Note: In electrical conduction from a conductor to a semiconductor or an electrically changeable insulator, nanotubes depend on their molecular chiral structure and angle. Since carbon nanotubes are able to pass electric current through the ballistic transfer of electrons without friction from their surface-this current is a hundred times higher than the current that passes through a copper wire-the nanotube is an ideal choice for building nano memory cloud chips. Creating chipsNano memory cloud-Nano memory cloud is made of carbon nanotubes. (...) Although the discovery of small carbon nanotubes has been very resistant, flexible, and conductive, with dimensions equal to DNA strands, and the use of small organic molecules to absorb charge instead of charge storage capacitors in nanotype memory chips. Nanocrystals, whose use causes The life span of nano memories to increase, is involved. Indeed, using nanotechnology, the storage capacity of information can be increased by a thousand times or more. Storing information is a very important and necessary topic that can be addressed in different ways through the cloud and nano memories. One of the new tools for storing information is the use of nickel quantum dots in nanometer sizes, which are expected to be used to store terabytes of data. According to cloud nano memories, there is high potential for activity in this field. The structure and design of supercapacitors based on nanoelectronics store 100 times more charge than electrolyte types in the same volume and are charged and discharged much faster than batteries. (shrink)

The development of machine learning and deep learning (DL) in the field of AI (artificial intelligence) is the direct result of the advancement of nano-electronics. Machine learning is a function that provides the system with the capacity to learn from data without being programmed explicitly. It is basically a mathematical and probabilistic model. DL is part of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks, simply called neural networks (NNs), as they are inspired by the biological NNs that constitute organic (...) brains. Despite its similarity to biological organs such as human brains, major problems arise in trying to attribute moral responsibility to autonomic systems based on hardware including nano-electronic devices, which are sought to replace humans (moral agents) in the context of AI. It is suggested that the required emotional environment which enables actions according to reasons in humans is not witnessed at AI devices. Though AI technology raises an enticing resemblance to human actions, this resemblance is to be considered with a skeptical eye. It is because actions are associated with reasons while causes are connected to operations. Human agents are capable of acting upon their reasons, while AI devices are limited only to operations as they are conditioned by their programming, which is considered as an embodiment of some causes. As moral responsibility goes hand in hand with the capacity to act (according to reasons), attributing moral responsibility to AI devices is revealed to be but a misleading metaphor. (shrink)

Electron beam lithography provides the possibility of precise control of nanostructure characteristics that form the basis of various nanotechnologies. The nanostructure fabrication and measurement group advances lithography precision at the nanometer scale and creates processes for manufacturing innovative devices and standards in physical fields ranging from photonics to fluids.< /span>Such measurements create a positive feedback loop for the fabrication and measurement of nanostructures.Electron beam lithography is used for pattern standards for atomic force correlation microscopy and ultra-resolution optical microscopy, with highthroughput (...) precision localization and process parameter characterization and optimization. (shrink)

Nanosupercapacitors, also called electrochemical supercapacitors or nanocapacitors, thus emerge as promising fuel sources with astonishingly fast charge release rates. Incredibly fast charging occurs. Created to improve power execution (high-speed capability), they still depend on similar inherent breakpoints. About the electrical characteristics and the manufacturing process of a nanocapacitor structure using (metalinsulator-carbon-metal nanotube layers). This structure shows high capacitance and the possibility of extremely high integration density due to the unique structure of the nanotubes. Nanoscale patterns and a high aspect ratio (...) are obtained by electron beam lithography to make these vertical nanostructures. This structure can be used to replace capacitors that use a silicon pillar structure in dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or as a nanoscale capacitor for various nanoelectronic devices. .To build nano supercapacitors, high voltage and high energy density developed multilayer nanostructure technologies to make an improvement in capacitor performance. Controlled sputtering techniques can deposit ultra-smooth submicron layers of dielectric and conductive materials. Using this technology, high voltage nanosupercapacitors with an order of magnitude improvement in energy density may be achievable.. Dielectrics and new materials that are well understood for use with this technology. Nano supercapacitors developed with multi-layer nanostructure technology are inherently solid and show excellent mechanical and thermal properties. >Dielectric materials and exchanges design with more layers. Nanostructure multilayer capacitors will be developed and specified. (shrink)

In smart electronic nano-structures, the concept of Nano -assemblies is summed up in all the information and codes necessary to produce an entity similar to itself. We have a very small machine that knows how to produce similar to itself , which in nano science is called a "nano-assembler". It is interpreted.

