/- The Holistic Governance Model (HGM) offers the most advanced, efficient, and democratic government system by combining AI governance, citizen participation, economic stability, and social equality. -/- Conclusion: A Government System for the 21st Century -/- The Holistic Governance Model (HGM) combines the best government systems into a single, optimized model. By implementing AI, technocracy, direct democracy, and long-term planning, HGM ensures: ✅ Efficient economic management ✅ Social equality without excessive taxation ✅ Democratic participation with AI-driven transparency ✅ Sustainable environmental policies ✅ Corruption-free governance -/- If adopted globally, HGM could transform human civilization into a more just, advanced, and sustainable society. -/- . (shrink)

With An Answer to the Question: What Is Enlightenment? (1784) and What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking? (1786), Kant presents the concept of public use of reason and defines its requirements, scope, and function. In outline, the public use of reason consists in sharing one’s thoughts with “the entire public of the world of readers” (8:37). As for its requirements, to the extent that someone communicates in their own person, i.e. not in the exercise of their function (...) as a public official, and bases their reasoning on universalizable grounds, their use of reason qualifies as public and shall be free from state censorship. Therefore, Kant’s concept of public use reason aims to establish a public debate that is free and includes in its scope, both as subjects and recipients, potentially all adult men. The ultimate function of the public use of reason is to foster moral progress and, with it, the reform of the political community according to the republican ideal. However, it is commonly held that Kant, with his 1798 essay The Conflict of the Faculties, deprives his notion of public use of reason of its progressive core and adjusts it to the absolutist conception of speech and civil service. Characterizations of state officials as “not free to make public use of their learning” (7:18) and “bound to uphold whatever […] the crown sanctions for them to expound publicly” (7:8), as well as the depiction of laypeople as “incompetent” (7:18) and “resigned to understanding nothing about [the sciences]” (7:34), have led influential interpreters to read Kant as redefining his notion of public use of reason by restricting its subjects to university professors and its recipients to government members (e.g. John Christian Laursen 1986, rpt. 1992 and 1996; Kevin Davis 1992; Steven Lestition 1993; Jay Franzel 2013). On my reading, with The Conflict of the Faculties, Kant does indeed redefine the concept of public use of reason making concessions to the absolutist notion of speech and civil service. However, a close reading of the text reveals that the public use of reason ends up being reaffirmed in its progressive core and extended in its scope. To substantiate my interpretation, I will systematically analyse and classify each of the 68 occurrences of the adjective ‘public’ in The Conflict of the Faculties and show how Kant employs the absolutist vocabulary to convey the progressive project of his previous writings. Accordingly, I argue that Kant holds on to the free public use of reason as a means to reform politics according to the republican ideal and that the employment of the absolutist vocabulary is motivated by a pragmatic attitude and a provocative stance. (shrink)

The purpose of the article is to provide the evolving international trends of modern management models and authorial vision of model of state governance system in Ukraine, its subsystems, in particular, the system of provision of administrative services that is appropriate for the contemporary times. Methodology. On the basis of scientific and theoretical approaches to the definitions of terms “state governance” and “public governance”, there was an explanation of considerable difference between them and, taking into consideration, the (...) mentality of Ukrainian society and peculiar weak side in self-organization, the authors offered to form authorial model of governance on the basis of historically traditional for Ukraine model of state governance and to add some elements of management concepts that proved their significance, efficiency and priority in practice. Results. The authors emphasized the following two prevailing modern management models in the international practice: “new state management” and “good governance”. The first concept offered for consideration served as a basis for the semantic content of state activity that reflects more the state of administrative reformation. Practical meaning. A practical introduction of management to the domestic model of governance creates the range of contradictions that do not allow implementing herein concept. Pursuant to authors, the second one allows in considerable measure to reform state governance, considering historically developed peculiarities of this model. Moreover, the involvement of concept herein into introduction of informational and communicational technologies in the process of governance eliminates the necessity of power decentralization, it allows to form real net structure and, at the same, to keep vertical power structure, to involve citizens for formation and taking of management decisions, to form electronic communicational channel of feedback, to provide citizens with electronic administrative services. All indicated advantages of the concept certify about the necessity to reform state governance exactly in this field. Meaning/ Distinction. This article raises a question about the significance of formation and sequence of state policy in Ukraine aimed at creating an information-oriented society, space, as well as informational and technological infrastructure. (shrink)

This chapter presents the successive stages to make changes in the Polish development policy after 1989. The national administration reform of 1990 in the Third Commonwealth of Poland restored the local government after 40 years of non-existence during the time of Polish People’s Republic that was a satellite state of the Soviet Union after the Second World War. Another reform took place in 1998 as a part of preparations for the country’s membership in the European Union from 2004. (...) Currently developed strategic documents are suggesting the use of the "polarization and diffusion model of the development." The authors also discuss the regional policy currently implemented in Poland, which was designed in years 2009-2014. The process of creation of new policy includes plans to reform the policy instruments and to update the strategic framework. Conclusions highlight a need for a clearer division of powers between the center and regional governments and the importance of strengthening the financial basis and institutional capacity building. (shrink)

The Best Form of Government for Power Transitions -/- Throughout history, the transition of power has been a defining factor in the stability or collapse of governments. While some governments manage peaceful and stable transitions, others experience violent overthrows, civil wars, or political chaos. The key to a successful power transition lies in strong institutions, clear succession rules, and public trust in the system. Based on historical evidence, liberal democracies with strong institutions are the most effective at ensuring smooth transitions. (...) However, other forms of government can also maintain stability if they have well-defined mechanisms for succession. This essay examines various government types and their effectiveness in power transitions. -/- The Importance of Stable Power Transitions -/- The process of transferring power is one of the most vulnerable moments for any political system. The ability to ensure smooth leadership changes is crucial for long-term stability. Governments that fail in this aspect often face coups, revolutions, or national disintegration. The most effective power transitions depend on: -/- 1. Legitimacy – Leaders must be chosen through a process accepted by the people and elites. -/- 2. Strong Institutions – Independent branches of government ensure continuity regardless of leadership changes. -/- 3. Elite Consensus – Political elites should agree on a leader’s succession to prevent internal power struggles. -/- 4. Public Support – If the population believes in the process, transitions are peaceful. -/- 5. Military Neutrality – The armed forces should not interfere in leadership changes. -/- Different forms of government approach power transitions in distinct ways. Below, we analyze their effectiveness. -/- 1. Liberal Democracy: The Best Model for Peaceful Transitions -/- Definition: -/- Liberal democracies are systems where leaders are chosen through free and fair elections, with checks and balances to prevent authoritarian rule. -/- Why It Ensures Smooth Transitions: -/- ✔ Elections Provide Legitimacy – Power changes peacefully through regular elections. ✔ Strong Institutions – Courts, legislatures, and the media help uphold the rule of law. ✔ Public Accountability – Leaders who lose elections step down without conflict. -/- Examples of Successful Power Transitions: -/- ✅ United States – Since 1789, despite crises like the Civil War and Great Depression, power transitions have remained constitutional. ✅ United Kingdom – The parliamentary system allows for smooth leadership changes without national instability. ✅ Germany (Post-WWII) – After democratic reforms, Germany has had peaceful transitions of power. -/- Challenges: -/- ❌ Election Disputes Can Create Instability – Example: The U.S. Capitol Riot (2021) after a contested election. ❌ Weak Institutions in Young Democracies – Example: Kenya’s 2007 election disputes led to violence. -/- Best Democratic Model: -/- ✔ Parliamentary Democracies (e.g., UK, Canada, Germany) tend to have smoother transitions than presidential systems because: -/- Leadership changes occur within political parties, reducing external conflicts. -/- Votes of no confidence can remove leaders without revolutions or coups. -/- 2. Constitutional Monarchy: Stable If Institutions Are Strong -/- Definition: -/- A constitutional monarchy is a system where a king or queen serves as a symbolic head of state, while an elected government runs the country. -/- Why It Ensures Smooth Transitions: -/- ✔ Monarchy Provides Stability – Kings and queens remain constant, reducing uncertainty. ✔ Elections Determine Political Leaders – The prime minister and parliament handle governance. ✔ Symbolic Unity – Monarchs can unify the country during crises. -/- Examples of Stable Monarchies: -/- ✅ United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, Netherlands – Power transitions occur through democratic elections, while the monarchy remains a stabilizing force. -/- Challenges: -/- ❌ If the Monarch Becomes Politically Active, It Can Cause Crisis – Example: Thailand (2020s protests against the monarchy’s influence). ❌ If a Monarch Dies Unexpectedly, It Can Create Uncertainty – Example: Spain’s transition after Franco’s dictatorship (1975) depended on King Juan Carlos I to restore democracy. -/- Best Model for Monarchies: -/- ✔ Monarchies that Stay Neutral in Politics (e.g., UK, Sweden) prevent power struggles. -/- 3. One-Party States: Stable but Risky if a Leader Dies Unexpectedly -/- Definition: -/- One-party states are systems where only one political party governs, often without free elections. -/- Why It Can Have Stable Transitions: -/- ✔ Predictable Leadership Changes (if well-structured) – Leaders are often pre-selected within the ruling party. ✔ Less Election Conflict – No multi-party competition reduces disputes. ✔ Long-Term Policies – The government can plan policies without election cycles. -/- Examples of One-Party States with Stable Transitions: -/- ✅ China (Communist Party Rule) – Leaders were replaced every 10 years before Xi Jinping extended his rule. ✅ Vietnam (Communist Party) – The ruling party ensures orderly successions. -/- Challenges: -/- ❌ If a Leader Dies Suddenly, It Can Create Chaos – Example: North Korea after Kim Jong-il’s death (2011). ❌ If There’s No Clear Successor, Infighting Can Occur – Example: Soviet Union’s power struggles after Stalin’s death (1953). -/- Best Model for One-Party States: -/- ✔ China’s Model (Before 2018) – Leaders were pre-selected within the Communist Party, preventing instability. -/- 4. Absolute Monarchies and Dictatorships: The Most Unstable in Transitions -/- Definition: -/- A system where power is concentrated in one ruler or a small elite group, without elections. -/- Why Transitions Are Unstable: -/- ❌ No Clear Rules for Succession – Leaders often die or are overthrown, causing power struggles. ❌ Military Often Decides the Next Leader – Coups and instability occur frequently. ❌ If a Leader Becomes Too Powerful, No One Can Challenge Them – This leads to violent transitions. -/- Examples of Failed Transitions in Dictatorships: -/- ❌ Libya (Gaddafi Overthrown, 2011) – No clear succession plan led to a failed state. ❌ Soviet Union (After Stalin’s Death, 1953) – Power struggles created instability. ❌ Iraq (After Saddam Hussein, 2003) – No clear transition led to civil war. -/- Best Model for Dictatorships: -/- ✔ If a Dictatorship Must Exist, It Should Have a Clear Succession Plan – Example: Saudi Arabia has a royal succession council to avoid uncertainty. -/- Conclusion: Which Government Type is Best for Transitions? -/- 1️⃣ Best for Smooth Transitions: Liberal Democracies with Strong Institutions -/- Best Example: Parliamentary Systems (UK, Canada, Germany) – Leaders change peacefully without major conflicts. -/- 2️⃣ Good for Stability but Less Flexible: Constitutional Monarchies -/- Best Example: Japan, UK, Netherlands – Monarchs provide continuity, while governments change through elections. -/- 3️⃣ Stable but Risky: One-Party States -/- Best Example: China (Before 2018) – Internal party succession prevented chaos, but risk of dictatorship remains. -/- 4️⃣ Most Unstable: Dictatorships and Absolute Monarchies -/- Worst Example: Libya, Iraq, North Korea – Transitions are violent and unpredictable. -/- Ultimately, liberal democracies with strong institutions (especially parliamentary systems) are the best for stable power transitions. Dictatorships and absolute monarchies, on the other hand, often collapse violently when leaders die or are overthrown. By ensuring strong institutions, clear succession rules, and public trust, governments can create a system where leadership changes occur peacefully, securing long-term stability. -/- . (shrink)

