В статті аналізуються культурні, політичні, філософські умови виникнення соціальної раціональності. Детально вивчається полісний устрій давніх греків та його вплив на формування соціальної раціональності. Порівнюються два типи раціональності: змістовна та формальна у філософській спадщині Сократа, Платона, Аристотеля.

У статті розкривається сутність методології у двох аспектах: як процес інтеграції методів наукового пізнання та як процес приросту нового знання. Обґрунтовуються нові методологічні пошуки: сутність сучасного міждисциплінарного підходу через системній підхід; укріплення парадигми цілісності та інтегративності в науці; формування нового понятійного апарату на основі синергетики; зв'язок науки з системою позанаукового знання. Досліджуються нові методи пізнання, такі як абдукція, комп’ютеризація, метод «кейсів», метод дослідження куматоїдних об’єктів.

У даному розділі з підручника "Методологія та організація наукових досліджень" увага приділена розгляду використання феноменологічного методу для гуманітарних наук.

What were the true reasons of the second scientific revolution? – To answer the question, the epistemic model is applied, according to which radical breakthroughs in science were not due to the fanciful excogitation of new ideas ‘ex nihilo’, but rather to the tedious, long-term and troublesome processes of the mutual lapping, reconciliation, interpenetration and intertwinement of ‘old’ research traditions preceding such breaks. It is contended that Einstein's 'annus mirabilis' constituted an acme of the second scientific revolution. To fathom in (...) what felicitous ways Einstein's 1905 writings hang together one is bound to pay special tribute to his longed strive for unity evinced in incessant attempts to coordinate the profound research traditions of classical physics. Though Einstein's efforts sprung out of Max Planck's pioneering attempts to comprehend electromagnetic phenomena through the lenses of conceptual structures of statistical thermodynamics . It was Planck, who clearly realized the cross-contradiction between 'the physics of material bodies’ and ‘the physics of the ether' and outlined the sketch of its withdrawal: the paradigms 'must be modified to remain compatible'. And it was Planck who took the first step in modifying the physics of the ether and contending that 'not only matter itself but also the effects radiated from matter' possess discontinuous properties, which can be characterized by a new natural constant: the elementary quantum of action. Einstein's part consisted in that he took the second step in modifying the second component of the encounter – the physics of material bodies. Einstein’s foolhardy light quanta hypothesis and distinctive special theory of relativity turn out to be mere milestones of the unwinding of Maxwellian electrodynamics and statistical thermodynamics reconcilement research program. The notorious conception of luminiferous ether was a substantial obstacle for Einstein’s wayward statistical thermodynamics in which the pivotal lead was played by flagrant light quanta paper. Einstein was aware that his enticing light quanta hypothesis was too audacious to be taken literally and he laid out his version of 'electrodynamics of moving bodies' in a markedly Machian/ Duhemian, phenomenological way. As a result of the revision of the second scientific revolution key episode, the arguments are exhibited in favor of the necessity to modify the history of the genesis of general relativity; correspondingly, the process of unification of electromagnetic and weak interactions that took place in the second half of the XX-th century is scrutinized. Eventually, the encounter and interpenetration of the two dominating research traditions of modern physics – that of general relativity and quantum field theory – is elicited. (shrink)