Note: Many types of nanosensors are designed using CP nanomaterials for nanobiological applications. (Conductive surface) The oxidation of conductive polymeric materials is easily altered by redox mechanisms, and the charge transfer properties of these materials are affected by structural parameters, such as diameter and dimensions. CP materials are able to provide sensitive and rapid responses to specific biological and chemical species. Techniques such as chemical polymerization are often used to make CP nanomaterials. Manufacturing strategies can be divided into three categories: (...) hard mold synthesis, soft mold synthesis, and mold-free synthesis. The most widely used conductive polymers in nanosensors are nanomaterials made from CP due to their unique chemical and electrical properties resulting from the properties of their pie-electron nanosystem. Many modeling and functionalization technologies are being developed to control the location, distribution, amount, or structure and orientation of biological nanomolecules at the nanomaterial level. Therefore, our level of contact between biological nanomolecules and nanomaterials is of particular importance in countless applications. Covalent and non-covalent modifications are two general methods for coupling biological molecules and CP nanomaterials. Covalent functionalization is a chemical process in which a strong bond or relationship between nanomaterials and biological molecules is formed. In many cases, surface chemical modifications are required to create active groups that can bind to biomolecules. Unlike covalent functionalization, in the non-covalent method, nanomolecules can be removed without destroying the geometric and electronic structure on the surface. Nanomaterials are formed. Conclusion : The large surface-to-volume ratio in nanostructures and the high potential for signal amplification provide ideal conditions for marking and detecting biological elements in the structure of nanosensors. (shrink)

In the immersion method, nanowires have enough time to transfer from nanoparticle particles to cavities ; The formation step of uniform nanoparticles is done slowly and finally uniform nanowires are formed. Structural study with FESEM in the immersion method of single-stranded nanowires in all porosities and in a large area of nanowire particles are formed. Changing the Sr / Fe ratio does not change the morphology of the nanowires. And spectroscopy of nanowires with a ratio of Sr / Fe states (...) within the nano-particles inside (nanowires uniform) elements Fe and Sr of ferrite strontium in spectroscopy nanowires uniform is seen in the sample of nanoparticles Sr / Fe to value Its stoichiometry is closer to that of nanoparticles in electromagnetic composition, while due to the lower solubility of uniform strontium nanowire nanomolecules compared to iron nitrate and the consequent presence of less strontium ions in reaction with electromagnetic nanoparticles. There is more Fe ion in the final structure. Electro-magnetically active particles are used to separate uniform nanowires at ambient temperature . In the application of nanowires in nanoscale electronics or some other applications, it is necessary to separate the nanowires from alumina particles . (shrink)

In addition to that, the presence of particles prevents the selective reaction of internal nanotubes, and this issue of purity confuses nanotubes based on their size, type, or use as macromolecular species. Absorption spectroscopy (NIR-Vis-UV) can be used to check the population of the sample or the degree of grouping of the sample. If how to distribute nanotubes by NIR-Vis-UV absorption spectroscopy is desired, the sample should be dispersed or in the form of a thin layer. Optical absorption measurements provide (...) useful information about the electronic properties of SWCNTs, and this information can be used to study covalent and non-covalent interactions between molecules and nanotubes. (shrink)

Fullerenes are nanometer-sized molecules that, in their simplest form, form 60 carbon atoms of a graphite layer with a three-dimensional structure. 60 Unlike diamond and graphite, whose molecules are continuous, fullerenes are closed molecules: they are like C60 and... (60) fullerenes, which are also called buckyball and buckytube, include nanotubes, nanofibers, fullerene has a structure similar to graphite, but instead of completely hexagonal sections, carbon atoms are placed in the vertices of the 5th or 7th polygons.

In addition to that, the presence of particles prevents the selective reaction of internal nanotubes, and this issue of purity confuses nanotubes based on their size, type, or use as macromolecular species. Absorption spectroscopy (NIR-Vis-UV) can be used to check the population of the sample or the degree of grouping of the sample. If how to distribute nanotubes by NIR-Vis-UV absorption spectroscopy is desired, the sample should be dispersed or in the form of a thin layer. Optical absorption measurements provide (...) useful information about the electronic properties of SWCNTs, and this information can be used to study covalent and non-covalent interactions between molecules and nanotubes. When functional groups are covalently placed on the nanotube, the absorption peaks completely, clearly weaken, or even disappear because the structure of nanotubes changes from some SP2 hexagonal structure to parts of the structure a> and selectivity towards nanosheets /span>, or saturation of the conduction band like the weakening of electron transfers, create NIR-vis-UV, and both cause (doping-n) such as (Cs, K) or electron acceptors, very similar changes in the spectrum (Br2, leading to the preparation of valence electrons like (dopingPNon-covalent doping or molecular absorption, different, has two important uses: the rate of covalent reactions and NIR-VIS-UV absorption spectroscopy SP3 changes. Absorption spectroscopy should be used to estimate the abundance of metal and semiconductor species by comparing the intensity of the corresponding peaks; because the position of these resonance peaks depends on chirality and diameter. For qualitative analysis, absorption spectroscopy is excellent because it shows the overall composition of the sample. (shrink)