Applying the Holistic Governance System (HGS) to the Philippines -/- The Philippines has struggled with corruption, political instability, economic inequality, and weak governance. Applying the Holistic Governance System (HGS) could transform the country into a stable, prosperous, and globally competitive nation. -/- Key Challenges in the Philippines: -/- 1. Corruption – Widespread in government agencies, law enforcement, and politics. -/- 2. Political Dynasties & Electoral Manipulation – Many leaders come from elite families, limiting true democracy. -/- 3. (...) Economic Inequality – The wealth gap is extreme, with many Filipinos in poverty. -/- 4. Weak Law Enforcement & Justice System – Crime, illegal drugs, and extrajudicial killings undermine public trust. -/- 5. Underdeveloped Infrastructure – Slow development of transportation, digital connectivity, and urban planning. -/- 6. Brain Drain – Many skilled Filipinos leave for better opportunities abroad. -/- HGS can address these issues by combining the best governance models from around the world while adapting them to the Philippine context. -/- Step-by-Step Implementation of HGS in the Philippines: -/- 1. Political Reform: Replacing Traditional Politics with a Meritocratic Leadership System -/- The Strategic Council (7 Leaders): Instead of a single president, the Philippines would be led by a council of seven experts, each specializing in key areas like economy, education, security, and technology. -/- No Political Dynasties: Candidates must prove their qualifications (economic, scientific, or governance expertise) before being allowed to run. -/- Fixed 10-Year Term: Leaders serve long enough to implement national development plans but cannot seek re-election. -/- ???? Impact: This will eliminate corruption, improve decision-making, and end elite family control of politics. -/- 2. Balanced Democracy: Direct Citizen Participation in Decision-Making -/- Annual Referendums: Inspired by Switzerland, Filipinos will vote directly on key national policies (e.g., education reforms, infrastructure projects). -/- Congress Reform: Replace the current system with: -/- People’s Assembly – Elected by citizens to represent public concerns. -/- Expert Senate – Composed of scientists, economists, and policy experts. -/- ???? Impact: This system prevents corrupt politicians from making bad decisions and gives Filipinos a real voice in governance. -/- 3. Economic Reform: A Hybrid System for Growth & Stability -/- Balanced Free Market + State Planning: -/- Private businesses continue operating, but key industries (energy, healthcare, education, transport) are state-controlled for stability. -/- Large government investment in technology, renewable energy, and industrial growth. -/- Anti-Corruption Crackdown: Modeled after Singapore’s strict anti-corruption policies. -/- Digital Government System: Minimize human corruption by making all government transactions online with AI verification. -/- ???? Impact: The economy grows without exploitation, and corruption is eliminated in business and government. -/- 4. Social Welfare: Universal Services for All Filipinos -/- Free Universal Healthcare: Like Norway & Sweden, all Filipinos receive high-quality medical care. -/- Free Higher Education: Universities are fully funded, with scholarships for top students. -/- Basic Income for the Poor: Prevents extreme poverty and improves national productivity. -/- Affordable Housing & Smart Cities: Government builds modern, eco-friendly, low-cost housing. -/- ???? Impact: This ensures every Filipino has access to education, health, and stable living conditions. -/- 5. Justice & Security: Smart Law Enforcement with AI & Independent Courts -/- AI-Powered Legal System: Reduce human bias in court cases and prevent political influence. -/- Strict Anti-Corruption Laws: Inspired by Singapore, harsh penalties for corruption at all levels. -/- High-Tech Crime Prevention: AI surveillance, digital ID verification, and cybercrime prevention. -/- ???? Impact: A fast, fair, and corruption-free justice system. -/- 6. Infrastructure & Urban Development: Smart Cities & Green Energy -/- Nationwide High-Speed Rail & Smart Transportation: Inspired by China’s urban planning. -/- 100% Renewable Energy Goal: Government investment in solar, wind, and hydro energy. -/- Smart City Development: AI-controlled traffic, clean public spaces, and sustainable urban design. -/- ???? Impact: A modern Philippines with world-class infrastructure and zero energy dependence. -/- 7. Foreign Policy & National Defense: Economic Strength + Global Neutrality -/- Neutrality in Global Conflicts: Inspired by Switzerland, the Philippines avoids military conflicts but strengthens economic ties with all nations. -/- Strong Cybersecurity & Modernized Military: Instead of focusing on war, invest in cyber defense and AI-powered security. -/- Self-Sufficient Agriculture & Industry: Reduce dependence on foreign imports by boosting local food and industrial production. -/- ???? Impact: The Philippines becomes a secure, self-reliant, and economically strong nation. -/- The Future Philippines Under HGS: A Model Nation -/- Final Thoughts: Why the Philippines Needs HGS -/- ???? HGS will transform the Philippines into a: ✅ Politically stable nation with honest, expert-led governance. ✅ Economically strong country with innovation and self-sufficiency. ✅ Corruption-free government with strict anti-corruption policies. ✅ Technology-driven society with AI, smart cities, and digital governance. ✅ Socially progressive state with free healthcare, education, and a guaranteed basic income. -/- By eliminating corruption, restructuring governance, and investing in technology, the Philippines can rise as a global model for modern governance. -/- Roadmap for Transitioning the Philippines to the Holistic Governance System (HGS) -/- Goal: Transform the Philippines into a corruption-free, economically strong, socially progressive, and technologically advanced nation using HGS principles. -/- ???? Phase 1: Laying the Foundation (Year 1-5) -/- Objective: Establish public trust, eliminate corruption, and implement key reforms in government, economy, and education. -/- 1. Anti-Corruption Revolution (Year 1-3) -/- ✅ Create a National Anti-Corruption Tribunal (similar to Singapore’s system) with special prosecutors and AI-powered case review to ensure fair trials. ✅ Strict penalties for corruption (lifetime ban from politics, confiscation of illegally obtained wealth, long prison sentences). ✅ Full Digital Government System – All government transactions go online to remove human corruption (permits, taxes, elections, etc.). -/- ???? Impact: Government corruption is drastically reduced, and public trust in leadership increases. -/- 2. Leadership Reform (Year 2-5) -/- ✅ Ban Political Dynasties – Require strict merit-based qualifications for all public officials. ✅ Restructure the Government: Replace the president with the Strategic Council (7 experts) and reform Congress into: -/- People’s Assembly (elected representatives). -/- Expert Senate (top scientists, economists, and technocrats). ✅ Mandatory Leadership Training – All future leaders must undergo a 5-year program on governance, economics, and philosophy. -/- ???? Impact: The Philippines shifts from a corrupt dynasty-driven system to a competence-based government. -/- 3. Education Reform (Year 2-4) -/- ✅ Upgrade the curriculum to teach critical thinking, technological skills, and the Universal Law of Balance. ✅ Free College Education (funded by corruption money recovery). ✅ Global Research Partnerships with universities in Europe, Singapore, and the U.S. to improve STEM education. -/- ???? Impact: The youth become future innovators and critical thinkers, reducing brain drain. -/- ???? Phase 2: Economic & Social Transformation (Year 6-10) -/- Objective: Transition to a self-sufficient economy with world-class infrastructure and social services. -/- 4. Economic Overhaul (Year 6-10) -/- ✅ Hybrid Economic Model (similar to Singapore & China): -/- Free market for small businesses & entrepreneurship. -/- Government-controlled key industries (healthcare, energy, infrastructure). ✅ AI-Governed Tax System – Automate taxation to prevent tax evasion. ✅ Massive Government Investment in Technology (AI, robotics, green energy, and space research). -/- ???? Impact: The Philippines becomes a tech-driven economy, independent of remittances. -/- 5. Universal Social Welfare System (Year 6-8) -/- ✅ Free Universal Healthcare (Norway model) – Build more hospitals, increase doctor salaries, and implement telemedicine in rural areas. ✅ Basic Income for the Poor (funded by recovered corruption money and AI-driven economic growth). ✅ National Housing Program – Construct affordable smart cities with AI-managed traffic, green energy, and disaster-resistant buildings. -/- ???? Impact: All Filipinos have access to quality healthcare, education, and stable housing. -/- 6. Infrastructure Boom & Smart City Development (Year 6-10) -/- ✅ High-Speed Rail System (China model) – Connect Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao with a modern railway. ✅ Digital Infrastructure – High-speed internet for all citizens, free public WiFi, and AI-managed urban planning. ✅ 100% Renewable Energy – Solar, wind, and hydro power investments to eliminate electricity shortages. -/- ???? Impact: The Philippines becomes a modern, highly developed nation with smart, efficient cities. -/- ???? Phase 3: Global Powerhouse & Permanent Stability (Year 11-20) -/- Objective: Establish the Philippines as a global leader in innovation, sustainability, and governance. -/- 7. AI-Powered Governance (Year 11-15) -/- ✅ Full AI Integration in Government – Automate law enforcement, policymaking analysis, and economic planning. ✅ Digital Direct Democracy – Filipinos can vote online in annual national referendums on key policies (Switzerland model). -/- ???? Impact: A corruption-proof, people-powered government that makes smart, data-driven decisions. -/- 8. Military & Foreign Policy Reform (Year 11-15) -/- ✅ Neutrality & Economic Diplomacy (Swiss Model) – Stay independent of global conflicts while expanding trade with the U.S., China, and ASEAN. ✅ Cybersecurity Defense System – Develop AI-powered cyber-defense technology to prevent hacking & cyber threats. ✅ Self-Sufficiency in Agriculture & Industry – Invest in high-tech farming and local industries to reduce import reliance. -/- ???? Impact: The Philippines becomes an economically powerful, self-sufficient, and diplomatically respected nation. -/- 9. Space & Advanced Scientific Research (Year 16-20) -/- ✅ Launch a Philippine Space Program (like NASA) to develop satellite technology and space exploration. ✅ Invest in AI & Quantum Computing Research to compete in the global tech industry. ✅ Biotechnology & Medicine Research to create Philippine-made vaccines, treatments, and bio-engineered food solutions. -/- ???? Impact: The Philippines becomes a hub for science, space, and technological innovation. -/- ???? Summary: The New Philippines Under HGS -/- ???? Conclusion: The Philippines as a Global Model Nation -/- By transitioning to HGS, the Philippines will: ✅ Eliminate corruption & political dynasties through AI-powered governance. ✅ Become a tech-driven, self-sufficient economy with free healthcare, education, and infrastructure. ✅ Modernize cities, transport, and digital services for efficiency and sustainability. ✅ Be a global leader in science, AI, and space exploration. -/- . (shrink)