Мета. Виявити та переосмислити ключові ідеї Вольтера стосовно релігії й природи людини. Для цього потрібно виконати такі завдання: проаналізувати дослідницьку літературу стосовно своєрідності тлумачення Вольтером феномену релігії; розкрити базові ідеї Вольтера стосовно природи людини; обґрунтувати значимість антропологічного підходу до феномену релігії. Методологія. Основу дослідження складає антропологічний підхід, який розглядає феномени буття як співвідносні з людиною. В дослідженні використовується герменевтичний метод для інтерпретації текстів Вольтера. Наукова новизна. Виявлено та проаналізовано антропологічний зміст філософії Вольтера, переосмислено феномен релігії у філософії Вольтера з позиції (...) її вкоріненості у природі людини. Висновки. У науковій літературі тлумачення феномену релігії в спадщині Вольтера є суперечливим, а саме – критика забобонів та фанатизму поєднується з визнанням факту існування Бога. Доцільним є тлумачення феномену релігії в контексті природи людини та пов’язаних із нею проблем душі та свободи волі, тобто власне антропологічний підхід до феномену релігії. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to determine the influence of theoretical approaches to the philosophical concepts of culture M. M. Bakhtin on the genesis and implementation of historical and anthropological concepts and renovations mentality and socio-cultural characteristics and behavior of individuals and societies of the past. Methodology. Methodological tools are methods of system and source analyses. Theoretical basis and results: analyzes the concept of the philosophy of culture such M.M. Bakhtin as a carnival, folk culture, culture of humor, doubleworld, (...) concept social-cultural projection material and cultural bottom and its impact on the culture of laughter European Middle Ages and Renaissance. Methodological approaches Bakhtin recreated for historical and anthropological reconstruction mentality and socio-cultural realities of the high Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Investigated the perception of philosophical and cultural concepts M. M. Bakhtin, the scientific community and their impact on the historical and anthropological studies. It was also analyzed the influence of the respective ideas M.M. Bakhtin's historical and anthropological studies of the last quarter of XX - beginning of XXI century. in particular on the work of D. Likhachev, A. Gurevich, E. Thompson and other researchers. Conclusion: concept of the philosophy of culture, MM Bakhtin, in particular, the culture of humor, the popular perception of the world, carnival, social and cultural doubleworld, reconstruction of the domestic foundations of culture laughter Europe era high Middle Ages and the Renaissance were one of the most important conceptual elements in the study of the mentality of socially significant behavior and daily life as these periods, so or any other, from the early Middle Ages to the present. (shrink)

This paper aims to analyze the basic principles of gender philosophy applying methodological tools of communicative pragmatics; to demonstrate how gender construct can provide gender humanism formation as one of the ideals of democratic society; to specify gender glossary terms such as “gender democracy”, “gender equality” and “gender justice”. Methodology. In order to investigate a theoretical framework in feminist philosophy, methodological tools of communicative pragmatics and discursive ethics that were elaborated by modern German philosophers J. Habermas, K.-O. Apel for analyzing (...) ethical gender principles and their legitimation ways have been used in this research. Scientific novelty. Based on methodological differences in concepts of J. Habermas and K.-O. Apel, two opposite approaches to gender concept analysis – rational and pragmatic (Habermas) and transcendental conceptual (K.-O. Apel) have been found out. The article helps to specify the framework of categories and concepts. According to the legitimation way of gender ethical theory it was discovered that such notions as “gender democracy”, “gender equality” and “gender justice” do not have the same meanings. According to the analysis of communicative action program and consensus, the “gender equality” concept by Habermas is an artificial social construct that is methodologically grounded in cognitivism and diminishes the possibilities of gender values legitimation. According to K.-O. Apel, the concept of “gender justice” is based on transcendental moral and ethical sense of opposite genders unity and does not discharge unequal distribution of responsibilities and any invasion as well as represents certain extent of their difference. Conclusions. Fast growing gender changes in the society face ageold drawbacks of moral and spiritual principles of communities, taking into account social and cultural, national and gender identity. Thorough understanding of various approaches to feminism philosophy leads more to complementarity of male and female principles of humanity with further acceptance of gender roles that reflect more complicated panorama of spiritual life. (shrink)

Maxwellian electrodynamics genesis is considered in the light of the author’s theory change model previously tried on the Copernican and the Einstein revolutions. It is shown that in the case considered a genuine new theory is constructed as a result of the old pre-maxwellian programmes reconciliation: the electrodynamics of Ampere-Weber, the wave theory of Fresnel and Young and Faraday’s programme. The “neutral language” constructed for the comparison of the consequences of the theories from these programmes consisted in the language of (...) hydrodynamics with its rich content of analogous models ranging from the uncompressible fluid up to molecular vortices. The programmes’ meeting led to construction of the whole hierarchy of crossbred objects beginning from the displacement current and up to common hybrids. After that the interpenetration of the pre-maxwellian programmes began that marked the beginning of theoretical schemes of optics and electromagnetism unification. Maxwell’s programme did assimilate some ideas of the Ampere-Weber programme, as well as the presuppositions of the programmes of Fresnel and Faraday; and the significance of this fact for further methodology of scientific research programmes development is discussed. It is argued that the core of Maxwell’s unification strategy was formed by Kantian epistemology looked through the prism of William Whewell and such representatives of Scottish Enlightenment as Thomas Reid and William Hamilton. All these enabled Maxwell to start to unify not only optics and electromagnetism, but British and continental research traditions as well. Maxwell’s programme did supersede the Ampere-Weber one because Maxwell did put forward as a synthetic principle the idea, that differed from that of Ampere-Weber by its flexible and contra-ontological, strictly epistemological, Kantian character. For Maxwell, ether was not the last building block of physical reality, from which fields and charges should be constructed . “Action at a distance”, “incompressible fluid”, “molecular vortices” were only analogies for Maxwell, capable to direct the researcher on the “right” mathematical relations. From the “representational” point of view all this hydrodynamical models were doomed to failure efforts to describe what can not be described in principle – things in themselves, the “nature” of electrical and magnetic phenomena. On the contrary, Maxwell aimed his programme to find empirically meaningful mathematical relations between the electrodynamics basic objects, i.e. the creation of inter - coordinated electromagnetic field equations system. Namely the application of this epistemology enabled Hermann von Helmholtz and his pupil Heinrich Hertz to arrive at such a version of Maxwell’s theory that served a heuristical basis for the radiowaves discovery. (shrink)

