Este artículo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una revisión y reinterpretación al problema teórico en la teoría de Darwin en el que se pone en relación el principio de divergencia y la competencia entre los seres vivos. Respecto a este asunto ha habido dos interpretaciones fundamentales. La primera de ellas es la de aquellos que defienden que la divergencia se ve favorecida porque implica una reducción de la competencia a la que se enfrentan los seres vivos que se desplazan de nicho (...) ecológico. Por otro lado, algunos abogan — aunque es una posición menos extendida— por una interpretación en la que la reducción de la competencia no es la ventaja, sino que lo es la especialización y, por tanto, el incremento en la competitividad, es decir, el tener mejores herramientas o capacidades para competir. En este artículo se defiende esta última tesis, fundamentalmente sostenida por William Tammone, pero desde otra perspectiva y sustentada en otros argumentos que se nutren de la propuesta de Trevor Pearce acerca de la noción de economía natural de Darwin. (shrink)

Historia y conciencia de clase es considerado un libro decisivo en el surgimiento de diversas problemáticas filosóficas, políticas y estéticas a principio de siglo XX. Su repercusión puede apreciarse en filosofías y perspectivas que, desde otros ámbitos teóricos, reconocieron en esta obra el abordaje de temas determinantes de la modernidad. El artículo se detiene al análisis de tres núcleos teóricos considerados medulares en Historia y conciencia de clase, y que se discurre ayudan a leer críticamente el mundo contemporáneo, a saber: (...) vida cotidiana, tiempo abstracto y cosificación. Se profundizarán estas tres vías de acceso como posibilidades de reapropiación crítica de la propuesta lukácsiana, tomando como marco analítico la óptica de la “Crítica del valor”, algunos planteos de Karl Marx y la presentación de ciertas críticas a su proyecto, todo para demostrar la vigorosidad y pertinencia del escrito para comprender dinámicas sustanciales de la realidad social presente. (shrink)

Contemporary Peruvian Philosophers (20th & 21st Centuries).

El artículo explora el texto juvenil de Adorno “La idea de historia natural” como un protoprograma investigativo centrado en la problemática de la apariencia. A partir del marco teórico-metodológico y normativo de la teoría crítica, la hipótesis del artículo sostiene que el texto del joven Adorno brinda insumos importantes para entender su proyecto intelectual como una sofisticada teoría de la apariencia, capaz de desvelar las estructuras que soportan las formas aparentes de la realidad moderna. En primer lugar, se contextualiza la (...) aparición del escrito, seguido de un análisis de la influencia de Lukács y Benjamin en la concepción de la segunda naturaleza en Adorno. Posteriormente, se aborda la apariencia como un “verdadero problema histórico-natural” y se rastrea la presencia de este tema a lo largo de la obra del filósofo frankfurtiano, sugiriendo que ésta podría interpretarse como una teoría crítica de la apariencia. Finalmente, se resalta la relevancia de este hilo conductor para interpretar su propuesta teórica, especialmente en un contexto contemporáneo donde descifrar la apariencia se vuelve esencial para comprender múltiples dimensiones y problemáticas de nuestras sociedades. (shrink)

Immanuel Kant ha representado un hito crucial en múltiples esferas del pensamiento humano. Su tratamiento del arcaico problema de la apariencia no escapa a esta premisa. Sin embargo, su destacada contribución en este particular no se corresponde con la atención y profundidad brindada por los principales estudios de su obra. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo exponer exhaustivamente la problemática de la apariencia ilusoria según la perspectiva de Kant. En primer lugar, se llevará a cabo una sucinta revisión del tratamiento (...) de la apariencia a lo largo de la historia de la filosofía. A continuación, se subrayará la relevancia de la intervención kantiana en relación a este tema. Posteriormente, se procederá a reconstruir minuciosamente la topografía de los diferentes tipos de apariencia ilusoria abordados en la Crítica de la razón pura, a saber: la apariencia ilusoria empírica, lógica y trascendental. En este análisis se pondrán de relieve las peculiaridades, contextos y significados inherentes a cada una de estas formas, con el fin de culminar el artículo ofreciendo una evaluación global de este relevante episodio en la filosofía kantiana. (shrink)