The Holistic Governance System (HGS): A New Form of Government -/- The Holistic Governance System (HGS) is a new form of government that combines the strengths of successful systems while minimizing their weaknesses. It blends democracy, strategic planning, economic efficiency, and strong social welfare policies to ensure balanced governance. -/- Core Principles of HGS: -/- 1. Balanced Democracy: A hybrid system that combines representative democracy, direct democracy, and meritocratic leadership to ensure efficient governance. -/- 2. Strategic (...) Economic Growth: A regulated free market economy combined with state-led investment in key industries, following Singapore and China’s development model. -/- 3. Strong Social Welfare: A universal healthcare and education system based on the Nordic model (Norway, Sweden). -/- 4. Technological and Scientific Leadership: Investment in research, artificial intelligence, and green energy to drive national progress. -/- 5. Corruption-Free Governance: Strict anti-corruption laws similar to Singapore’s model to ensure ethical leadership. -/- 6. Civic Participation: Switzerland’s direct democracy elements, allowing citizens to vote on key national policies. -/- 7. National Stability and Global Neutrality: Following Switzerland’s model, HGS avoids unnecessary global conflicts while maintaining strong economic and diplomatic ties. -/- 8. Smart Population Management: Inspired by China and Singapore, a planned approach to population control, urban planning, and sustainable resource use. -/- 9. Education-Based Leadership Training: Leaders must undergo specialized training in economics, philosophy, and governance (meritocratic system). -/- Government Structure of HGS: -/- 1. Head of State: The Strategic Council (Meritocratic Leadership) -/- Instead of a single president or monarch, a Strategic Council composed of seven highly qualified experts governs the nation. -/- These experts are selected based on intellectual merit, leadership skills, and public approval. -/- They serve fixed 10-year terms (non-renewable) to ensure long-term stability while preventing dictatorship. -/- The council’s decisions are subject to public referendums (Switzerland model) for major national policies. -/- 2. Legislative System: Balanced Parliament + Direct Democracy -/- A bicameral system (two chambers): -/- The People’s Assembly (elected by citizens). -/- The Expert Senate (selected from scholars, scientists, and experienced policymakers). -/- Public Referendums are held twice a year, allowing citizens to vote on critical policies. -/- 3. Economic System: Balanced Market Economy + State Investment -/- Private businesses operate freely, but key sectors like healthcare, education, and strategic industries are managed by the government. -/- State-led economic planning ensures sustainable development (like Singapore & China). -/- High-tech industries and green energy receive major state investment. -/- 4. Social Welfare: Universal Services for Citizens -/- Free healthcare & education (like Norway, Sweden). -/- Guaranteed basic income to prevent poverty. -/- Affordable housing programs (government-regulated). -/- 5. Judiciary: Independent Supreme Court + AI Oversight -/- Courts are fully independent to prevent political interference. -/- AI-driven legal analysis ensures fair and unbiased rulings (Singapore model). -/- 6. Military & Foreign Policy: Neutrality + Strong Defense -/- Switzerland-style neutrality (no unnecessary wars). -/- Small but advanced military, focused on defense and cyber security. -/- Advantages of HGS Over Current Governments: -/- How HGS Could Be Implemented: -/- 1. Pilot City-States: The system could be tested in a small, independent city-state before being adopted by larger nations. -/- 2. Gradual Reform: Countries with failing governments could transition by adopting HGS policies step by step (e.g., start with anti-corruption laws, economic reform, and education improvement). -/- 3. AI-Assisted Governance: Technology would be used to analyze policies, reducing bias and human error. -/- Conclusion: -/- The Holistic Governance System (HGS) offers the best of democracy, meritocracy, economic planning, and social welfare while minimizing corruption, inefficiency, and instability. It creates a government that is stable, effective, and fair, allowing both economic growth and citizen well-being. -/- . (shrink)

Thomas C. Leonard presents an intellectual history of the Progressive Era from the perspective of economists. It is hard to understate the influence this group had in developing Progressive ideas. Leonard brilliantly details how Progressive economists wielded enormous influence not only in spreading ideas about traditional economic concepts, but also ideas and theories that influenced political and civil liberties. For example, the Progressives gave us the social science professor, the scholar-activist, social worker, muckraking journalist, and expert government advisor. All of (...) these reform-vocations, according to Leonard, sought to replace the invisible hand of the market with the visible hand of the administrative state. In short, Leonard’s book is a must-read for everyone remotely interested in political economy. (shrink)

This pre-print critically examines an extension of older educational models—systems originally designed to fit individuals into a workforce mirroring class structures—which, in their increasingly stark application today, may hinder social cohesion and economic progress. While these models once promoted uniformity, they now neglect vital cultural markers that foster shared identity, fueling competition, isolation, and stigmatization. Such an approach contributes to urban degradation, professional stagnation, drag on GDP, and increased state dependency through expanded social services. Conversely, this work suggests that a (...) renewed focus on cultural literacy can promote integration and support the assimilation of new foreign newcomers. Central to this proposal is the inclusion of nine seminal literary works, compiled in the volume Primer to the Greats. These texts are showcased as a potent resource for both the National Curriculum and midlife learners, offering structured engagement with foundational literature that has shaped cultural, intellectual, and linguistic thought. The pre-print advocates for targeted reforms—complemented by an expansive public resource on the government website—to enrich cultural literacy, dismantle outdated hierarchies, and enhance social and professional mobility across society. Copyright © 2025 Ed Mirza. All Rights Reserved (Short Quotation Policy) Short Quotation Permission: You may quote up to 300 words of this document for non-commercial, academic, or review purposes only if proper attribution is provided (including author name, document title, and publication link or DOI). No Other Reuse: Except for these short quotations, no part of this work may be copied, modified, distributed, or used in any form without the author’s explicit written permission. For Permissions & Inquiries: Please contact the author by Email Blockchain Timestamp OpenTimestamps: This document was timestamped on the Bitcoin blockchain using OpenTimestamps. A .ots proof file is available upon request, which can be verified at the OpenTImeStamps website. This ensures an immutable record of its creation date and authorship. Scholarly Index & Timestamp Links: Ed Mirza's ORCID Profile: 0009-0008-9259-8738. (shrink)

The Section 230 debate is a proxy for reevaluating constitutional fundamentals. The modern right and the modern left, both attacking Section 230, have abandoned liberalism, together with free speech, public private divide, and the politics of neutrality. Instead of believing in First Amendment value pluralism, each side of the spectrum wishes to realize their own positive normative vision for the political community which, today, is largely defined in the realm of digital culture. Each side recognizes the political other as an (...) enemy to their own utopia, wishing to control, censor, or simply become sovereign thereover. These existential politics of the “culture war” are formally circumscribed by liberal constitutionalism, including the state action doctrine. Regardless of any formal change of the First Amendment interpretation, the government will continue to exercise soft pressures on platforms, thus outsourcing censorship, and creating a novel regulatory dialectic of pressure and cooperation. The government, to become truly sovereign, realize its normative vision, and exclude the other, needs to delegate part of its sovereignty to virtual governments. The Constitution of the United States may thus be undergoing an informal amendment conducted through the private hands of internet intermediaries, which has largely gone unnoticed in the scholarly debate over Gonzalez v. Google, digital sovereignty, and platform regulation. (shrink)