Michail Bakhtin’s philosophy of act is considered as a metaphysical project. Bakhtin’s conception is explored in a wider context of the metaphysical project of Russian existentialism. Interpretations of the term “truth”, which correspond to different versions of existentialism, are compared. Shestov’s existentialist particularism, Berdiaev’s actualistic personalism, Bakhtin’s ethical existentialism are analysed. Existentialist implications of Gregory Palama’s metaphysics of light are considered.

The article analyzes the socio-cultural and theoretical origins of the Russian philosophy of history. These origins determined the development of the philosophy of history as a special feld of philosophical knowledge. This process took place in the second half of the 19th century, a significant factor of which was the split within the cultural and spiritual unity of Russian society on the wave of Alexander II’s reforms associated with the abolition of serfdom. In this period the subject-matter of the philosophy (...) of history was defned. In the author’s opinion, the subject-matter of the philosophy of history includes: 1) the historical process in its universal human dimensions and in “past – present – future” movement, 2) the life of society in historically concrete forms of the organization of human community, 3) historical epistemology. The article shows why the philosophy of history, formed in this research feld, was established in the public consciousness and intellectual context as historiosophy, i.e. knowledge of spiritual senses, the beginning and end of history. This philosophical-historical paradigm excluded the oppositions, on the one hand, between philosophical knowledge and historical science and, on the other hand, between the philosophy of the history and social philosophy. As the main ideas of the Russian philosophy of history during that period, the author considers the idea of the integrity of historical existence as an “organic life” and the idea of the variability of the historical process, interpreted as the constant inclination of history to “permanent improvisation”. The author pays special attention to the development of the concepts of “transitional form” and “chaos,” which provide the acceleration of the progressive movement of history and the possibility of an active and responsible participation of an individual and masses in it. The attention to this problem introduced the spiritual and moral component into the ontological basis of the historical process as well as the concept of necessity and chance, freedom and violence, revolution and evolution into the conceptual apparatus of philosophical and historical knowledge. As a result, simultaneously with the metaphysical principles, the principles of concrete historical and axiological analysis were integrated into the methodology of the philosophy of history. This approach to the analysis of the historical process has preserved its heuristic potential to the present day. (shrink)

The word “samurai” firmly rooted in the modern Russian language, along with Fujiyama, geisha and sakura. Though obviously this was not always the case. This article traces the initial process of perceiving the concept of samurai in pre-revolutionary Russia and the Soviet Union: from the 1890s, from the first military victories of rapidly modernizing Japan, to the RussoJapanese War and further to the beginning of the Second World War. Initially endowed with features of “childishness” or “femininity,” gentleness and grace, the (...) image of Japan is gradually becoming “masculine” and is increasingly associated with the concept of “samurai.” At first, this concept is related to such qualities as belligerence and cruelty but also loyalty to lord and “knightly” honor. Often, following Nitobe Inazo, the best qualities of the Japanese are generally traced back to the samurai tradition. Later, the Japanese appear in an increasingly caricature form, as greedy but powerless aggressors. At first, this image is not associated with the concept of “samurai” but by the 1930s fused with it. At the same time, Soviet authors criticize the “feminine” perception of Japan – they describe both the ruling exploiter and the exploited worker with “masculine” traits. The article examines the early Japanese borrowings in Russian dictionaries of foreign words, the images of the Japanese in the writings of Russian and Soviet writers, the characteristics of the country and its inhabitants in popular editions devoted to Japan as well as in propaganda texts and pictures. (shrink)

