Đám học trò xóm chim gật gù, ra vẻ đăm chiêu lắm, nhưng thực chả hiểu ra làm sao. Chuyện xóm xưa nay vẫn vận, kệ thôi...

The relationship between philosophy and science in contemporary times is closer than ever. From the methodology perspective, scientific and philosophical research has a clear sequential relationship. It is highlighted in the following aspects: 1. the methodology of scientific research, including theoretical assumptions and data modeling, parallels with apparent similarities in conceptual analysis and logical deduction in philosophy;2. consistency of analytical argumentation methods in scientific research and philosophical research;3. naturalism is currently a research approach that both scientific and philosophical research adopt. (...) There has been a significant dispute over the relationship between philosophy and science among contemporary philosophers. This dispute focuses on the impact of scientific development on philosophy research. Nowadays, no one would deny the existence of this impact, but there is no consensus on the impact's nature, scope, and role. Wittgenstein's conception of certainty can provide valuable insights to understand the relationship between philosophy and science. In addition, we conclude the pragmatic turn in cognitive science because we misinterpret the cognitive scientists' emphasis on action as a practical claim and interpret the cognitive scientists' views with pragmatism. The theoretical analysis and research suggestions philosophers provide are becoming essential focuses in contemporary artificial intelligence research, including the interpretability of computer technology, the ethical norms of artificial intelligence technology, and the possible conception of human beings in the future. The interdisciplinary study of science and philosophy will achieve more significant development. In sum, understanding the nature of philosophy can be given a new explanation from a future perspective. The future outlook here refers to the starting point from possible world scenarios that can be conceived and traced back to all the facts happening in the present world, thereby giving an appropriate explanation to the real world. (shrink)

The relationship between philosophy and science in contemporary times is closer than ever. From the methodology perspective, scientific and philosophical research has a clear sequential relationship. It is highlighted in the following aspects: 1. the methodology of scientific research, including theoretical assumptions and data modeling, parallels with apparent similarities in conceptual analysis and logical deduction in philosophy;2. consistency of analytical argumentation methods in scientific research and philosophical research;3. naturalism is currently a research approach that both scientific and philosophical research adopt. (...) There has been a significant dispute over the relationship between philosophy and science among contemporary philosophers. This dispute focuses on the impact of scientific development on philosophy research. Nowadays, no one would deny the existence of this impact, but there is no consensus on the impact's nature, scope, and role. Wittgenstein's conception of certainty can provide valuable insights to understand the relationship between philosophy and science. In addition, we conclude the pragmatic turn in cognitive science because we misinterpret the cognitive scientists' emphasis on action as a practical claim and interpret the cognitive scientists' views with pragmatism. The theoretical analysis and research suggestions philosophers provide are becoming essential focuses in contemporary artificial intelligence research, including the interpretability of computer technology, the ethical norms of artificial intelligence technology, and the possible conception of human beings in the future. The interdisciplinary study of science and philosophy will achieve more significant development. In sum, understanding the nature of philosophy can be given a new explanation from a future perspective. The future outlook here refers to the starting point from possible world scenarios that can be conceived and traced back to all the facts happening in the present world, thereby giving an appropriate explanation to the real world. (shrink)

Air pollution remains a critical environmental and public health challenge in Southeast Asia, responsible for millions of premature deaths globally and imposing trillions of dollars in health-related economic costs. To address this complex issue, Allen et al. (2025) adopted a participatory system dynamics modeling approach in two particularly affected provinces: Chiang Rai in Thailand and Vientiane in Laos. Participatory modeling is a useful approach for integrating local knowledge with scientific evidence, offering an effective tool for collective decision-making in addressing complex (...) environmental and social challenges—especially in contexts where data availability is limited. (shrink)