The Universal Formula for Eliminating Government Corruption: A Natural Law-Based Approach -/- Introduction -/- Government corruption is one of the most persistent obstacles to societal progress, leading to economic decline, weakened institutions, and widespread inequality. Traditional anti-corruption measures—such as stricter laws, transparency initiatives, and public awareness campaigns—have failed to fully eliminate corruption because they do not address the problem at a systemic and scientific level. -/- By applying the universal formula, which is based on the universal law of balance in (...) nature, we can understand corruption as a systemic defect—a violation of natural equilibrium that causes inefficiency and societal suffering. This essay will provide a comprehensive scientific explanation of corruption, supported by research, and propose a complete solution that integrates education, institutional reforms, AGI-driven governance, cultural adaptation, and strategic implementation. -/- 1. The Science Behind Corruption: A Systemic Imbalance -/- A. Psychological and Biological Causes → Internal Homeostasis -/- Scientific research suggests that corruption is rooted in human psychology and biology, particularly in: -/- Evolutionary survival instincts – Studies indicate that self-preservation and resource hoarding behaviors evolved to ensure survival but can also lead to greed and corruption in modern societies. (Reference: Trivers, 1971 – Evolutionary theory of reciprocity) -/- Cognitive biases – Research in behavioral psychology shows that self-justification, moral disengagement, and in-group favoritism make individuals rationalize corrupt behavior. (Reference: Bandura, 1999 – Moral disengagement theory) -/- Neurological reward systems – Studies using fMRI scans reveal that bribery activates brain regions associated with pleasure, reinforcing corrupt behaviors. (Reference: Ariely & Loewenstein, 2006 – Neurological basis of unethical behavior) -/- Universal Formula Solution: -/- Educational reprogramming is needed to counteract these internal imbalances. -/- Schools should instill ethical reasoning, self-regulation, and critical thinking from an early age. -/- Leaders must be trained to recognize that corruption leads to long-term systemic instability, disrupting both individual and societal balance. -/- B. Economic Incentives and Systemic Defects → Structural Homeostasis -/- Economists have long observed that corruption is often a rational response to flawed systems where: -/- Low salaries and financial insecurity create incentives for bribery. (Reference: Becker & Stigler, 1974 – Economics of crime and punishment) -/- Weak regulatory oversight allows corruption to persist with minimal consequences. -/- Lack of transparency in financial systems enables embezzlement and fraud. -/- Universal Formula Solution: -/- The economic system must be free of defects—governments should: -/- Ensure fair wages for public officials to reduce bribery incentives. -/- Use blockchain-based transparency systems to track public spending. -/- Implement AI-driven financial audits to detect corruption in real time. -/- C. Political and Institutional Weakness → Governance Homeostasis -/- Corruption thrives when institutions fail to enforce accountability and transparency. -/- The Principal-Agent Problem: Public officials (agents) may act in their own interests rather than serving the public (principals). (Reference: Rose-Ackerman, 1978 – Corruption and governance theory) -/- Legal Loopholes: Weak anti-corruption laws allow elites to manipulate the system. -/- Lack of Whistleblower Protections: Fear of retaliation prevents corruption from being exposed. -/- Universal Formula Solution: -/- Governments must function like biological systems, with constant monitoring and correction mechanisms: -/- Real-time transparency tools (AI-driven monitoring of government transactions). -/- Independent anti-corruption agencies with full enforcement powers. -/- Legal frameworks based on the principle of natural balance, where punishments restore equilibrium rather than being arbitrary. -/- D. Cultural Normalization of Corruption → Collective Homeostasis -/- In some societies, corruption is seen as an accepted norm due to: -/- Patronage networks and nepotism embedded in political cultures. -/- Religious and social justifications for bribery (“gifts” given in exchange for favors). -/- Distrust in the justice system, leading to reliance on informal corruption-based solutions. -/- Universal Formula Solution: -/- A holistic education system must be implemented to reprogram societal attitudes toward corruption. -/- Schools should teach: -/- The universal law of balance and its ethical implications. -/- The cause-and-effect nature of corruption—how even small acts of dishonesty contribute to systemic collapse. -/- Critical thinking skills to challenge corrupt norms and misinformation. -/- 2. Case Studies: Applying the Universal Formula to Real-World Corruption -/- Case Study 1: Singapore’s Zero-Tolerance Approach -/- Singapore successfully reduced corruption by: -/- Increasing public sector salaries to remove bribery incentives. -/- Strict enforcement of anti-corruption laws, ensuring accountability. -/- Cultural reprogramming through education and public campaigns. -/- Universal Formula Connection: Singapore’s model aligns with systemic homeostasis, ensuring a balance between economic incentives, strong institutions, and ethical education. -/- Case Study 2: Scandinavian Countries – Transparency and Trust -/- Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) maintain low corruption levels through: -/- Public trust in institutions based on long-term systemic balance. -/- High transparency in government spending. -/- Strong legal frameworks with immediate corrective feedback mechanisms. -/- Universal Formula Connection: These countries maintain governance homeostasis, preventing corruption through self-correcting institutional designs. -/- 3. Implementing the Universal Formula to Eliminate Corruption -/- A. Education Reform: The Foundation of Ethical Governance -/- Integrate the universal law of balance into curricula from elementary to higher education. -/- Teach cause-and-effect relationships in governance (e.g., how small bribes lead to systemic collapse). -/- Develop leadership training programs that emphasize ethical decision-making based on natural balance. -/- B. Institutional Reforms: Creating a Self-Correcting System -/- Implement blockchain-based transparency systems for public finance. -/- Strengthen whistleblower protections to ensure safe reporting of corruption. -/- Decentralize power to reduce opportunities for monopolistic corruption. -/- C. AGI-Driven Ethical Governance -/- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) can be programmed with the universal formula to: -/- Monitor government transactions and detect corruption patterns. -/- Ensure transparent decision-making based on systemic balance. -/- Remove human cognitive biases from governance. -/- D. Cultural Adaptation: Tailoring Solutions to Different Societies -/- In high-corruption societies, initial reforms should focus on education and small wins to shift cultural attitudes. -/- In developing countries, AGI-driven transparency tools can bypass weak institutions. -/- In democratic nations, citizen engagement should be emphasized to create self-regulating governance. -/- --- -/- 4. Addressing Challenges and Counterarguments -/- Objection: “Corruption is inevitable in human nature.” Response: Human nature includes both corruption and ethical reasoning—education determines which dominates. -/- Objection: “Elites will resist systemic reforms.” Response: AGI-driven transparency tools and mass education campaigns can reduce elite control. -/- Objection: “Implementing these changes is unrealistic.” Response: Small-scale pilots in cities or institutions can demonstrate success before national adoption. -/- --- -/- Conclusion: The Universal Formula as the Ultimate Solution to Corruption -/- Corruption is a systemic defect—a violation of the universal law of balance in nature. By applying scientific principles of homeostasis, cause and effect, and feedback regulation, we can create a corruption-free governance model. The universal formula offers the only complete solution, integrating education, institutional reform, AGI-driven oversight, and cultural adaptation. -/- If implemented, this model could lead to a world where governance functions as a perfectly balanced system—free of defects, ethical, and in harmony with natural law. -/- . (shrink)

The political system in Vietnam follows the former Soviet Union style, which includes the sub-systems of Party, state and mass organizations. It remains almost unchanged since the 1986. While Vietnam has been achieving impressive socio-economic development results, the political system somehow lag behind the socio-economic development process.

This pre-print critically examines an extension of older educational models—systems originally designed to fit individuals into a workforce mirroring class structures—which, in their increasingly stark application today, may hinder social cohesion and economic progress. While these models once promoted uniformity, they now neglect vital cultural markers that foster shared identity, fueling competition, isolation, and stigmatization. Such an approach contributes to urban degradation, professional stagnation, drag on GDP, and increased state dependency through expanded social services. Conversely, this work suggests that a (...) renewed focus on cultural literacy can promote integration and support the assimilation of new foreign newcomers. Central to this proposal is the inclusion of nine seminal literary works, compiled in the volume Primer to the Greats. These texts are showcased as a potent resource for both the National Curriculum and midlife learners, offering structured engagement with foundational literature that has shaped cultural, intellectual, and linguistic thought. The pre-print advocates for targeted reforms—complemented by an expansive public resource on the government website—to enrich cultural literacy, dismantle outdated hierarchies, and enhance social and professional mobility across society. Copyright © 2025 Ed Mirza. All Rights Reserved (Short Quotation Policy) Short Quotation Permission: You may quote up to 300 words of this document for non-commercial, academic, or review purposes only if proper attribution is provided (including author name, document title, and publication link or DOI). No Other Reuse: Except for these short quotations, no part of this work may be copied, modified, distributed, or used in any form without the author’s explicit written permission. For Permissions & Inquiries: Please contact the author by Email Blockchain Timestamp OpenTimestamps: This document was timestamped on the Bitcoin blockchain using OpenTimestamps. A .ots proof file is available upon request, which can be verified at the OpenTImeStamps website. This ensures an immutable record of its creation date and authorship. Scholarly Index & Timestamp Links: Ed Mirza's ORCID Profile: 0009-0008-9259-8738. (shrink)

In her recent book Private Government, Elizabeth Anderson makes a powerful but pragmatic case against the abuses experienced by employees in conventional corporations. The purpose of this review-essay is to contrast Anderson’s pragmatic critique of many abuses in the employment relation with a principled critique of the employment relationship itself. This principled critique is based on the theory of inalienable rights that descends from the Reformation doctrine of the inalienability of conscience down through the Enlightenment in the abolitionist, democratic, and (...) feminist movements. That theory was the basis for the abolition of the voluntary slavery or self-sale contract, the voluntary non-democratic constitution (pactum subjectionis), and the voluntary coverture marriage contract in today’s democratic countries. When understood in modern terms, that same theory applies as well against the voluntary self-rental or employment contract that is the basis for our current economic system. (shrink)