To solve this problem , they usually use an intermediate layer of retarding materials such as Ta, w or Mo as a penetration barrier to improve the thermal stability of the Si/Cu layer . In the characterization of Si/Ta/Cu nanoparticles and multilayer systems, there is an effect of negative bias voltage on the improvement of the electrical and structural properties of the permeation barrier of the Ta sputtering layer in the Si/Ta system. Surface processes of the Si layer, including burning, (...) are carried out by plasma and ion beam technology. This kind of integrated circuits with their unique characteristics in the nanometer scale have various applications of mesoscopic systems. (shrink)

Note: The field-effect tunnel transistor nMOS is an experimental type of transistor. Even if its structure is very similar to a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor nMOS , the basic switching mechanisms in these two transistors differ from each other; nMOS instead of exhibiting thermionic emission modulation, changes through a quantum tunnel modulation 12> They change through a dam. The field-effect tunneling transistor nMOS, as an alternative to conventional CMOS by enabling the voltage supply (VDD) with ultra-low power consumption, enables energy-efficient (...) computing during the sub-threshold slope (SS) range. This type of device has a reverse-bias gate structure, which is usually called a tunnel field-effect transistor nMOS. For low power applications, nMOS is considered. This device has less static leakage current than a MOSFET and is more resistant to SCEs. The most outstanding feature of nMOS is the capacity to produce a reverse subthreshold swing (SS) of less than the 60 mV/decade thermal limit (at 300 K), which is related to common reverse mode nMOSs. A pseudo-thermal SS is achievable because the drain current in nMOSs is generated by source-to-channel carrier injection, which is often under the band tunneling radius. It is placed in the quantum mechanical band (BTBT). Transistor speed nMOS is proportional to the current. The higher the current, the faster the transistor will be able to amplify and charge (the sequential capacitor voltage). For a given transistor speed and maximum acceptable subthreshold leakage, the subthreshold slope thus defines a minimum threshold voltage. Decreasing the threshold voltage is an essential part of the idea to scale the constant amount of nMOS to overcome some challenges associated with the nMOS structure, such as its need for ultra-sharp doping profiles; however, such devices may suffer from gate leakage due to the presence of large vertical fields in the nMOS transistor structure. (shrink)

Production of nano supercapacitors using nanoparticles that can be polarized so that electrical energy can be stored. Nanostructure multilayer technology (solid state) is a known dielectric material used in nano supercapacitors because it is a piezoelectric and ferroelectric material. In this work, by creating passive filters, they provide storage between different types of these electric nano layers. The degree of electrical properties in solid materials (nanosupercapacitors) is very diverse. Based on the amount of resistance (nano supercapacitors) against the passage of (...) electric current, different materials can be divided into categories classified as conductor, semiconductor, and insulator. Meanwhile, in superconductors, there is a different mechanism to guide electrons. (Nano supercapacitors) can be defined as the number of free electrons that move freely in the material under the influence of an external electric field, as well as mobility, which is a measure of the ability and speed of free electrons to move, attributed. (shrink)

The development of biosensors to measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the blood began. This sensor is also called COBD because it covers the surface of the electrode with an enzyme whose constituent is sometimes called (electro-calorie). Later, it helped oxidize glucose. This sensor was used to measure blood sugar. In the same Bapvshandn electrode, an enzyme that has the ability to convert urea into ammonium carbonate in the electrode material ++ ion, NH4, was used to create biosensors that (...) could measure the urea in the blood or urine. Each of these two early biosensors used a different transducer in its signal conversion section . In the first type, blood sugar was measured by measuring the electric current generated (ammetric),while in the urea sensor, the urea concentration was measured based on the electric charge created sensors are made (.Potentiometric) may someday the patient without having to visit a doctor and only on the basis of information that a COBD or Doctor-Board-on-Chip provides, the type of disease has been detected. And then injected into the blood. This will drastically reduce the dosage of the required drugs directly from the side effects of the Effect-Side drug , because the drug is very low and is also sent to the required place in the body. The drug acts directly on a biosensor that converts the biological response into an electrical signal and consists of two main components: the receptor and the detector. The ability to select one biosensor is determined by the receiving section. Enzymes, antibodies, and lipid layers are good examples of receptors. The task of the detector is to convert the physical or chemical changes by detecting the material to be analyzed into an obvious factor that the detectors can select in the type of reaction of the electrical signal. They do not have the perfect .They are electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal. In the type of electrochemistry the action takes place in one of the following ways: amperometric, potentiometric, and impedance. The most common electrodes used in the potentiometric type include: the Glass electrode, the Selective-Ion ion electrode, and the FET sensitive-Ion ion field-effect transistor or ISFET. In general, a biosensor consists of an immobilized static biological system, such as a cell bundle, a micro enzyme, or an antibody, and a measuring. In the presence of a certain molecule, the biological system changes the properties of the environment. (shrink)