A primary argument against the badness of death (known as the Symmetry Argument) appeals to an alleged symmetry between prenatal and posthumous nonexistence. The Symmetry Argument has posed a serious threat to those who hold that death is bad because it deprives us of life’s goods that would have been available had we died later. Anthony Brueckner and John Martin Fischer develop an influential strategy to cope with the Symmetry Argument. In their attempt to break the symmetry, they claim that (...) due to our preference of future experiential goods over past ones, posthumous nonexistence is bad for us, whereas prenatal nonexistence is not. Granting their presumption about our preference, however, it is questionable that prenatal nonexistence is not bad. This consideration does not necessarily indicate their defeat against the Symmetry Argument. I present a better response to the Symmetry Argument: the symmetry is broken, not because posthumous nonexistence is bad while prenatal nonexistence is not, but because (regardless as to whether prenatal nonexistence is bad) posthumous nonexistence is even worse. (shrink)

Amid an increasing psychological disconnect between people and the natural world, researchers are investigating how specific environmental features influence individuals’ sense of connectedness with nature. In a recent study, Lengieza, Richardson, and Hughes (2025) introduced a novel network analysis approach to identify which environmental elements most strongly contribute to feelings of nature connectedness—an important psychological state associated with both personal well-being and pro-environmental behavior.

Các loại máy móc di động hạng nặng, không dùng cho đường bộ (non-road mobile machinery - NRMM) - bao gồm máy khai thác gỗ, xe ủi đất và máy kéo nông nghiệp - là những nguồn phát thải khí nhà kính đáng kể, chiếm khoảng 9% lượng khí thải của Phần Lan trong Khu vực Chia sẻ Nỗ lực (Effort Sharing Sector - ESS). Khi các mục tiêu khí hậu toàn cầu, chẳng hạn như cam kết của Liên minh (...) Châu Âu về đạt mức phát thải ròng bằng không vào năm 2050, ngày càng được chú trọng, nhu cầu giảm phát thải carbon cho các loại máy móc công nghiệp thiết yếu này đã trở nên cấp bách hơn bao giờ hết. (shrink)

The central claim of the Parfitian psychological approach to personal identity is that the fact about personal identity is underpinned by a non-branching psychological continuity relation. Hence, for the advocates of the Parfitian view, it is important to understand what it is for a relation to take or not take a branching form. Nonetheless, very few attempts have been made in the literature of personal identity to define the non-branching clause. This paper undertakes this task. Drawing upon a recent debate (...) between Anthony Brueckner and Harold Noonan on the issue, I present three candidates for the non-branching clause. (shrink)

In this essay, I develop the concept of episodic value, which describes a form of value connected to a particular object or individual expressed and delivered through a narrative. Narrative can bestow special kinds of value on objects, as exemplified by auction articles or museum collections. To clarify the nature of episodic value, I show how the notion of episodic value fundamentally differs from the traditional axiological picture. I extend my discussion of episodic value to argue that the notion of (...) episodic value readily incorporates the role of narratives into the construction of identity in personal and social contexts. My main contentions are twofold. First, events or experiences from our personal narratives are episodically valuable insofar as they contribute to shaping our narrative identities. Second, when engaged in a collective action, we write a joint narrative with other participants that confers special meanings on the actions of each participant. (shrink)

David Lewis argues that centered worlds give us a way to capture de se, or self-locating, contents in philosophy of language and philosophy of mind. In recent years, centered worlds have also gained other uses in areas ranging widely from metaphysics to ethics. In this paper, I raise a problem for centered worlds and discuss the costs and benefits of different solutions. My investigation into the nature of centered worlds brings out potentially problematic implicit commitments of the theories that employ (...) them. In addition, my investigation shows that the conception of centered worlds widely attributed to David Lewis is not only problematic, but in fact not his. (shrink)

Narrative representations can change our moral actions and thoughts, for better or for worse. In this article, I develop a theory of fictions' capacity for moral education and moral corruption that is fully sensitive to the diversity of fictions. Specifically, I argue that the way a fiction influences our moral actions and thoughts importantly depends on its genre. This theory promises new insights into practical ethical debates over pornography and media violence.