Under a policy first enacted in 1988 and expanded in 1996, federally funded public housing authorities (“PHAs”) and private landlords renting their properties to tenants receiving federal housing assistance have been required to include a provision in all leases under which drug-related criminal activity as well as criminal activity that in any way poses a threat to other tenants or nearby residents constitutes ground for initiating eviction proceedings. This strict liability eviction policy, which has become known as the “One-Strike Rule,” (...) was part of a broader congressional effort to combat the “reign of terror” that Congress believed drug dealers were imposing on public housing and assisted housing tenants. Like many of the crime-related policies enacted in the 1980s and 1990s, the One-Strike Rule has done little to reduce crime rates, but has been wildly successful in ensuring that the situation of poor households receiving federal assistance remains highly precarious. Calls for reform of the One-Strike Rule are almost as old as the policy itself, but given the political outlook of the current administration, the prospects for reform at the federal level are dim. While federal law and a combination of gridlock and unwillingness in the congressional and executive branches foreclose a range of possible strategies for reform, there is nonetheless room to mitigate the socially corrosive effects of the One-Strike Rule through legislative efforts at the state and local level. Courts in various jurisdictions have upheld state laws that protect vulnerable tenants despite the federal strict liability policy, and these holdings help to provide a framework for how state and local governments seeking to protect tenants can do so without their efforts necessarily falling prey to the Supremacy Clause. This article describes that framework and proposes three concrete measures that fit it. The article is structured as follows: after explaining the One-Strike Rule and the threat it poses to vulnerable tenants (Section II), the article discusses the burden the Rule imposes on tenants and the benefits it is supposed to bring to other parties, and argues that the resulting distribution of burdens and benefits is unjust (Section III). The article then lays out three concrete measures that state and local governments can enact to protect tenants who face eviction for criminal activity under the Rule without falling prey to a federal preemption challenge: requiring “good cause” for eviction, giving tenants the right to cure a breach of their lease, and providing tenants with free counsel in landlord-tenant court (Section IV). (shrink)

This article aims to explore the connection between classical learning and study of governing in Jeong Yak-yong’s thought, by considering ‘achievement investigation 考績’ in Old Lessons of Book of Documents 尙書古訓–his typical work on classical learning, and Testaments on Study of Governing 經世遺表–his representative work of study of governing. In Old lessons of Book of Documents, Jeong Yak-yong analyzes the investigation of officials’ achievements in the interpretations on political activities and thoughts of Yao 堯, Shun 舜, Yu 禹, Gao Yao (...) 皐陶. He points that the achievement investigation is ‘great way’ of Yao-Shun’s politics. This investigation is conducted every three years, and after three times the reward and punishment, the promotion and demotion are carried out. This investigation is applied to all officials in the bureaucracy. The investigation of officials’ achievements is conducted as follows: the mandarin comes before the King and directly reports on his own achievements. After that the King embarks an inspection tour to areas to verify those reports. To Testaments on Study of Governing, the achievement investigation is built into one of the plans for bureaucratic reform. Jeong Yak-yong, based on the achievement investigation recorded in Book of Documents 書經 and Rites of Zhou 周禮, thinks that in the contemporary Joseon, the achievement investigation should be conducted every one year and after three times the reward or promotion should be carried out. In his thought, the achievement investigation must be applied to all officials, not only to the low-ranking ones as the current regulation. Jeong Yak-yong proposes investigation methods applied to central and local officials. In the investigation of local officials’ achievements, Jeong Yak-yong pays a special attention to the investigation of Su-ryeong 守令–the leader of each local area. He proposes the so-called “9 guiding principles” with 54 articles to investigate Su-ryeongs’ achievements. He also states that it is necessary to define the levels in considering the achievements of officials, and the fixed number of officials in each level. After three years (means three times of investigation), each Su-ryeong must return to the capital to directly report his achievements before the King, and after that the court send inspectors to the locality to secretly investigate those reports. Through the changes and development of the achievement investigation from unsystematic arguments (in Old lessons of Book of Documents) to a complete reform plan (in Testaments on Study of Governing), it can be seen the close connection between the classical learning and the study of governing in Jeong Yak-yong’s thought. His classical learning and study of governing themselves are different from ones in Neo-Confucians: his classical learning pays attention to the social ruling issues, and his study of governing itself is comprehensive social reform projects. That practical classical learning provides ideal models – social standards and ruling ways in Yao-Shun era - for that reformist study of governing. And it also provides important theories on human nature, cultivation, politics etc. for the study of governing so that it has a solid ground for the reformist arguments. Moreover, Jeong Yak-yong’s study of governing also relies on the reality (the practical situations) to develop reform plans, thus on one hand, it contains new, practical and rational features, and on the other hand, it makes the classical learning become more realistic. (shrink)

In this article, I will explore how the underlying research values of ‘openness’ and ‘mutual responsiveness’, which are central to open science practices, can be integrated into a new ethos of science. Firstly, I will revisit Robert Merton's early contribution to this issue, examining whether the ethos of science should be understood as a set of norms for scientists to practice ‘good’ science or as a set of research values as a functional requirement of the scientific system to produce knowledge, (...) irrespective of individual adherence to these norms. Secondly, I will analyse the recent codification of scientific practice in terms of ‘scientific integrity’, a framework that Merton did not pursue. Based on this analysis, and illustrated on the case of COVID-19 as a case in which the institution of science was challenged to deliver urgently on societal desirable outcomes, I will argue that promoting open science and its core norms of collaboration and openness requires broader governance of the institution of science in its relationship with society at large, rather than relying solely on self-governance within the scientific community through a new ethos of science. This conclusion has implications for re-evaluating research assessments, suggesting that the evaluation of the scientific system should take precedence over evaluating individual researchers, and that incentives should be provided to encourage specific research behaviour rather than solely focusing on individual research outputs. This article is followed up by Commentaries of Carl Mitcham, Alfred Nordmann, Sabina Leonelli, Lukas Fuchs, Monica Edwards-Schachter. (shrink)

The Dangers of Living in an Unsafe Community: Causes, Effects, and Comprehensive Government Solutions -/- The environment in which a person lives significantly impacts their well-being, security, and future opportunities. Staying in a community with dangerous individuals—such as criminals, violent gangs, or those engaging in unethical behavior—poses serious risks. While some people may have no choice due to financial or personal circumstances, it is always advisable to seek a safer environment whenever possible. This essay explores the causes of unsafe communities, (...) their negative effects, and a comprehensive government-led approach to solving these issues, including the importance of urban planning, housing development in slum areas, and family planning programs to prevent overcrowding. -/- Causes of Unsafe Communities -/- Several factors contribute to the existence of dangerous communities. These include economic instability, lack of education, weak law enforcement, poor urban planning, social inequality, and overpopulation. -/- 1. Poverty and Unemployment -/- One of the main causes of crime in a community is poverty. When individuals lack access to stable jobs, they may resort to illegal activities such as theft, drug dealing, or organized crime to survive. -/- For example, in Venezuela, the economic crisis has forced many people into criminal activities as a means of survival. In cities like Caracas, robbery, kidnapping, and gang-related violence have increased due to extreme poverty and lack of job opportunities. -/- 2. Lack of Education -/- Poor education systems can contribute to crime by limiting opportunities for young people. Without access to quality education, individuals may struggle to find legal employment and turn to crime as an alternative. -/- In Nigeria, for instance, many youths in underdeveloped regions receive little to no formal education, increasing the likelihood of recruitment into terrorist groups like Boko Haram, which exploits uneducated and unemployed individuals for violent activities. -/- 3. Weak Law Enforcement -/- In many high-crime areas, law enforcement is either ineffective, corrupt, or underfunded. When police presence is weak, criminals feel emboldened to continue illegal activities without fear of consequences. -/- A notable example is Mexico, where drug cartels control entire towns due to weak law enforcement. In places like Guerrero and Sinaloa, police officers are often either bribed or threatened into ignoring cartel activities, allowing crime to thrive. -/- 4. Poor Urban Planning and Slums -/- Lack of proper urban planning leads to the growth of slums—densely populated, unregulated settlements where living conditions are poor. These areas often lack basic infrastructure such as clean water, sanitation, and proper roads, creating an environment where crime can flourish. -/- For example, in Mumbai, India, slum areas like Dharavi are overcrowded, with families living in small, poorly constructed homes. The lack of proper planning has led to high crime rates, including illegal drug trade and violence. -/- In Kenya, the Kibera slum in Nairobi is one of Africa’s largest slums. Due to limited government intervention, residents struggle with extreme poverty, making them vulnerable to criminal organizations and illegal activities. -/- 5. Overpopulation and Lack of Family Planning -/- Uncontrolled population growth, especially in urban areas, leads to overcrowding, resource depletion, and increased poverty. Without proper family planning programs, families may have more children than they can support, worsening economic struggles and increasing crime rates. -/- For example, in Metro Manila, Philippines, rapid population growth has led to extreme congestion, lack of affordable housing, and growing informal settlements. Overcrowding puts pressure on public services, making it difficult to provide jobs, healthcare, and education to all residents. -/- Effects of Living in an Unsafe Community -/- 1. Physical Safety Risks -/- One of the most immediate dangers of living in a high-risk community is the threat to personal safety. -/- For example, in Chicago, USA, gang-related violence has made it dangerous for residents to walk outside even in broad daylight. -/- 2. Mental and Emotional Stress -/- Living in an unsafe environment can cause severe mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). -/- A st’dy in Detroit, USA, found that children growing up in high-crime areas often experience PTSD similar to that seen in war veterans. -/- 3. Limited Opportunities for Growth -/- Dangerous communities often struggle with economic and social instability. -/- For example, in Detroit, the decline of industry and rise in crime rates have left many neighborhoods economically devastated. -/- Comprehensive Government Solutions -/- To solve the problem of unsafe communities, governments must implement a multifaceted approach that addresses the root causes of crime while ensuring long-term stability. This requires economic investment, improved education, stronger law enforcement, urban planning, family planning programs, social welfare programs, and community engagement. -/- 1. Urban Planning and Housing for Slum Areas -/- Slum Upgrading Programs -/- Example: In Thailand, the Baan Mankong Housing Program provides slum residents with legal housing rights and funds to upgrade their homes. -/- Affordable Housing Projects -/- Example: Singapore’s Housing Development Board (HDB) successfully provided affordable homes for its citizens, reducing crime and homelessness. -/- Access to Basic Services -/- Example: In Brazil’s favelas, government intervention in providing sanitation and electricity has helped lower crime rates. -/- 2. Family Planning and Population Control -/- Governments must implement family planning programs to control rapid population growth in urban areas. Overpopulation leads to overcrowding, poverty, and strain on public services, which in turn contributes to crime. -/- Government-Sponsored Family Planning Programs -/- Governments should offer free access to contraceptives and family planning education to reduce unplanned pregnancies. -/- Example: Bangladesh’s national family planning program successfully reduced birth rates, easing pressure on urban centers and public services. -/- Sex Education in Schools -/- Educating young people about reproductive health and responsible parenthood helps prevent overpopulation. -/- Example: The Netherlands has one of the lowest teen pregnancy rates due to comprehensive sex education. -/- Economic Incentives for Smaller Families -/- Providing financial benefits to families that have fewer children can encourage responsible parenthood. -/- Example: China’s former one-child policy (although controversial) successfully slowed population growth in urban areas. -/- 3. Economic Development and Job Creation -/- Investment in local businesses -/- Example: In Medellín, Colombia, economic programs and infrastructure investment helped transform the city from one of the most dangerous in the world into a thriving urban center. -/- Vocational training programs -/- Example: Germany’s apprenticeship programs help integrate youth into the workforce, reducing unemployment and crime. -/- 4. Strengthening Law Enforcement and Justice Systems -/- Community policing: -/- Example: Japan’s Koban system (small police stations in neighborhoods) has contributed to its low crime rate. -/- Criminal justice reform: -/- Example: Norway’s prison system, which prioritizes rehabilitation, has one of the lowest recidivism rates in the world. -/- 5. Community Engagement and Grassroots Initiatives -/- Neighborhood watch programs: -/- Example: In London, community-led safety initiatives have helped reduce crime in certain districts. -/- Support for at-risk youth: -/- Example: In Brazil, the government funds Capoeira programs to engage youth in a positive cultural activity instead of gangs. -/- Conclusion -/- Unsafe communities are the result of complex social, economic, and political factors. Poor urban planning, poverty, overpopulation, lack of education, weak law enforcement, and social inequality all contribute to high crime rates. However, governments have the power to create lasting change through a combination of urban planning, family planning, economic investment, educational reform, improved law enforcement, social welfare, and community engagement. -/- By taking a holistic approach, governments can transform unsafe neighborhoods into thriving, secure communities, ensuring a brighter future for all citizens. -/- . (shrink)