Nano fullerenes with the ability to store electrostatic energy that can be used as nano supercapacitors with very high capacity. Also, with these nanotubes, the nervous network can be repaired. Carbon nano fullerenes are allotropes of carbon such as diamond and graphite. These compounds are made of carbon and take on spherical and elliptical shapes. Those that are spherical are called buckyballs.Fullerenes do not have much chemical activity. The width of the graphite plate is about a few nanometers. The length (...) of the nanotubes ranges from a few micrometers to less than a meter. Their unique molecular structure creates unusual macroscopic properties. Nano supercapacitor can store 100 times more energy than previous devices of its kind. Finally, such devices can store waves of energy from renewable sources such as wind and deliver that energy to the power grid when needed. In general, nanoelectric supercapacitors can store large amounts of energy, but they tend to charge slowly and wear out quickly. Meanwhile, capacitors have a longer life and can be discharged quickly, but store much less total energy. In order to make nano supercapacitors, nanostructured arrays of electrostatic capacitors can be created.Electrostatic nanocapacitors are the simplest type of electronic energy storage device. They store electrical charge on the surface of two metal electrodes separated by an insulating material. The electrical storage capacity of the nano supercapacitor is directly proportional to the surface area of these sandwich-like electrodes. (shrink)

Micro and nano-electromechanical systems ( MEMS / NEMS ) are devices in which the physical motion of a micro or nano-scale structure is controlled by an electronic circuit or vice versa. MEMS and NEMS can be used to build sensitive sensors and stable timing devices. Nano System is a function at the molecular scale. This includes both current work and more advanced concepts. In its core meaning, nanotechnology refers to the predicted ability to make items from the bottom up, using (...) techniques and tools that are produced to make complete, high-performance products. Nano System Introduced the idea of nano-scale "assembly" that could make its own copy. Other aspects of the desired complexity with atomic control in Nano Systems Nano Systems are very widespread and practical. Nanocomputers and nanoassemblers are also a subset of Nano Systems. Nanoparticles are the main components of all nanosystems. To produce nanoparticles with the help of nanotechnology, changes can be made in atoms by controlling the properties. When materials are studied at the nanoscale, the reactions and behavior of atoms are compared to those at the molecular level. (shrink)

Nanowires ( SiNWs) have high mobility and surface-to-volume ratio, which makes them easy to control using a weak electric field. These one-dimensional nanostructures are created from nanowires with a diameter in the range of nanometers and a length of more than a micrometer. It has been done in the manufacture of nanowires through regular one-dimensional arrays with the help of different physical and chemical methods. Methods such as the use of electron beam or lithography method, heavy ion irradiation, laser, chemical (...) and electrochemical methods such as water heat and spontaneous assembly methods used to make the membranes of molds can also be used . In making one-dimensional nanostructures such as Oligophenylene vanillin nanowires The electro-accumulation method consists of three general steps: firstly, the creation of a porous template as a suitable substrate and framework for the accumulation of nanowires, secondly, the growth of nanowires along the cavities of the template, and thirdly, removing the template and separating the nanowires from it. The nanowires are directly dependent on the characteristics of the mold surface such as the size distribution of the holes, the density of the holes and the superiority of the surface of the nano-holes. In order to control the properties of Oligophenylene vanillin nanowires, parameters that are effective in the formation and optimization of the diameter of the holes and the thickness of the mold should be considered. (shrink)

In a nMOS graphene field effect transistor, the resistance between two electrodes can be transferred or controlled by a third electrode. In a multilayer graphene field effect nMOS transistor, the current between the two electrodes is controlled by the electric field from the third electrode. Unlike the bipolar transistor, it is capacitively connected to the third electrode and is not in contact with the semiconductor. Three electrodes in the structure of the nMOS graphene field effect transistor are connected to the (...) source, drain and gate, and this action increases the switching speed (doping) in the nMOS graphene transistor circuit. (shrink)