In analyzing oppressive systems like racism, social theorists have articulated accounts of the dynamic interaction and mutual dependence between psychological components, such as individuals’ patterns of thought and action, and social components, such as formal institutions and informal interactions. We argue for the further inclusion of physical components, such as material artifacts and spatial environments. Drawing on socially situated and ecologically embedded approaches in the cognitive sciences, we argue that physical components of racism are not only shaped by, but also (...) shape psychological and social components of racism. Indeed, while our initial focus is on racism and racist things, we contend that our framework is also applicable to other oppressive systems, including sexism, classism, and ableism. This is because racist things are part of a broader class of oppressive things, which are material artifacts and spatial environments that are in congruence with an oppressive system. (shrink)

Environmental epigenetics investigates how external factors such as toxins, heat, and pathogens can influence gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence. While studies in humans and other mammals have revealed associations between environmental exposures and epigenetic changes, identifying specific molecular mechanisms remains a significant challenge. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), with its simple anatomy and substantial genetic similarity to humans, provides a powerful and tractable model for bridging this knowledge gap.

Công nghệ COPS mang lại một số ưu điểm đáng kể.

Phát triển bền vững ngày nay không còn là khái niệm chỉ nằm trên bàn họp của các tập đoàn lớn. Nó đang dần trở thành một phần trong hoạt động kinh doanh hàng ngày, khi các doanh nghiệp đối mặt với các thách thức toàn cầu như biến đổi khí hậu, bất bình đẳng xã hội và yêu cầu về quản trị minh bạch. Tuy nhiên, phần lớn các cuộc thảo luận về ESG (môi trường, xã hội và quản (...) trị) vẫn tập trung vào các công ty lớn, niêm yết công khai, trong khi các công ty tư nhân chưa niêm yết lại ít được chú ý—dù họ chiếm hơn một nửa lực lượng lao động toàn cầu và gần 2/3 tổng số doanh nghiệp trên thế giới. (shrink)

Một câu hỏi trung tâm trong sinh thái học là: loài phân bố như thế nào theo không gian và thời gian?

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a critical role in safeguarding public health and environmental quality. However, they are also notable sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Traditional methods for monitoring these emissions—such as point sampling and flux chambers—are often labor-intensive, spatially limited, and lack the temporal resolution needed to capture the dynamic nature of gas fluxes in real-time.

Heavy-duty non-road mobile machinery (NRMM)—including forest harvesters, bulldozers, and agricultural tractors—are significant sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for approximately 9% of Finland’s emissions within the Effort Sharing Sector (ESS). As global climate targets, such as the European Union’s commitment to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, come into sharper focus, the need to decarbonize these essential industrial machines has become increasingly urgent.

Urban greenspaces play a critical role in public health, ecological sustainability, and climate resilience. In a major study spanning two decades, Song et al. (2025) harnessed satellite data to assess how urban and peri-urban green spaces have evolved in 12 Chinese cities from 2000 to 2020. By integrating high-resolution Landsat and Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) remote sensing datasets through an innovative spatiotemporal fusion method, the researchers created a 30-meter resolution vegetation dataset that maps both the extent and seasonal duration (...) of greenspaces—known as “green days.”. (shrink)

Various writings by the later Wittgenstein on the philosophy of psychology, published posthumously, express his basic critical attitude toward certain concepts and issues in the philosophy of psychology. His attitude towards folk psychology is negative in principle, leaving him opposed to the foundation of current psychological research. This critique of folk psychology and of the philosophy of psychology in general is in accord with the general method of his later philosophy, that is, dealing with philosophical problems by dissolving them. However, (...) his critical attitude towards folk psychology has been less influential in the development of contemporary philosophy, and is in opposition to the philosophy of psychology and folk psychology as practiced today. In this paper I will analyze Wittgenstein's understanding of the concept of psychology, offering a different interpretation from that of other scholars, and explain why and how contemporary philosophers of psychology misunderstand Wittgenstein. (shrink)