Michiel Wielema: The March of the Libertines. Spinozists and the Dutch Reformed Church (1660–1750). ReLiC: Studies in Dutch Religious History. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren, 2004; pp. 221. The Dutch Republic of the seventeenth century is famous for having cultivated an extraordinary climate of toleration and religious pluralism — the Union of Utrecht supported religious freedom, or “freedom of conscience”, and expressly forbade reli- gious inquisition. However, despite membership in the state sponsored Calvinist Dutch Reformed Church not being compulsory, the freedom to (...) gather and worship, or “to air anti-Christian or atheistic opinions” was little tolerated “within” the organized structure of the church, which functioned more as “an exclusive organisation for those willing to submit freely to certain confessional canons and to the disciplinary author- ity of the church’s governing bodies” (10): the consistories, classes, and synods. Those not prepared to submit to Reformed doctrine were free to leave the church without fear of any legal or political repercussions. However, for those not prepared to leave for reasons of personal belief, matters turned out to be quite different. Because the Reformed Church enjoyed full State protection, matters of doctrinal conflict could well evolve into political affairs. And, contrary to the Union of Utrecht, religious inquisition was in some cases actually applied with political approval for “heretics” within the Reformed Church. The main focus of The March of the Libertines is an investigation of this obvious tension. (shrink)

Globalization today is at a dangerous crossroads. Although many alleged it has provided enormous benefits, but the systemic risks and growing inequality it causes necessitate urgent action. The myth of a borderless world is crashing down. Traditional pillars of open markets; the United Kingdom and United States are wobbling. This is evident in the Brexit vote which stunned European Union and the world at large, couple with the recent policies of the American government towards its fellow western allies and immigrants. (...) Many people are beginning to feel so troubled about our economic future. The failure to arrest these global developments is likely to lead to growing nationalist policies, protectionism and xenophobia, which the world is already witnessing. Globalization has created growth, no doubt. But what kind of growth? And for who? This crisis posed by globalization has forced many to question the motive behind this phenomenon. Could this be renewed imperialism? This paper adopts rational and analytic methods in exposing this argument. (shrink)

The Role of Power Transitions in Government Collapse: Historical Lessons and Solutions -/- Throughout history, the transition of power has been a defining factor in the stability or collapse of governments. When power is transferred smoothly, institutions remain strong, and societies continue to function. However, when transitions are mismanaged, contested, or poorly structured, they often lead to political instability, civil wars, or the complete breakdown of government structures. This essay explores the importance of power transitions in maintaining political stability by (...) examining historical examples where such transitions led to the collapse of governments. Additionally, it proposes solutions to prevent such collapses in the future. -/- The Critical Nature of Power Transitions -/- The process of transferring power is one of the most vulnerable moments for any political system. Several factors determine whether a transition is successful or leads to instability: -/- 1. Legitimacy of Succession – If the public and political elites accept the process of succession, transitions occur peacefully. However, when legitimacy is questioned, power struggles emerge. -/- 2. Institutional Strength – Strong political institutions ensure smooth power transitions, while weak institutions make governments dependent on individual rulers. -/- 3. Elite Consensus – When ruling elites agree on a transition, it is more likely to be peaceful. Divisions among elites can result in coups or civil wars. -/- 4. Public Support and Social Stability – If the population supports the transition, the government remains stable. Mass protests or revolts can destabilize regimes. -/- 5. Military and Security Forces’ Role – A neutral or loyal military ensures a peaceful transition, but if the military intervenes, coups or armed conflicts may occur. -/- 6. Economic Conditions – Economic crises can accelerate government collapse during power transitions by weakening public trust. -/- 7. External Influences – Foreign intervention, diplomatic pressure, or economic sanctions can shape whether a transition succeeds or leads to chaos. -/- Historical Examples of Power Transitions Leading to Collapse -/- 1. The Fall of the Roman Republic (1st Century BCE) -/- The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power vacuum and civil war. The Republic collapsed as Augustus (Octavian) seized power and established the Roman Empire. The failure to create a smooth transition from the Republic to an alternative stable government structure led to one-man rule. -/- 2. The French Revolution (1789-1799) -/- The monarchy collapsed due to economic crises and public discontent. The power vacuum led to the Reign of Terror and multiple regime changes before Napoleon took control. The lack of a stable transition plan from monarchy to democracy resulted in violent political struggles. -/- 3. The Russian Revolution (1917) -/- Czar Nicholas II abdicated amid economic and military crises. The weak Provisional Government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks, leading to decades of political purges. The failure to establish a strong democratic system allowed radical elements to seize power. -/- 4. The Weimar Republic and Hitler’s Rise (1933) -/- Germany’s economic crisis and political instability enabled Adolf Hitler to rise to power legally, leading to the collapse of democracy and the Nazi dictatorship. The failure of democratic institutions to resist authoritarian takeovers contributed to this transition failure. -/- 5. The Iranian Revolution (1979) -/- The Shah of Iran lost legitimacy due to repression and economic struggles. His departure created a power vacuum, allowing the Islamic Revolution to establish a theocratic regime. The lack of a democratic transition framework led to a total political shift. -/- 6. The Collapse of the Soviet Union (1991) -/- Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms weakened the centralized government, leading to nationalist movements and economic collapse, resulting in the dissolution of the USSR. The sudden transition from communism to multiple independent states was mismanaged, leading to political chaos. -/- 7. The Arab Spring (2010-2012) -/- Mass protests led to the overthrow of governments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. However, weak institutions and power vacuums resulted in ongoing instability and civil wars. The absence of structured political succession made these transitions chaotic. -/- 8. The Fall of the Afghan Government (2021) -/- The withdrawal of U.S. forces from Afghanistan in 2021 led to the rapid collapse of the Afghan government, allowing the Taliban to take power without resistance. The lack of a well-planned transition left a power vacuum that extremist groups exploited. -/- Solutions for Preventing Government Collapse During Power Transitions -/- 1. Establishing Strong Political Institutions -/- Governments should build independent institutions that can function regardless of leadership changes. -/- A clear legal framework for succession should be established, ensuring stability. -/- Example: United States Presidential Transition – Despite political disagreements, strong institutions ensure smooth transitions of power every four years. -/- 2. Promoting a Culture of Democratic Succession -/- Political education should emphasize peaceful transitions of power. -/- Leaders should prepare successors and ensure a stable transition process. -/- Example: South Africa’s Transition from Apartheid (1994) – Nelson Mandela ensured a peaceful transfer of power through negotiations, preventing civil war. -/- 3. Ensuring Economic Stability -/- Economic policies should focus on long-term growth and stability to prevent crises that weaken governments. -/- Governments should maintain financial reserves to manage economic downturns during transitions. -/- Example: China’s Economic Reforms (1978-Present) – Transition from Maoist policies to a market economy was gradual, preventing instability. -/- 4. Strengthening Public Trust in Government -/- Transparency and accountability should be prioritized to gain public confidence. -/- Civic engagement and public participation in governance should be encouraged. -/- Example: Post-World War II Japan – Japan rebuilt trust in democratic institutions, leading to long-term political stability. -/- 5. Avoiding Military Interventions in Politics -/- The military should remain neutral in political transitions and serve as a stabilizing force, not a political actor. -/- Civilian oversight of the military should be strengthened to prevent coups. -/- Example: Turkey’s Democratic Reforms – Despite past military coups, recent reforms have reduced military interference in politics. -/- 6. International Mediation and Support -/- International organizations (e.g., the UN) should assist in ensuring peaceful transitions in unstable regions. -/- Diplomatic pressure can prevent violent takeovers and encourage legitimate transitions. -/- Example: East Timor’s Independence (2002) – The UN helped facilitate a peaceful transition to democracy after Indonesian rule. -/- 7. Managing Internal and External Political Conflicts -/- Governments should ensure national unity by addressing ethnic and political divisions. -/- Foreign influence should be managed to prevent external powers from exploiting transitions. -/- Example: Rwanda’s Post-Genocide Rebuilding – After the 1994 genocide, Rwanda implemented reconciliation policies to prevent future power struggles. -/- Conclusion -/- The transition of power is one of the most critical and dangerous moments for any government. If managed well, it can lead to stable governance and progress. However, when transitions are mismanaged, contested, or forced, they can result in political collapse, violence, and societal breakdown. -/- The historical examples discussed demonstrate the importance of legitimacy, institutional strength, elite consensus, public support, and military neutrality in ensuring successful power transitions. By implementing solutions such as strong institutions, economic stability, democratic culture, and international mediation, governments can prevent collapse and ensure smooth transitions of power. -/- The fate of nations often depends not only on who rules, but on how power is transferred from one leader or system to the next. Learning from history and implementing practical solutions can help safeguard governments from the chaos of failed transitions. -/- . (shrink)