This paper is dedicated to V. V. Rosanov views on the issue of sexual love. Analyzing the system of Rosanov’s notions of the God, nature and sex, authors show how the philosopher is trying to create pansexualistic quasireligious doctrine versus Christianity. The thinker is referred to as a radical ideologist of mystical-erotic revolution and a mouthpiece of peculiar to Russian culture trend towards the construction of a national religion.

The article discusses the modern philosophical concepts of transhumanism and posthumanism. The central issue of these concepts is “What is the posthuman?” The 21st century is marked by a contradictory understanding of the role and status of the human. On the one hand, there comes the realization of human hegemony over the whole world around: in the 20th century mankind not only began to conquer outer space, invented nuclear weapons, made many amazing discoveries but also shifted its attention to itself (...) or rather to the modification of itself. Transhumanist projects aim to strengthen human influence by transforming human beings into other, more powerful and viable forms of being. Such projects continues the project of human “deification.” On the other hand, acknowledging the onset of the new geological epoch of the Anthropocene, there comes the rejection of classical interpretations of the human. The categories of historicity, sociality and subjectivity are no longer so anthropocentric. In the opinion of the posthumanists, the project of the Vitruvian man has proven to be untenable in the present-day environment and is increasingly criticized. The reflection on the phenomenon of the human and his future refers to the concepts that explore not only human but also non-human. Very often we can find a synonymous understanding of transhumanism and posthumanism. Although these movements work with the same modern constructs and concepts but interpret them in a fundamentally different way. The discourse of transhumanism refers to the Cartesian opposition of the body and the mind. Despite the sacralization of technology and the desire to purify the posthuman from such seemingly permanent attributes of the living as aging and death, transhumanism in many ways continues the ideas of the Enlightenment. For posthumanists, the subject is nomadic and a kind of assembly of human, animal, digital, chimerical. Thus, in posthumanism the main maxim of humanism about the human as the highest value is rejected – the human ceases to be “the measure of all things.”. (shrink)

Ancient Slavic archaic culture proved to be much more complex and incomprehensible than domestic researchers had imagined at the end of the 20th century. Modern scientists have discovered new complex aspects of ancient pagan culture that require considerable attention from researchers in various scientific fields. Of particular interest in this regard are the cults of ancient Slavic pagan gods-warriors, who are worshiped both among the people and among warrior-warriors.

In the article of Natalia Kovalchuk «Sanctity phenomenon of St. Feodosiy Pecherskyi in context of holy persons life» the spiritual way of St. Feodosiy Pecherksyi as a search of time, which bring him closer to the sanctity and search of his personal dimension as a holy place are regarded. Through the analysis of food and cloth, which connect St. Feodosiy with world, his life is researched. Spiritual way of St. Feodosiy Pecherskyi brings him closer to the sanctity.

The article by Iryna Horokholinska «Value challenges of the present: reflections about morally appropriate and religious faith» is aimed to the analysis of the moral and religious portrait of a modern person – in the conditions of globalization and secularization. Should we talk about the total secularization? Did the renaissance of religiosity really come to be? And what's important: what is the mission and strategy of the Church's actions in influencing the axiological self-determination of the modern person? As a Christian (...) can be to a Christian, but not to be preserved in a culturally and mentally obsolete system of priorities for the regulation of personal life? These questions are precisely the markers in the search for the answer to the urgent question addressed to representatives of the Western Civilization - Quo Vadis? (shrink)

The focus of philosophical research attention on the theoretical and, where appropriate, specifically applied problems of religion is a phenomenon immanent and unpersuasive. Its relevance is explained by the fact that the reflexiveness of philosophical thinking always determines the search for the answer to the basic worldview questions and aims at grasping the standards of wisdom. The history of human civilization is confirmed by the fact that one of the major worldview issues that bothers man is the question of life (...) and death, the meaning of human existence and the purpose of the world and, most often, in finding an answer to it, humanity turned to a religion that is vividly illustrated by the existence of the great the number of different doctrines and beliefs. It is no secret that a large number of people see in religion and the basis of wisdom, the ideological and axiological potential of its nurturing. Of course, this does not mean that within the human culture there is no attempt to find wisdom outside of religion and even against it. But in any case, it cannot be denied that the search for wisdom on the basis of religious outlook is historically natural, and even dominates spiritual culture in certain eras. (shrink)