Di truyền biểu sinh môi trường (environmental epigenetics) nghiên cứu cách các yếu tố bên ngoài như chất độc, nhiệt độ và các tác nhân gây bệnh có thể ảnh hưởng đến sự biểu hiện gen mà không làm thay đổi trình tự DNA cơ bản. Trong khi các nghiên cứu ở người và các loài động vật có vú khác đã tiết lộ mối liên hệ giữa việc tiếp xúc với môi trường và những thay đổi biểu sinh, việc (...) xác định các cơ chế phân tử cụ thể vẫn là một thách thức lớn. Loài giun tròn Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), với cấu tạo cơ thể đơn giản và sự tương đồng di truyền đáng kể với con người, cung cấp một mô hình giá trị và dễ nghiên cứu để thu hẹp khoảng cách kiến thức này. (shrink)

We refine a line of feminist criticism of pornography that focuses on pornographic works' pernicious effects. A.W. Eaton argues that inegalitarian pornography should be criticized because it is responsible for its consumers’ adoption of inegalitarian attitudes toward sex in the same way that other fictions are responsible for changes in their consumers’ attitudes. We argue that her argument can be improved with the recognition that different fictions can have different modes of persuasion. This is true of film and television: a (...) satirical movie such as Dr. Strangelove does not morally educate in the same way as a realistic series such as The Wire. We argue that this is also true of pornography: inegalitarian depictions of sex are not invariably responsible for consumers' adoption of inegalitarian attitudes toward sex in reality. Given that pornographic works of different genres may harm in different ways, different feminist criticisms are appropriate for different genres of pornography. (shrink)

Issues of pretense and imagination are of central interest to philosophers, psychologists, and researchers in allied fields. In this entry, we provide a roadmap of some of the central themes around which discussion has been focused. We begin with an overview of pretense, imagination, and the relationship between them. We then shift our attention to the four specific topics where the disciplines' research programs have intersected or where additional interactions could prove mutually beneficial: the psychological underpinnings of performing pretense and (...) of recognizing pretense, the cognitive capacities involved in imaginative engagement with fictions, and the real-world impact of make-believe. In the final section, we discuss more briefly a number of other mental activities that arguably involve imagining, including counterfactual reasoning, delusions, and dreaming. (shrink)

Xunzi's philosophy provides a rich resource for understanding how ethical relationships between humans and nature can be articulated in terms of harmony. In this paper, I build on his ideas to develop the concept of reciprocal harmony, which requires us to reciprocate those who make our lives liveable. In the context of the environment, I argue that reciprocal harmony generates moral obligations towards nature, in return for the existential debt that humanity owes towards heaven and earth. This can be used (...) as a normative basis for an environmental ethic that enables humanity and nature to flourish together. (shrink)

Việc hiểu được chính xác liệu các chương trình bảo tồn có mang lại lợi ích cho rừng và động vật hoang dã và cho cả những người sống cùng với chúng hay không đã trở thành một ưu tiên quan trọng. Các nhà khoa học ngày càng áp dụng các phương pháp tiên tiến để đánh giá các biện pháp can thiệp như các khu bảo tồn, rừng cộng đồng và các nỗ lực bảo tồn khác ảnh hưởng như (...) thế nào đến kết quả sinh thái và con người. Tuy nhiên, trong khi vệ tinh có thể dễ dàng cho thấy nơi rừng đang mở rộng hoặc biến mất, việc đo lường ảnh hưởng của công tác bảo tồn đối với phúc lợi của con người lại khó khăn hơn nhiều do những hạn chế đáng kể về dữ liệu. (shrink)

Trong bối cảnh sự tách rời về tâm lý giữa con người và thế giới tự nhiên ngày càng gia tăng, các nhà nghiên cứu đang tìm hiểu xem những đặc điểm cụ thể của môi trường ảnh hưởng như thế nào đến cảm giác kết nối của mỗi người với thiên nhiên. Trong một nghiên cứu gần đây, Lengieza, Richardson và Hughes (2025) đã giới thiệu một phương pháp phân tích mạng lưới mới để xác định những yếu tố (...) môi trường nào đóng góp mạnh mẽ nhất vào cảm giác kết nối với thiên nhiên (nature connectedness) - một trạng thái tâm lý quan trọng liên quan đến cả hạnh phúc cá nhân và hành vi thân thiện với môi trường. (shrink)

A recent study by Irimia et al. [2] reveals how Reynoutria japonica—commonly known as Japanese knotweed—alters its ecological strategy when invading new environments. Listed among the world’s worst invasive plants, this species causes significant ecological disruption across temperate zones in Europe and North America [3-5]. But what enables its success beyond its native range?