Note: NI_nanoparticle nickel nanoparticles is a strong conductor of electric current and its surface is shiny and polished. This element belongs to the group of iron and cobalt elementsUsing particles from the microscale to the nanoscale provides benefits for various scientific fields, but because a large percentage of their atoms is on the surface, nanomaterials can be highly reactive and pose risks. have a potential for humans. Nanoparticles are of great interest due to their wide application, both in industry and (...) in the natural sciences. While natural materials have constant physical properties regardless of size, the size of a nanoparticle determines its physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the properties of a material change as its size approaches the nanoscale and the percentage of atoms on the surface of the material becomes significant. The important feature of all nano structures is that in which the number of surface atoms is more than the number of volume atoms. This ratio increases with decreasing nanoparticle size. Therefore, the size of the nanoparticle is considered its most important feature. The range of activity of nanoparticles depends on the nature and shape of the nanostructure. However, if the energy of the nanoparticle field is comparable to the energy of electromagnetic radiation and if in a certain range a wavelength with the occurrence of chemical reactions in materials Under irradiation, significant changes will be made in the activity of nanoparticles up to 100 nm in size. is the nanometer expected to be used for storage. Given the relatively large (physically speaking) storage devices we have now and the fact that we need gigabyte sizes in various areas, there is a high potential for activity in this There is a context. Each quantum dot consists of a discrete ball of several hundred atoms that can have one of two magnetic states. This allows them to contain a single bit of information (zero or one), as is customary in machine computing. In conventional hard disks, the data bits must be spaced far enough apart that they do not overlap. Quantum dots act as completely independent units that are not structurally connected, so they can become somewhat closer to each other. One of the new information storage tools is the use of nickel quantum dots in nanometer sizes, which are expected to be used to store terabytes of data. (shrink)

An increase in the surface-to- volume ratio and changes in geometry and electronic structure have a strong impact on the chemical interactions of matter, and for example, the activity of small particles changes with changes in the number of atoms (and thus the size of the particles). Unlike today's nano-transistors, which behave based on the movement of a mass of electrons in matter, new devices follow the phenomena of quantum mechanics at the nano scale, in which the discrete nature of (...) electrons cannot be ignored. By reducing all the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the transistor, the electric charge density increases in different areas of the nano-transistor , or in other words, the number of electric charges per unit area of the nano-transistor increases. (shrink)

Oligophenylene vanillin nanowires (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi) , narrow structures whose diameter is only a few billionths of a meter but thousands or millions of times longer. They exist in various forms—made of metals, semiconductors, insulators, and organic compounds—and are used for applications in the fields of electronics, energy conversion, optics, and chemical sensing. Because of their extreme thinness, Oligophenylene vanillin nanowires with a (Si Silicon / Germanium Gi) structure are essentially one dimensional. Nanowires are quasi-one-dimensional materials, "their two (...) dimensions are on the nanometer scale." This one-dimensionality confers distinct electrical and optical properties. (shrink)

FinFEET nanotransistors are field-effect nanotransistors (metal-oxide-semiconductor) that are made on asubstrate. The gate is located on two, three, or four sides of the channel or is wrapped. The channel forms adouble gate structure. These devices are given the general name "finfets" because the source/drain region formsfins on the silicon surface. FinFET devices, compared to flat technology and using nanowires in the structureand (complementary metal oxide and semiconductor), < a i=8>have significantly faster switching and highercurrent density.Due to the reduction of the (...) scale of semiconductor components and integrated circuits to thenanometer range, in the FinFET nanotransistor, the reduction of scale causes more short channel effects, lessgate control, an exponential increase in leakage currents, severe process changes, and power densities tobecome unmanageable. The connection between the carbon and metal nanotubes used to connect the sourceand the drain forms the Schottky barrier (SB) in a FinFET nanotransistor. The formation of Schottky barriers inthe source and drain of a transistor causes a significant decrease in the drain current of FinFET nanotransistors. (shrink)

Graphene nanomemories have been developed molecularly, providing excellent programmable nanoscale memory performance compared to previous graphene memory devices and a memory window. Large (12V), fast switching speed (1 microsecond), shows strong electrical reliability. Graphene molecular nanomemories show unique electronic properties, and their small dimensions, structural strength, and high performance make them a charge storage medium for Nano memory applications. We use a set of techniques involving a solution of nanoparticles, which creates a very thin layer on the target substrate and (...) is used as a sacrificial layer during the nanopatterning process. (shrink)