Human simultaneously is the acting person of a few autonomous and interdepending forms of evolutional process. Accordingly, it is possible to select three forms of adaptation and three constituents of evolutional strategy of survival of humanity – biological, sociocultural and technological adaptations. The actual and potential consequences of development of so-called High Hume technologies (technologies of the guided evolution)  most essential from major technological adaptations of humanity  are analyzed. The phenomenon of bio-power within the framework of global coevolutional (...) methodology as one of central elements of mechanism of mutual co-ordination of biological and sociocultural forms of evolutional process from one side and technocultural balance, with other is examined. (shrink)

At the heart of the book - two views (naturalist and humanist) on the dangers of and Prospects of "scientific and technological progress," that defining the face of modern civilization. Its leaders are now the information, genetic cal and biological technology.

Mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the system stable evolutionary strategy Homo sapiens – genetic and cultural coevolution techno-cultural balance – are analyzed. оe main content of the study can be summarized in the following the- ses: stable adaptive strategy of Homo sapiens includes superposition of three basic types (biological, cultural and technological) of adaptations, the integrity of the system provides by two coevolutionary ligament its elements – the genetic-cultural coevolution and techno-cultural balance, the system takes as result of by (...) develop- ment of genetic and information technologies by advent of genetic and informa- tion technologies extremely unstable conūguration; a harbinger of a radical change in the mechanisms of global evolution religion is a consequence of structural and functional organization of the human psyche; it played (along with science and technology) the role of socio-cultural adaptation of the human mind are present a number of ideas or concepts (the idea of God, including) the genesis of that ideas is associated with the interaction of two information systems, that appear to each other as information substrates – emotional, and verbal-logical (discursive) forms; evolution of the mentality has two nodes, that corresponding to the dominance of rationalism or religion in spiritual culture; the problem of rational justiūcation of religion in modern science is presented by two alternative methodologies – evo- lutionary epistemological and metaphysical-ontological ones; both methodologies are incompatible in a logical perspective; in the evolutionary epistemological im- pact concept of religion and science are equal and alternative building blocks of a stable evolutionary strategy of Homo sapiens, and their balance sheet pro. (shrink)

В третьем томе коллективной монографии рассматриваются особенности образовательных систем России и Украины, а также перспективы их развития. Авторы анализируют возможности космического образования, роль материн- ства, семьи и школы в образовательном процессе, проблему самоидентифика- ции нации, ценностные ориентиры, идеал образованности, перспективы раз- дельного образования и воспитания. В монографии представлены исследования академических ученых, преподавателей университетов и школ, аспирантов, студентов из России, Украины, Грузии и Азербайджана, акцентируется внима- ние на формировании образа человека будущего, на повышении эффективности педагогического воздействия. Монография предназначена для студентов, аспирантов (...) и преподавателей учебных заведений всех уровней аккредитации, а также для всех, кто хочет обе- спечить полноценное счастливое будущее себе, близким и своим детям. (shrink)

Attempt of trans-disciplinary analysis of the evolutionary value of bioethics is realized. Currently, there are High Tech schemes for management and control of genetic, socio-cultural and mental evolution of Homo sapiens (NBIC, High Hume, etc.). The biological, socio-cultural and technological factors are included in the fabric of modern theories and technologies of social and political control and manipulation. However, the basic philosophical and ideological systems of modern civilization formed mainly in the 17–18 centuries and are experiencing ever-increasing and destabilizing risk-taking (...) pressure from the scientific theories and technological realities. The sequence of diagnostic signs of a new era once again split into technological and natural sciences’ from one hand, and humanitarian and anthropological sciences’, from other. The natural sciences series corresponds to a system of technological risks be solved using algorithms established safety procedures. The socio-humanitarian series presented anthropological risk. Global bioethics phenomenon is regarded as systemic socio-cultural adaptation for technology-driven human evolution. The conceptual model for meta-structure of stable evolutionary strategy of Homo sapiens (SESH) is proposes. In accordance to model, SESH composed of genetic, socio-cultural and techno-rationalist modules, and global bioethics as a tool to minimize existential evolutionary risk. An existence of objectively descriptive and value-teleological evolutionary trajectory parameters of humanity in the modern technological and civilizational context (1), and the genesis of global bioethics as a system social adaptation to ensure self-identity (2) are postulated. -/- . (shrink)