Is the term ‘racist’ being applied so widely that it is losing its moral force? Theorists and pundits from across the political spectrum think that it is. They call such a change of meaning “conceptual inflation” and argue that we should try to stop it by restricting the use of ‘racist’ or replacing ‘racist’ with new expressions. But what evidence do we have that ‘racist’ is inflated? Economists do not track currency inflation with mere vibes; they use measurements such as (...) the consumer price index. For example, using CPI, it is observable that there has been considerable US dollar inflation over the last three decades or so: $1.00 in 1989 has the purchasing power of $2.54 in 2024. If ‘racist’ has undergone a similar transformation, as critics of conceptual inflation contend, how could that be measured? Before plunging into the normative debate about whether conceptual inflation is good or bad, we should gather systematic empirical evidence about whether the purported conceptual inflation of ‘racist’ is in fact happening. That is what we do in this paper: we use an apparent time study, a technique drawn from sociolinguistics, to measure whether ‘racist’ is undergoing conceptual inflation. An apparent time study looks at the linguistic behavior of people of different ages as a way of measuring linguistic variation over time. We distinguish two processes that constitute conceptual inflation: extension expansion and intensity bleaching. Across three studies, we found some equivocal evidence that ‘racist’ has undergone extension expansion—its reference class may have slightly expanded—but no evidence that it has undergone intensity bleaching—its moral force remains the same. By comparing ‘racist’ with other terms that have plausibly undergone meaning change, like ‘queer’, we argue that claims about the conceptual inflation of ‘racist’, as they are standardly understood, are overblown. (shrink)

In recent years, sustainability has extended beyond corporate boardrooms to reshape day-to-day business operations as companies increasingly confront pressing challenges such as climate change, social inequality, and ethical governance. While much of the discourse has centered on large, publicly listed corporations, a crucial segment of the business landscape—smaller, privately owned, or unlisted firms—has remained relatively overlooked. This is despite the fact that unlisted firms account for more than half of the global workforce and nearly two-thirds of all businesses worldwide. A (...) recent study by Rasool et al. (2025) addresses this gap by examining how unlisted firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) engage with sustainable practices, formally referred to as Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) activities. (shrink)

In addressing the Lucretian symmetry problem, the content-based approach attends to the difference between the contents of the actual life and those of relevant possible lives of a person. According to this approach, the contents of a life with an earlier beginning would substantially differ from, and thus be discontinuous with, the contents of the actual life, whereas the contents of a life with the same beginning but a later death would be continuous with the contents of the actual life. (...) In this paper, I examine two versions of the content-based approach: the identity account and the preference account. The identity account holds that, in the sense of identity which is relevant to the evil of nonexistence, the subject of the actual life, though identical to the person in the life with a later death, is distinct from the subject of the life with an earlier beginning. The preference account maintains that, given one’s attachments to actual particulars, a life with an earlier beginning is not rationally preferable to one’s actual life, whereas a life with a later death is. I argue that each version of the content-based approach is implausible, while discussing some of the complications that face each of them. (shrink)

We apply a familiar distinction from philosophy of language to a class of material artifacts that are sometimes said to “speak”: statues. By distinguishing how statues speak at the locutionary level versus at the illocutionary level, or what they say versus what they do, we obtain the resource for addressing two topics. First, we can explain what makes statues distinct from street art. Second, we can explain why it is mistaken to criticize—or to defend—the continuing presence of statues based only (...) on what they represent. Both explanations are driven by the same core idea: the significance of statues arises primarily from what they do, and not what they say. (shrink)