Este artículo realiza un trabajo exploratorio sobre algunos aspectos filosóficos presentes en la obra Minima Moralia de Th. W. Adorno. Se pretende rescatar los principales elementos relacionados a su crítica del valor como realidad totalizadora, dando cuenta de las consecuencias concretas manifestadas en la vida social y de las posibilidades asequibles para superar tal estado. Se parte de la hipótesis de que Minima Moralia constituye un elemento central de la crítica del valor en la versión de Adorno. En primer lugar, (...) se presenta el contexto de publicación del escrito adorniano. A continuación, se investiga el papel de la experiencia en el pensamiento crítico del pensador. Después se precisa la importancia de la teoría de la apariencia e inversión real en la comprensión de este universo social, para cerrar el escrito con un análisis de las posibilidades objetivas de trascender lo dado y el papel de la felicidad en la Teoría crítica. (shrink)

En la primera parte se revisan los índices internacionales como el Network Readiness Index (NRI) del Foro Económico Mundial y el índice de desarrollo del e-Gobierno de la ONU, que muestran el avance que ha tenido Costa Rica en relación con otros países. La sección segunda estudia los índices a nivel nacional como el de Transparencia del Sector Público elaborado por el Cicap de la UCR el cuál permite ver cómo el gobierno ha hecho uso de la Web para que (...) los procesos de digitalización sean utilizados y así lograr una mayor transparencia y un mejor contacto con la ciudadanía, en conjunto con el auge de la tecnología móvil y las redes sociales acortan la distancia entre el ciudadano y el gobierno. La tercera sección: Hacia una salud conectada: Expediente Digital Único en Salud, analiza el contexto, desarrollo, implementación y uso del EDUS que ha sido un ejemplo claro de la utilización de las TIC en el sector salud para mejorar la calidad de los servicios y el acceso a la información clínica de los pacientes. La cuarta fase puntualiza el estado actual del EDUS, declarado por la CCSS como proyecto de prioridad institucional en el año 2012 y en setiembre de ese mismo año se publica en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta la ley N°9162 que establece el ámbito y los mecanismos de acción necesarios para desarrollar el proceso de planeamiento, financiamiento, provisión de insumos y recursos para su implementación. (shrink)

Este ensayo se propone realizar un trabajo exploratorio sobre la influencia que el Fausto de Goethe tuvo en la confección de la versión definitiva de la teoría del valor de Marx, observando la centralidad de las veces que acude a esta obra y, en especial, a los versos 2140-2141, una de las citas más empleadas por él en todas sus obras. Se parte de la hipótesis de que Fausto tiene una importancia capital en la construcción del concepto de “sujeto automático”, (...) y de que el empleo de la cita por parte de Marx no actúa solo como un amplificador de expresividad lingüística, sino que tiene valor epistémico. Tomando como marco analítico la óptica de la “crítica del valor”, se pretende demostrar que Fausto es subsumido, incorporado, como una parte constitutiva del todo que es su teoría del valor. (shrink)

El objetivo del artículo es el examen de lo que constituye, en José Revueltas y Henri Lefebvre, el despliegue del método dialéctico en el análisis de la realidad social, a sabiendas de que, para ambos autores, el movimiento dialéctico de la negatividad (la crítica) representa un momento esencial en sus planteamientos. Para lo anterior, se tomará como ruta de ingreso a sus proyectos, el análisis de tres categorías que se consideran transversales e íntimamente ligadas en sus obras, a saber: cotidianidad, (...) enajenación y praxis. (shrink)

Comúnmente percibido como un elemento neutral e inocente, incluso un componente aliado e indispensable en las aspiraciones de proyectos sociales alternativos, la primera parte de este artículo se dedica a problematizar el valor de uso, subrayando el particular fetichismo que le es inherente. Su tratamiento crítico se complementa con un detenido estudio de la forma natural, dimensión imprescindible sin la que la crítica de la economía política quedaría inconclusa. El artículo pretende, entonces, en primer lugar, poner al descubierto la problemática (...) del valor de uso a lo interno de la obra de Karl Marx. Seguidamente, se observará su particular fetichismo rescatando argumentos feministas, antropológicos y filosóficos que ayuden a apreciar su dimensión y carácter históricamente específico. A continuación, se profundizará la forma natural y sus principales características, registro sin el cual la dimensión problemática del valor de uso no se comprendería. Acudiendo a los planteamientos de Bolívar Echeverría, se revisitará la forma natural puntualizando la dimensión semiótica como un componente central suyo. Finalmente, el texto cierra poniendo al descubierto las facetas, trampas y problemáticas inherentes a estas dos nociones, reivindicando la importancia de distinguirlas en un momento de desafíos ecológicos donde repensar el intercambio metabólico con el medio ambiente se torna crucial para la humanidad. (shrink)