У статті розглядається інтуїтивистська етична концепція Дж. Мура, розкриваються її основні риси, що стали причиною виникнення аналітичної філософії освіти Р. Пітерса. Зокрема, звертається увага на трактування здорового глузду, добра, боргу, доброчесностей, етичного вчинку і поведінки, уявлення про універсальне співтовариство. Показується яким чином педагогичний аспект основних положень етики обумовлює відношення до знання.

The article provides a general characterization on different levels of dimensions of socio-political transformations in the societies that are being transformed. It has been found that the transformation of the public administration system which is subjected to the process of globalization and European integration, cast discredit on the existing regime of the dominion form of government and its system of local self-government. The author investigated that in the XXth century, the crucial role of the chain of dominant communist parties neutralized (...) any characteristic features of the local self-government and, therefore, a clear separation of central government authorities and the authorities of administrative-territorial entities was missing. Undoubtedly, current systems of local self-government and administrative-territorial system of the European countries were unquestionably established as the result of the development of national countries under the conditions of democratization, urbanization and transition into the legal system of checks and balances. Regarding these stages of transition into the democratic and political regime, the author lays her emphasis on the way to the building of the full local self-government. (shrink)

The article deals with capitalism as a characteristic element of the modern post-industrial society and its culture. It is noted that, along with the historical, economic and other aspects of understanding the capitalism’s phenomenon, in this paper considers, mainly, its impact on modern culture in general, and the role of capitalism in the formation of a number of features of bourgeois ideology, in particular. For the disclosure of this issue in the paper appeal is made to some foreign and domestic (...) researchers, who have paid special attention to this problem. Among these researchers can call following: P.A. Sorokin, R. Barth, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse. These researchers mainly critically comprehend the role of capitalism in modern society. Based on the analysis views this researchers on the role of capitalism in modern society and culture, this paper raises the question of the future prospects of the functioning of capitalism. Conclusion on the issue presented in the following: capitalism as an organic element of modern post-industrial society in the foreseeable future will continue to be the dominant form of its ideological, cultural and economic life. This conclusion is due primarily to such three factors: first, the decline in the modern world’s socialist systems, secondly, the absence of other clear alternatives to capitalism, and, thirdly, the relative stability and plasticity of capitalism itself. (shrink)

The attempt of philosophical analysis of information is undertaken, as major determinanty of transformation of culture, which supposes consideration in conceptions of modern man becoming of man of virtus with the changing environment of co-operation, globalization of intercourse, loss of identity, new virtual culture. The purpose of the study – a study of concepts information, the information space and the man virtus in philosophical discourse. Conclusions. Thus this study allows us to formulate the following conclusions and conceptual points : – (...) Information that creates a psychological and social basis on which manifests conscious behavior of the individual. The «natural» information around us is a soil origin of living beings and the condition for their development and improvement, while «artificial» information involves the use of new norms and channels of information, it is present in the form of written information, audio messages, television and radio and so on – in other words everything that has been created as a result of human activity; – Information space – a multi-level structure. In a sense, it can be called the metaphor, but at the same time, it is quite possible. – Information space understood as a set of spatial structures in which information is distributed. The information space is a collection of interacting processes and information systems. Changes associated with the processes of information, technology use, virtualization, and cultural space of coverage, expanding modes of transmission of social and cultural experience. New global information technology not only to open up unprecedented opportunities for human development, but at the same time put in front of him and culture complex nature of philosophical problems associated with the dehumanizing culture, rationalization of thinking, adaptability to life. Information processes taking place in society, cause radical changes in the structure and content of modern culture: on the one hand, it includes elements of the previous crop, and on the other, it creates new areas. (shrink)