The concept of vulnerability has been renewed in meaning and importance over recent decades. Scholars such as Judith Butler, Martha Fineman and Pamela Sue Anderson have endeavored to redeem vulnerability from its traditional signification as a negative individual condition, and to reveal the positive meaning of vulnerability as a transformative call for solidarity, equality and love. In this paper we examine the newly constructed positive understanding of vulnerability, and argue that the current way of pursuing this positive understanding affirms a (...) merely functional positivity. In the recent accounts, vulnerability is still a status to avoid, yet functions positively as a corrective force to the environment that produces vulnerability. We will try to find an essential way of designating the positivity of vulnerability by revisiting the philosophical discussion on vulnerability in Emmanuel Levinas. We will argue that Levinas’s notion of vulnerability is positive in a sense which goes beyond the purely functional; it is seen as essential for his definition of humanity. Yet compared to the contemporary discussion, Levinas’s notion of vulnerability lacks a direct social political meaning. We will tentatively explore how the essential positivity drawn from Levinas can provide a new way to construct the political significance of vulnerability. (shrink)

Các khu vực xanh đô thị đóng vai trò rất quan trọng đối với sức khỏe của người dân, sự bền vững của môi trường và khả năng chống chịu với biến đổi khí hậu. Trong một nghiên cứu lớn kéo dài hai thập kỷ, Song và cộng sự (2025) đã sử dụng dữ liệu từ vệ tinh để tìm hiểu xem các khu vực xanh trong và gần thành phố đã thay đổi như thế nào ở 12 thành phố (...) của Trung Quốc từ năm 2000 đến năm 2020. Bằng cách kết hợp dữ liệu quan sát từ xa có độ phân giải cao của chương trình Landsat (một chương trình vệ tinh của Mỹ) và Vệ tinh Quan sát Bề mặt Toàn cầu (Global LAnd Surface Satellite - GLASS) thông qua một phương pháp kết hợp dữ liệu không gian và thời gian mới, các nhà nghiên cứu đã tạo ra một bộ dữ liệu về cây cối với độ phân giải 30 mét. Dữ liệu này cho thấy cả diện tích và khoảng thời gian có cây xanh trong năm, được gọi là "ngày xanh" (green days). (shrink)

A central question in ecology is how species are distributed across space and time. In a recent study, Shipley and Saupe [2] investigated the relationship between regional species richness (the number of species present in an area) and regional occupancy (how widely each species occurs within that area). Surprisingly, their findings reveal a consistent, negative relationship: regions with higher biodiversity tend to have fewer species that are broadly distributed.

Ô nhiễm không khí vẫn là một thách thức nghiêm trọng đối với môi trường và sức khỏe cộng đồng ở Đông Nam Á, gây ra hàng triệu ca tử vong sớm mỗi năm trên toàn cầu và kéo theo thiệt hại hàng nghìn tỷ đô la chi phí y tế. Nhằm đối phó với vấn đề phức tạp này, Allen và cộng sự [2] đã áp dụng phương pháp mô hình hóa động lực hệ thống có sự tham gia (...) (participatory system dynamics modeling) tại hai tỉnh chịu ảnh hưởng nặng nề: Chiang Rai (Thái Lan) và Vientiane (Lào). Phương pháp này đặc biệt hữu ích trong việc tích hợp tri thức địa phương với bằng chứng khoa học, tạo ra một công cụ hiệu quả cho ra quyết định tập thể trong bối cảnh các thách thức môi trường – xã hội phức tạp và dữ liệu hạn chế [3,4]. (shrink)

Hurricanes are far more than meteorological phenomena; they are public health crises with consequences that extend well beyond wind and rain. In a recent comprehensive review, Mathews, Smith, and Madrigano (2025) reveal how hurricanes in the United States (U.S.) disproportionately impact certain communities—not solely because of their geographical proximity to storms but due to deep-rooted structural vulnerabilities.

Understanding whether conservation programs benefit not only forests and wildlife but also the people who live alongside them has become a critical priority. Scientists are increasingly adopting advanced methods to assess how interventions such as protected areas, community forests, and other conservation efforts influence both ecological and human outcomes. Yet, while satellites can easily show where forests are expanding or disappearing, measuring the effects of conservation on human well-being proves far more challenging due to significant data limitations.