The Universal Law of Balance as the Key to Ethical AI and Internet Governance -/- The rapid advancement of internet technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has brought unprecedented opportunities for innovation, communication, and economic growth. However, the dominant profit-driven model of capitalism has also led to severe imbalances, particularly in the spread of black propaganda and misinformation. These issues arise because many websites, apps, and AI systems prioritize engagement and revenue over truth and societal well-being. If left unchecked, these (...) imbalances can distort human decision-making, manipulate public opinion, and destabilize societies. To correct this, the principles of the universal law of balance must be applied to both internet governance and AI development. A transition to a socialist or mixed economic system may be necessary to ensure that technological progress aligns with ethical and natural laws. -/- The Problem: Profit Motive and the Spread of Misinformation -/- In today’s digital economy, many technology companies generate revenue through engagement-based advertising. This creates a powerful incentive for social media platforms, news aggregators, and AI-driven content generators to promote sensational, misleading, or emotionally charged content—often at the expense of truth. Black propaganda, misinformation, and divisive narratives thrive in such an environment because they capture attention and increase user interaction. As a result, companies continue to profit while the public becomes more misinformed, leading to societal instability. -/- From the perspective of the universal law of balance, this system is defective. Just as a machine with faulty components will eventually break down, a society built on distorted information cannot function properly. For stability to be restored, the design of internet algorithms, content moderation policies, and economic incentives must be realigned with natural balance principles. -/- The Solution: A Balanced Economic Model for AI and Internet Governance -/- To address these systemic flaws, a shift away from pure capitalism toward a socialist or mixed economic system is necessary. This approach would introduce ethical guidelines, regulatory oversight, and alternative business models that prioritize balance over profit maximization. Some key solutions include: -/- 1. Regulated AI and Algorithms – Governments and international organizations should enforce ethical AI policies that prioritize factual, balanced content over engagement-driven misinformation. AI systems must be designed to detect and filter black propaganda while maintaining free speech. -/- 2. Publicly Funded Information Platforms – Just as public broadcasting services like BBC and PBS exist to provide reliable news, governments or independent organizations should develop non-profit digital platforms where truth and ethical journalism are prioritized. -/- 3. Accountability Measures for Tech Companies – Heavier fines, stricter regulations, and legal consequences for companies that knowingly spread misinformation could discourage profit-driven manipulation. -/- 4. Alternative Revenue Models – Encouraging subscription-based or non-profit AI platforms could reduce reliance on engagement-driven advertising, minimizing the incentive for misinformation. -/- 5. International Collaboration – The UN, World Economic Forum, or a new global body should establish a universal framework for AI ethics, ensuring all nations regulate technology in a way that aligns with the universal law of balance. -/- By restructuring the digital economy with these principles, internet governance can function more like a self-correcting natural system, reducing errors and restoring social stability. -/- AGI and the Universal Law of Balance -/- Beyond internet governance, the universal law of balance is also crucial for AGI development. If AGI is designed purely for corporate profit or national interests, it will likely be used for economic exploitation, political control, or even large-scale misinformation campaigns. However, if AGI is built on the principles of balance, it can serve as a force for truth and ethical decision-making. -/- An AGI aligned with the universal formula would: -/- Validate Information Using Natural Laws – Assess the accuracy of information based on objective, universal principles, rejecting misinformation. -/- Prevent Exploitation – Detect and counter propaganda, ensuring AI is not misused by corporations or governments. -/- Optimize Human Progress – Enhance decision-making for individuals and leaders, fostering rational and ethical societal development. -/- Self-Correct and Adapt – Continuously refine its understanding, eliminating systemic biases over time. -/- For AGI to truly function as a rational, human-level intelligence, it must be programmed with the universal law of balance. This will ensure that AI operates in harmony with nature and truth, rather than as a tool for profit-driven deception. -/- The Need for Global Political Will -/- The transition to a balanced internet and AI system will not happen voluntarily. Many governments and corporations benefit from misinformation and may resist ethical changes that limit their influence. Therefore, global political pressure is necessary to enforce these reforms. The UN, national governments, and independent oversight bodies must develop the political will to regulate AI and internet technology according to natural laws. Without this effort, profit-driven systems will continue to create instability, misinformation, and societal decay. -/- To prevent this, AI researchers, policymakers, and global institutions must adopt the universal formula as the guiding principle for future technological developments. Only by restoring balance—both in information systems and economic models—can AI and digital technology serve humanity rather than manipulate it. -/- Conclusion -/- The current digital economy, driven by profit at all costs, has created a system where misinformation spreads unchecked, causing severe societal imbalances. The universal law of balance offers a solution by ensuring that AI and internet technology function without defects or errors, just like any other natural system. To achieve this, a transition to a socialist or mixed economic model is necessary, along with strict regulations and ethical oversight. -/- Furthermore, AGI must be programmed with the universal formula to prevent it from becoming another tool for manipulation. If governments, the UN, and AI researchers embrace this framework, technology can be realigned with truth, ethical governance, and natural balance—leading to a more stable and just society. -/- . (shrink)

Resisting Political Dynasties Through a Balanced Government System -/- Introduction -/- Political dynasties have long been a challenge to democratic governance. In many countries, elections are dominated by powerful families who pass leadership positions from one generation to the next. This results in imbalances in governance, where public offices are treated as family assets rather than platforms for serving the people. While democracy is meant to provide equal opportunities for leadership, political dynasties often manipulate institutions, control resources, and (...) weaken competition to maintain power. -/- To resist the rise of political dynasties, a government system must have strong institutional safeguards, an informed electorate, and mechanisms that promote meritocracy. The universal law of balance in nature, as proposed by Angelito Malicse, can serve as a guiding principle in designing a fair and just political system. This essay explores different government structures that can effectively prevent dynastic rule and ensure that leadership is based on competence, integrity, and public service rather than family name. -/- 1. The Parliamentary System with Strong Party Discipline -/- A parliamentary system is one of the most effective ways to prevent political dynasties because it shifts power from individual politicians to political parties. In this system, the government is formed by the party (or coalition) that wins the most seats in the legislature, and the head of government (Prime Minister) is chosen from among elected representatives. -/- Why It Resists Dynasties: -/- Power is distributed among parties rather than families, making it harder for a single family to dominate. -/- Political parties have internal mechanisms to replace leaders based on performance, not inheritance. -/- Elections are party-based rather than personality-based, reducing the influence of political families. -/- Example: In the United Kingdom, despite having influential political families, the party system ensures leadership is based on party performance rather than personal legacy. Leaders such as Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair rose to power based on their abilities, not family connections. -/- 2. Strict Anti-Dynasty Laws and Constitutional Safeguards -/- Some democracies have explicit laws that prevent political dynasties by restricting family members from holding multiple government positions simultaneously or consecutively. These laws limit the concentration of power within a single family and promote fair competition. -/- Why It Resists Dynasties: -/- Prevents family monopolies over government positions. -/- Encourages new leaders to emerge from different backgrounds. -/- Example: Indonesia has anti-dynasty laws that restrict close relatives of sitting officials from running in the same region. This has prevented some powerful families from dominating local elections. -/- 3. Meritocratic Bureaucracy: A Technocratic Approach -/- In a meritocratic government, key decision-making roles are filled based on skills, experience, and qualifications, rather than political connections. This prevents political families from placing unqualified relatives in influential positions. -/- Why It Resists Dynasties: -/- Ensures that government officials are competent and qualified. -/- Reduces nepotism and favoritism in appointments. -/- Example: Singapore’s governance model emphasizes meritocracy, where political leaders and civil servants are selected based on their competence, education, and leadership abilities. As a result, Singapore has one of the most efficient and corruption-free governments in the world. -/- 4. Proportional Representation Electoral System -/- A proportional representation (PR) system ensures that seats in the legislature are distributed based on the percentage of votes a party receives, rather than a winner-takes-all system. This creates a more diverse and representative government. -/- Why It Resists Dynasties: -/- Limits family control by ensuring that power is shared among multiple political parties. -/- Encourages coalition governments, making it harder for a single family to dominate. -/- Example: Germany and the Netherlands use proportional representation, ensuring that elections are issue-based rather than family-based. This system has prevented the emergence of strong political dynasties in these countries. -/- 5. Direct Democracy and Citizen Participation -/- Some countries implement direct democracy mechanisms, such as referendums, recall elections, and citizen assemblies, allowing the public to influence political decisions directly. -/- Why It Resists Dynasties: -/- Reduces reliance on political elites and families to make decisions. -/- Allows citizens to remove corrupt or ineffective leaders before their term ends. -/- Example: Switzerland has a strong tradition of direct democracy, where citizens frequently vote on key policies. This prevents long-term family dominance in politics because power remains in the hands of the people. -/- 6. Decentralized Federalism to Distribute Power -/- A federal system divides power between national and regional governments, preventing a central ruling class from controlling the entire country. In a decentralized government, each region has a degree of self-governance, reducing the influence of political families at the national level. -/- Why It Resists Dynasties: -/- Prevents concentration of power at the national level. -/- Encourages local leadership development, giving new leaders opportunities to emerge. -/- Example: The United States has a federal system where state governments operate independently. While political dynasties exist, their power is limited to certain regions rather than national dominance. -/- 7. Holistic Education Based on the Universal Law of Balance -/- One of the most powerful ways to resist political dynasties is through education. A properly designed holistic educational system can reprogram societal thinking, teaching voters to select leaders based on merit rather than blind loyalty to political families. -/- Why It Resists Dynasties: -/- Encourages voters to choose leaders based on competence rather than family ties. -/- Teaches the importance of balance in governance and why unchecked power leads to corruption. -/- Promotes critical thinking, ensuring that citizens are aware of the manipulation tactics used by dynastic politicians. -/- Example: Finland’s education system emphasizes critical thinking, civic responsibility, and political awareness, producing informed and independent-minded voters who are less likely to be influenced by political dynasties. -/- Conclusion: The Best System to Prevent Political Dynasties -/- The most effective way to resist political dynasties is through a combination of these systems: -/- 1. A parliamentary system that ensures leadership is party-driven rather than family-driven. -/- 2. Strict anti-dynasty laws that legally prevent family monopolies in government. -/- 3. A meritocratic bureaucracy that limits political appointments to qualified individuals. -/- 4. A proportional representation electoral system to ensure political diversity. -/- 5. A decentralized government where local leadership develops independently. -/- 6. A holistic education system based on the universal law of balance, empowering voters to make informed choices. -/- If properly implemented, these mechanisms can break the cycle of political dynasties and ensure that democracy remains fair, just, and balanced. By applying the universal law of balance in nature, governments can create a system where leadership is earned through merit and service, not inherited like a monarchy. The challenge now is for leaders, educators, and reformers to recognize these principles and push for systemic change. -/- . (shrink)