Ethics of service as necessary component of the philosophical system of S. Frank is examined. The looks of Frank to the problems of nature and sense of public life, setting of person and veritable ideal of society are analysed. Basic normative principles of public life, that, are distinguished, according to S. Frank, following from general bases of society and person, on the creature eternal and universal: beginning of solidarity, service and freedom. Beginning of service is examined by a philosopher as (...) the most common expression of ontological creature of man and for this reason there is the higher normative beginning of public life. This service of man to God as to the absolute blessing, good, allowing effectively to comprehend life of man, and service as fundamental principle and supreme leading principle of public life, all-embracing and reconciling beginning of solidarity and freedom, due to that arrangement of public, civil life of people is possible on reasonable grounds. (shrink)

Philosophical sense of problem of person is examined in the context of forming of «total communication» space of contemporary. Transformation of anthropology and specification are analyzed in a number of key aspects of existence and function-ing of «homo communicans». Attention is accented on two aspects of anthropological problem: forming of stable identity and «dispersonality» man. In the information society anthropological problems are exposed by deep transformations and concretized in a number of key aspects of the existence and functioning of «homo (...) communicans». This problem of the formation stable identity, and the problem of «dehumanization» of man, the disappearance of personhood and «vitality» that causes the appearance of a new anthropological character – «eternally changeable» man as a mediator in the space of infinite communications distorted reality, space distorting mirrors. Further research in this area suggests the formation of deployed philosophical and anthropological theory, which is necessary to modern society. (shrink)

The subject of investigation is the influence of Christian ethics both on spiritual orientation and social life of people. There are specific features in Christian ethics. This features are evident in the attitude towards the world in everyday behavior of people in various spheres of social and private life. There is a significant influence of Christian ethics on culture, life, family, customs, traditions and life style of the peoples in the process of investigation. Christian ethics is manifested in Christian ethos, (...) which takes various historical forms in the process of cultural development. Christian ethics is specified in Christian morality and Christian morals. Orthodox morals and ethical features are defined both at the high morals level and at the life level in this project. Investigating relations between official Christian culture and folk Christian culture we can notice both antagonism and mutual penetration of elements from one culture to another. Official Christianity is represented in the system of dogmas and moral principles and it is a theology. Such notion as folk Christianity is defined as the unity of Christian studying and folk traditions of the people. The components of the people’s Christianity are a folk Catholicism and folk Orthodoxy. The features of national Orthodox Christianity are represented in the appeal to the Slavs in its moral and aesthetic principles in its beauty. There are three main principles represented in the basis of the perception of Christianity: natural goodness, conscience and heartfelt contemplation; sanctification of space and time, craziness, mystic death and resurrection which are based on the teaching of the Holy Fathers of eternal life. Severe ideological, psychological and moral control over the population, not only on the part of the priest but also on the part of people, was a feature of folk Catholicism. Thus, we can draw the following conclusions: both folk Catholicism and folk Orthodoxy have their own features, but the common were poor understanding of dogmatic Christianity and pagan beliefs vitality. Analyzing the folk Christian culture it was revealed that magical consciousness, as the deep layer of the national consciousness connected with magic, remains almost unchanged from the ancient time until the present one. (shrink)

The article analyzes the political situation in Galicia late XIX - early XX century. The author considered policy of the Austrian government in the Ukrainian-Polish confrontation. The factors which determined this politic and its impact on the development of Ukrainian national movement in Galicia are determined.

The classical science considered itself as the standard-bearer of common sense. A no-classical science, on the contrary, underlined broke off with it. The modern post-no classical science dialectically comes back to common sense, owing to synergetic, and also – to new achievements in the quantum physics and cosmology. On this base are resolved paradoxes of sphere of the becoming, which have resulted XX-century physicists on a way of subjectivity. Including, a sensible explanation receive not local effects in various areas, an (...) invari-ance of speed of light in vacuum and many other things. Of quantum area the new physics explains uncertainty of a condition of quantum object and the raised role of the device as typical display of «super sensitivity» of any system to influence in «area of jokers». The origin of the Universe is understood now not as the «Big Bang» which has been not understood for common sense, but as the «Big Boiling» – natural process of phase transition primary vacuum environments in system of material structures. The sensible explanation receives an anthrop principle, which was mystified in a no-classical science. Excess of speed of light by light self at its movement through the non-equilibrium environment naturally speaks that: this environment does not spend an entering impulse, and itself radiates a similar impulse from the opposite party. Not local there is only a process of self-organizing of the active environment. Understood becomes also quantum non-locality, including teleportation. Not local character of universal gravitation speaks the same basic basis, and waves of gravitation have no to it the direct attitude. All these explanations are reached without the contradiction with the relativistic theory, quantum physics and other achievements of a science of the last, no-classical stage of its development. (shrink)