Where is imagination in imaginative resistance? We seek to answer this question by connecting two ongoing lines of inquiry in different subfields of philosophy. In philosophy of mind, philosophers have been trying to understand imaginative attitudes’ place in cognitive architecture. In aesthetics, philosophers have been trying to understand the phenomenon of imaginative resistance. By connecting these two lines of inquiry, we hope to find mutual illumination of an attitude (or cluster of attitudes) and a phenomenon that have vexed philosophers. Our (...) strategy is to reorient the imaginative resistance literature from the perspective of cognitive architecture. Whereas existing taxonomies of positions in the imaginative resistance literature have focused on disagreements over the source and scope of the phenomenon, our taxonomy focuses on the psychological components necessary for explaining imaginative resistance. (shrink)

Dạo gần đây mưa nhiều, cây cối tốt tươi, cá tôm đầy ao. Chim ở các nơi tấp nập kéo đến sinh sống.

Những đặc điểm này gợi ý rằng loài này đã dịch chuyển khỏi các đặc tính giúp chống lại loài ăn lá chuyên biệt, đồng thời củng cố cho giả thuyết “enemy release”—cho rằng loài xâm lấn giành được lợi thế cạnh tranh nhờ thoát khỏi áp lực từ động vật ăn lá và mầm bệnh bản địa.

Item response theory (IRT) is a modern psychometric framework for estimating respondents’ latent traits (e.g., ability, attitude, and personality) based on their responses to a set of questions in psychological tests. The current study adopted an item response tree (IRTree) method, which combines the tree model with IRT models for handling the sequential process of responding to a test item, to score individual moral inclination for the CNI test—a broadly adopted model for examining humans’ moral decision-making with three parameters generated: (...) sensitivity to moral norms, sensitivity to consequences, and inaction preference. Compared to previous models for the CNI test, the resulting EIRTree-CNI Model is able to generate individual scores without increasing the number of items (thus, less subject fatigue or compromised response quality) or employing a post hoc approach that is deemed statistically suboptimal. The model fits the data well, and the subsequent test also supported the concurrent validity and the predictive validity of the model. Limitations are discussed further. (shrink)

Huw Price and Ken Wharton claimed recently in their paper published in The Conversation that quantum mechanics shows that the future can influence the past. According to their paper, many scientists are convinced about it. However, there is still something mystical for philosophers. The first is about the definition of retrocausality and its philosophical relation to causality. Second, it is concerned with understanding the relationship between cause and effect, not only scientifically but also logically. In this talk, I will answer (...) the two questions by analyzing the concept of temporality and by examining the counterfactual and overdetermination. I found a tension in understanding the concept of necessity in the physical and logical sense. Finally, I will argue that the time reversal asymmetry does not imply retrocausality, and the phenomenon of retrocausality does not exist in reality but only in logic. (shrink)

Bên cạnh tắc nghẽn giao thông và tiếng ồn đô thị còn tồn tại một mối đe dọa ít thấy nhưng sâu sắc hơn – ô nhiễm không khí liên quan đến các nguy cơ sức khỏe nghiêm trọng.

Anosognosia for visual deficits—cases where significant visual deficits go unnoticed—challenges the view that our own conscious experiences are what we know best. We review these widespread and striking failures of awareness. Anosognosia can occur with total blindness, visual abnormalities induced by brain lesions, and eye diseases. We show that anosognosia for visual deficits is surprisingly widespread. Building on previous accounts, we introduce a framework showing how apparently disparate forms of anosognosia fit together. The central idea is that, to notice a (...) deficit, individuals need to form expectations about normal vision, compare expectations and visual input, and judge any mismatch at the metacognitive level. A failure in any of these three steps may lead to unawareness of visual deficits. (shrink)