Post-truth has become a commonplace strategy. No longer are objective facts viewed as having evidentiary value; scientific knowledge is on a par with emotions or personal beliefs. We intend to show that in the context of post-truth, those proffering and receiving an assertion do not care about the truth-value of the assertion or about the best way to gather evidence concerning it. Such attitudes raise several questions about how relativism can be a corrupting influence in contemporary democracies. We will analyse (...) Steve Fuller’s use of the term «post-truth» – especially, the political connotations about epistemic democracy that he highlights. Instead, we offer a pragmatist defence of the truth and an alternative meaning of epistemic democracy. (shrink)

GALLICA PHILOSOPHICA - Illustrated Dictionary of French and Francophone Philosophers (from the origins in the eleventh century up to twenty-first century).

This article is focused on a correct use of the social network Twitter in political communication in order to be effective and create social active participation channels. Such use are related to the utility of the potential that social networks offer us as interactive channel; which eliminates the communication barrier between the citizen and the politician. Also it highlights the importance of Twitter as a new public space for communication, following the new “public sphere” where come not only citizens but (...) also the media to extract comments and opinions of politicians. (shrink)

In this comprehensive interview with Charles Taylor, the focus is put on the conceptual level. Taylor reflects on the relationship between history, narrativity and social critique, between social imaginaries and social change, and between his own thought and that of Cambridge School history of ideas, Nietzschean genealogy, Frankfurt School critical theory, and agonistic approaches to the political. This interview not only captures the tremendous breadth and range of Taylor’s theoretical interests, it also vindicates his contention that the common thread of (...) his oeuvre is the attempt to work out a non-reductive, non-mechanistic, non-atomistic philosophical anthropology. Still, it offers new insights into Taylor's most recent thinking and his intellectual engagement with the challenges of our time. (shrink)

Journal bearings play an important role on many rotating machines placed on industrial environments, especially in steam turbines of thermoelectric power plants. Babbitt damage (BD) and excessive clearance (C) are usual faults of steam turbine journal bearings. This paper is focused on achieving an effective identification of these faults through an intelligent recognition approach. The work was carried out through the processing of real data obtained from an industrial environment. In this work, a feature selection procedure was applied in order (...) to choose the features more suitable to identify the faults. This feature selection procedure was performed through the computation of typical testors, which allows working with both quantitative and qualitative features. The classification tasks were carried out by using Nearest Neighbors, Voting Algorithm, Naïve Associative Classifier and Assisted Classification for Imbalance Data techniques. Several performance measures were computed and used in order to assess the classification effectiveness. The achieved results (e.g., six performance measures were above 0.998) showed the convenience of applying pattern recognition techniques to the automatic identification of BD and C. (shrink)

ANIMALISTS - Philosophers, activists and other advocates of non-human animals.

PHILOSOPHERS - Encyclopedia of philosophical thought from the five continents .

WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS - Female voices in the world of philosophical thought (From the Ancient World to the Present Day).

As the world grapples with the urgent need for sustainable development, the transition towards green energy stands as a critical imperative. Financing this transition poses significant challenges, requiring innovative approaches that align financial objectives with environmental sustainability goals. This review presents a conceptual framework for leveraging data-driven techniques in sustainable finance to facilitate the transition towards green energy. The proposed framework integrates principles of sustainable finance with advanced data analytics to enhance decision-making processes across the financial ecosystem. At its core, (...) the framework emphasizes the importance of harnessing vast datasets related to energy production, consumption, environmental impact, and financial performance. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and predictive modeling techniques, financial stakeholders can gain deeper insights into the risks and opportunities associated with green energy investments. Key components of the framework include data collection and aggregation, risk assessment, impact measurement, and investment optimization. Data sources range from traditional financial indicators to environmental metrics, social impact assessments, and geopolitical factors. Through comprehensive data analysis, financial institutions can assess the long-term viability and sustainability of green energy projects, while also evaluating potential social and environmental impacts. Risk assessment methodologies within the framework consider both financial risks, such as market volatility and regulatory uncertainty, and non-financial risks, such as climate change impacts and community resilience. By integrating these factors into risk models, investors can make more informed decisions that mitigate potential losses and maximize returns. Furthermore, impact measurement tools enable stakeholders to quantify the environmental and social benefits of green energy investments. By tracking metrics such as carbon emissions reduction, energy efficiency improvements, and job creation, investors can assess the contribution of their portfolios towards broader sustainability objectives. Finally, the framework incorporates investment optimization strategies that align financial goals with environmental objectives. Through portfolio diversification, asset allocation, and innovative financial instruments such as green bonds and impact investing funds, financial institutions can allocate capital more efficiently towards green energy projects. The conceptual framework presented herein offers a systematic approach to integrating data-driven methodologies into sustainable finance practices. By leveraging advanced analytics and comprehensive datasets, financial stakeholders can drive the transition towards green energy while simultaneously achieving financial returns and positive environmental outcomes. (shrink)