One of the defining features of the ability of society to update, upgrade, transition from traditional to modern structure is the formation of women’s activity in different areas. Today, social and cultural equality between men and women is a matter of equality of human existence. It is known that the position of woman in society represents the valid level of civilization of the one or another social community, and unmistakably reflects the level of commitment to the principles of humanism, equality (...) and democracy by its members. By exposing to criticizm traditional patriarchal concept of socio-cultural development of mankind, modern feminism has put forward an alternativeto it, in which woman appears as an active and equal with men the subject of social process. Feminism is focused the main attention on the abolition and identifying of discriminatory practices to women, its main task is the liberation of women from restrictions imposed by the men, and providing them with equal opportunities in society. Therefore, the increasing of public attention to the important issues of social modernization – the emancipation of the individual, consciousness by the woman of her nature and opportunities, and also lively discussions and controversial assessments of these processes actualize the research of the formation and development of feminism as a theory and practice. In this article research interest is focused directly on the development and transformation of feminist ideas, concepts and movements in the context of sociological theorizing. Feminism having the almost two centuries history, as a theory and as a practice, is still continues to develop and transform. Having arisen in the XVIII century, for today feminism has not gained clear universally accepted definition. In the twentieth century feminism from the practice of social and political movement for the equal rights for women turned into a phenomenon of general cultural scale with expanded philosophical concept. At the end of the last century feminism has advocated for the revision of relations between genders because of radical changes in the living conditions of people that occurred under the influence of such factors as globalization, the spread of education, improving women’s and men’s consciousness, strengthening the legal and financial independence of women. In the modern stage the female factor is significant and requires a rethinking of the foundations of civilization. Therefore, in the third millennium to the fore come a fundamentally new issues determining the women’s place in the modern society, without solution of which it is impossible a further human progress. (shrink)

У статті ідентифіковано потенціал економічного розвитку АСЕАН. Досліджено історичні аспекти створення інтеграційного об’єднання АСЕАН. Оцінено сучасний економічний стан АСЕАН у світовому господарстві. Проаналізовано наявні та визначено майбутні тенденції розвитку АСЕАН. Розкрито проблематику та перспективи розвитку АСЕАН.

Определено, что туристическая индустрия имеет важное значение для развития государства, однако ее роль в странах отличается в силу влияния ряда факторов. Идентифицированы угрозы, проблемы, тенденции, вызовы, риски и субъекты как главные факторы развития туристической деятельности в Украине. Отмечено, что дальнейшее развитие туризма в Украине обеспечит реализацию социально-экономического потенциала государства в краткосрочной и стратегической перспективе.

In order to reconstruct the problem of justification of human rights, article deals with evolution and modern interpretation of this problem. Justification of human rights is regarded as identifying of their limiting grounds, i.e. the manner in which these rights are entrenched in being at all, or at least being human. The author reveals the skeptical and non-skeptical approaches to the justification of human rights, descriptive and normative strategy within the latter, the will theory and the interests theory, as well (...) as the main directions of their criticism. Advocates of the interests theory approach argue that the principal function of human rights is to protect and promote certain essential human interests. Securing human beings’ essential interests is the principal ground upon which human rights may be morally justified. The philosophers John Finnis and Otfried Hoffe are regarded as representatives of the interests theory approach. The interests-based approach tends to construe our fundamental interests as predeterminants of human moral agency. This can have the effect of subordinating the importance of the exercise of freedom as a principal moral ideal. This concern lies at the heart of the will approach to human rights. The will theory attempts to establish the philosophical validity of human rights upon a single human attribute: the capacity for freedom. Will theorists argue that what is distinctive about human agency is the capacity for freedom and that this ought to constitute the core of any account of rights. Herbert Hart, Henry Shue and Alan Gewirth are regarded as representatives of the will theory approach. Criticism of this theory is that if the constitutive condition for the possession of human rights is said to be the capacity for acting in a rationally purposive manner, for example, then it seems to logically follow, that individuals incapable of satisfying this criteria have no legitimate claim to human rights. In conclusion, it noted that the debate about the justification of human rights can not be stopped, due to the very nature of the latter, in particular, the openness of human rights as a consequence of the openness of human being as such. (shrink)