Human activity has reshaped all parts of the Earth system. For this reason, a vast majority of geologists at the 35th International Geological Congress in Cape Town (September 2016) spoke out in favor of changing the classification of geological epochs and of declaring a new world age – the Anthropocene. This chapter points at implications that the proclamation of the Anthropocene should have for the currently relevant concept of democracy. In particular, it is argued that the transition into a new (...) phase of geology also necessitates a further advancement of our form of government. Democracy, as it has been conceived of and practiced until now, has to a large extent ignored the problem of ‘presentism’. This chapter suggests an extension of the 300-years-old separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branch. It is argued that in order to make our political system more future-oriented, there is a need for a new (fourth) branch which ensures that the interests of future generations be taken into account within today's decision-making process. A newly-established ‘future council’ should have the right to introduce legislation, integrating the competences of this new institution with those of parliament. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the legitimacy of offices for future generations (OFGs) as the embodiment of the proposed future branch. (shrink)

The sociopolitical and cultural evolution as a result of the Reform and Opening up in 1978, facilitated not least by the inexorable juggernaut of globalization and technological advancement, has revolutionized the way China engages domestically and interacts with the outside world. The need for more proactive diplomacy and open engagement witnessed the institutionalization of the interpreter-mediated premier's press conferences. Such a discursive event provides a vital platform for China to articulate its discourse and rebrand its image in tandem with (...) the profound changes signaled by the Dengist reform. This chapter investigates critically how political press conference interpreting and interpreters' agency in China are impacted in relation to such dramatic transformations. It is revealed that, while interpreters are confronted with seemingly conflicting expectations, in actual practice they are often able to negotiate a way as highly competent interpreting professionals with the additional missions of advancing China's global engagement and safeguarding China's national interests. (shrink)

Refined Proposal for Sortition-Based Governance in the Philippines -/- A Hybrid Model with a High-Standard Filtering Mechanism for Selecting Leaders, Including the President & Prime Minister -/- To eliminate political dynasties, corruption, and incompetence, this refined proposal replaces national elections for the President and Prime Minister with an advanced sortition system that ensures only the most highly qualified individuals are selected. -/- 1. Key Features of the Sortition-Based Philippine Government -/- ✔ Strict Qualification Filtering – Only the most competent (...) and ethical candidates are considered. ✔ Advanced Sortition – Instead of elections, top leaders are randomly selected from a pre-vetted pool of highly qualified individuals. ✔ Hybrid Governance Model – A Prime Minister (Head of Government) and a President (Head of State) for better governance balance. ✔ Transparent Selection Process – Sortition is automated, verifiable, and publicly monitored using AI & blockchain technology. ✔ Non-Renewable Terms – Prevents long-term political control and career politicians. ✔ Citizen Participation – Involves the public in decision-making through citizen assemblies and local councils. -/- 2. Government Structure with Sortition for the Philippines -/- A. The Head of State: President (Selected via Sortition, Not Elections) -/- The President will serve as the ceremonial Head of State, responsible for: ✅ Representing the country internationally. ✅ Appointing officials based on meritocratic recommendations. ✅ Ensuring the balance of power between government branches. ✅ Vetoing laws that violate the Constitution and Universal Law of Balance. -/- Selection Process for the President -/- 1. Strict Filtering Process – Only candidates who meet the highest standards of education, experience, and integrity qualify. -/- 2. Meritocratic Shortlisting – A national committee of scholars, scientists, and governance experts ranks candidates based on leadership skills, ethical track record, and knowledge. -/- 3. Randomized Selection from the Top 10 Candidates – Using a publicly transparent, blockchain-based lottery system. -/- 4. Final Public Confirmation – The selected candidate must pass a public review process before assuming office. -/- Term Length: 6 years, non-renewable (to prevent career politicians). -/- B. The Head of Government: Prime Minister (Selected via Sortition, Not Elections) -/- The Prime Minister will be the Head of Government, responsible for: ✅ Managing the executive branch and national policies. ✅ Implementing laws and overseeing economic programs. ✅ Ensuring efficiency and ethical governance. -/- Selection Process for the Prime Minister -/- 1. Qualification Screening – Candidates must have at least 10 years of government or leadership experience and pass a national competency exam. -/- 2. Parliamentary Nomination – The Citizen Assembly (Congress) will nominate 10 highly qualified candidates based on merit and leadership performance. -/- 3. Final Selection via Sortition – The Prime Minister is randomly selected from the top 3 nominees. -/- 4. Public Oath of Accountability – The selected Prime Minister must take a binding public oath to serve with integrity. -/- Term Length: 4 years, renewable once (to allow stability but prevent long-term control). -/- C. The Legislature (Citizen Assembly & Senate Reform) -/- 50% of House Representatives & Senate will be selected via sortition among highly qualified candidates. -/- 50% will be elected through regional voting to maintain some democratic representation. -/- Term Length: 4 years, non-renewable for randomly selected officials. -/- D. The Judiciary (Courts & Justice System) -/- Judges, Justices, and Ombudsman officials will be randomly selected from a pool of the most qualified lawyers and legal scholars. -/- A randomly selected Citizen Oversight Panel will monitor the judiciary to prevent corruption. -/- E. Local Government (Governors, Mayors, Councils) -/- Governors & Mayors: Selected through sortition from qualified candidates (instead of elections). -/- City & Barangay Councils: -/- 50% selected via sortition among qualified candidates. -/- 50% elected through local voting. -/- 3. Filtering Mechanism: Who Can Be Included in the Sortition Process? -/- To ensure only highly qualified candidates are included in the random selection pool, strict requirements must be met. -/- A. General Qualifications (Applies to All Government Positions) -/- ✅ Minimum Education: Bachelor’s degree in law, economics, governance, or a related field. ✅ Advanced Competency Exam: Must pass a rigorous national leadership exam designed by experts. ✅ Proven Leadership Experience: At least 5–10 years of experience in public service, business, governance, or military leadership. ✅ Ethical and Clean Record: No history of corruption, abuse of power, or criminal activity. ✅ Public Service Commitment: Must sign a legally binding contract to serve with integrity and undergo regular performance reviews. -/- After meeting these qualifications, candidates enter the sortition lottery system for selection. -/- 4. Implementation Plan for the Philippines -/- Step 1: Public Awareness & Education -/- Mass education campaign through universities, media, and schools. -/- Conduct town halls and citizen debates on the benefits of sortition. -/- Step 2: Pilot Program at the Local Level -/- Implement sortition in barangay and city councils first. -/- Monitor effectiveness and citizen satisfaction. -/- Step 3: Constitutional Reform -/- Amend the 1987 Constitution to legalize sortition-based governance. -/- Establish the National Sortition Oversight Commission (NSOC) to manage the system. -/- Step 4: Full Nationwide Implementation -/- Expand sortition to the national government. -/- Introduce performance evaluation mechanisms to ensure accountability. -/- 5. Addressing Common Concerns -/- Concern 1: Will Random Selection Be Manipulated? -/- ✅ Solution: Use blockchain & AI-based selection systems to ensure full transparency. -/- Concern 2: Will Unqualified People Be Chosen? -/- ✅ Solution: Only highly vetted candidates enter the sortition pool, preventing unqualified individuals from being selected. -/- Concern 3: How Will This Be Accepted by Filipinos? -/- ✅ Solution: Implement small-scale trials, showing the positive effects of sortition before full implementation. -/- Concern 4: Will the Philippines Lose Stability Without Elections? -/- ✅ Solution: The hybrid model ensures some elected officials remain while transitioning to a sortition-based system. -/- 6. Expected Benefits for the Philippines -/- ✔ Eliminates corruption and political dynasties. ✔ Ensures only competent and ethical leaders govern. ✔ Prevents career politicians from controlling the country. ✔ Restores public trust in government. ✔ Reduces the influence of money in politics. -/- Final Conclusion: A New Democratic Model for the Philippines -/- This sortition-based system with strict filtering ensures that only the most capable Filipinos lead the country. By removing political dynasties, election fraud, and corruption, we create a fair, transparent, and efficient government. -/- . (shrink)