Experimental philosophy offers an alternative mode of engagement for public philosophy, in which the public can play a participatory role. We organized two public events on the aesthetics of coffee that explored this alternative mode of engagement. The first event focuses on issues surrounding the communication of taste. The second event focuses on issues concerning ethical influences on taste. -/- In this paper, we report back on these two events which explored the possibility of doing experimental philosophical aesthetics as public (...) philosophy. We set the stage by considering the significance and current state of efforts in public philosophy, and by introducing the emerging sub-discipline of experimental philosophical aesthetics. Then, we discuss the research and outreach aspects of the two events on the aesthetics of coffee. Finally, we conclude by reflecting on the prospects and potential pitfalls of experimental philosophy as public philosophy. (shrink)

Tscha Hung was a member of the Vienna Circle who achieved high international academic recognition. He dedicated his entire life to spreading the philosophy of the Circle to China and developed deep insights in his criticisms to that philosophy. Hung was a witness to the encounter of Western and Chinese philosophy in the twentieth century. His debate with Fung You-lan on metaphysics reflects different understandings of the nature of philosophy and metaphysics as well as different perspectives. Hung defended the position (...) of metaphysics in Chinese philosophy in his own way and engaged in a contemporary reconstruction of Chinese philosophy. (shrink)

Background The worldwide increase in older persons demands technological solutions to combat the shortage of caregiving and to enable aging in place. Smart home health technologies (SHHTs) are promoted and implemented as a possible solution from an economic and practical perspective. However, ethical considerations are equally important and need to be investigated. Methods We conducted a systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines to investigate if and how ethical questions are discussed in the field of SHHTs in caregiving for older (...) persons. Results 156 peer-reviewed articles published in English, German and French were retrieved and analyzed across 10 electronic databases. Using narrative analysis, 7 ethical categories were mapped: privacy, autonomy, responsibility, human vs. artificial interactions, trust, ageism and stigma, and other concerns. Conclusion The findings of our systematic review show the (lack of) ethical consideration when it comes to the development and implementation of SHHTs for older persons. Our analysis is useful to promote careful ethical consideration when carrying out technology development, research and deployment to care for older persons. Registration We registered our systematic review in the PROSPERO network under CRD42021248543. (shrink)

Here I respond to Anthony Brueckner and John Martin Fischer’s “The Evil of Death: A Reply to Yi.” They developed an influential strategy in defense of the deprivation account of death’s badness against the Lucretian symmetry problem. The core of their argument consists in the claim that it is rational for us to welcome future intrinsic goods while being indifferent to past intrinsic goods. Previously, I argued that their approach is compatible with the evil of late birth insofar as an (...) earlier birth would have generated more goods in the future. In reply, Brueckner and Fischer argue that my critique fails to appreciate an important aspect of their thought experiment, which aims only to show that the deprivation of past goods per se is not bad for us. Thus, purportedly, my critique poses no threat to their view. Here I argue that since the deprivation account explains the evil of death with recourse to how one’s life would have fared had one lived longer, it ought to respond to the symmetry problem with reference to how one’s life would have fared had one been born earlier. However, it is not generally true that the life one would have had with an earlier birth is not preferable to one’s actual life, because in many cases such a life would contain more future goods. (shrink)

It has been widely reported that women are underrepresented in academic philosophy as faculty and students. This article investigates whether this representation may also occur in the domain of journal article publishing. Our study looked at whether women authors were underrepresented as authors in elite ethics journals — Ethics, Philosophy & Public Affairs, the Journal of Political Philosophy, and the Journal of Moral Philosophy — between 2004-2014, relative to the proportion of women employed in academic ethics (broadly construed). We found (...) that women are indeed underrepresented overall in prestigious ethics journal publishing. Though this is not our focus, we discuss possible causes for this finding, such as top ethics journals’ tendency not to publish much feminist philosophy; the impact of women’s lesser professional status or rank within philosophy on their prospects for, and success in, journal publishing; and the review process itself, which may disadvantage or discourage women authors — perhaps especially when their gender, rank, and affiliation are known to the editor or reviewer, or if their work is explicitly feminist. We discuss possible avenues for future research on the "woman problem" in philosophy, noting how our study relates to existing research on this issue. (shrink)