I argue against Barbara Montero's claim that Conservation of Energy has nothing to do with physicalism. I reject her reconstruction of the argument for physicalism from CoE, and offer an alternative reconstruction that better captures the intuitions of those who believe that there is a conflict between interactionist dualism and CoE.

What forms of consciousness can the subject have of her body in action? This is a recurrent issue in contemporary research on skilled movement and expertise, and according to a widespread view, the body makes itself inconspicuous in performance in favour of the object or goal that the activity is directed to. However, this attitude to consciousness in bodily performance seems unsatisfying for an understanding of skilled action, and the work of several researchers can be seen as responding to this (...) view: Montero, Legrand, Ravn and others in the philosophy of expertise and of dance have developed various notions of consciousness and cognition to account for the mindful processes at play in performance. Two related questions can be distinguished here: 1. Is there an inherent conflict between skilled action and at least more than marginal awareness of that action, or is it possible – and even desirable – to reflect on our own performance without considerably impeding on it? 2. What forms of consciousness pertaining to the body in action must we distinguish in order to answer the first question? This paper gives an overview of this discussion, focusing on the second issue, although the first will come into play in so far as it is linked with the latter question. Drawing on Merleau-Ponty’s analyses of bodily reflection and on dancers’ descriptions, I show that there is, in phenomenological terms, a bodily level of reflection: a fully conscious and exploratory activity that is led by the skilled body, and that is explicitly aimed at by many performers. (shrink)

Barbara Montero considers whether or not we are able to remember what pain feels like. In order to properly answer this question, she introduces a new type of memory called 'qualitative memory', which seems common to exteroceptive sensations. Having concluded that there is arguably no qualitative memory for pain and other bodily sensations, Montero considers possible philosophical implications for areas including rational choice-making and empathy. In addressing the relationship between pain and memory, the paper raises an issue that (...) has not received much attention and indicates various interesting fields of research for which the apparent inability to remember pain might prove relevant. My comment primarily focuses on the core concepts of pain and qualitative memory which are foundational for the paper. I argue that a deeper engagement with some key aspects of these concepts is necessary. A more fine-grained discussion could have made Montero's argument more convincing. (shrink)

Russellian monism – an influential doctrine proposed by Russell (1927/1992) – is roughly the view that the natural sciences can only ever tell us about the causal, dispositional, and structural properties of physical entities and not about their categorical properties, and, moreover, that our qualia are constituted by categorical properties. Recently, Stoljar (2001a, 2001b), Strawson (2008), Montero (2010, 2015), Alter and Nagasawa (2012), and Chalmers (2015) have attempted to develop this doctrine into a version of physicalism. Russellian monism faces (...) the so-called combination problem, according to which it is difficult to see how categorical properties could collectively constitute qualia. In this paper, I suggest that there is an insufficiently discussed aspect of the combination problem which I call the difference-maker problem. Taking the difference-maker problem into account, I argue that the combination problem – whether or not it can be solved – results in a dilemma for the project of developing Russellian physicalism. That is, Russellian monism is either physicalistically unacceptable or it is implausible; hence, Russellian monism and physicalism are incompatible. (shrink)

Hubert Dreyfus argues that explicit thought disrupts smooth coping at both the level of everyday tasks and of highly-refined skills. However, Barbara Montero criticises Dreyfus for extending what she calls the ‘principle of automaticity’ from our everyday actions to those of trained experts. In this paper, I defend Dreyfus’ account while refining his phenomenology. I examine the phenomenology of what I call ‘esoteric’ expertise to argue that the explicit thought Montero invokes belongs rather to ‘gaps’ between or above (...) moments of reflexive coping. However, I agree that the ‘principle of automaticity’ does not adequately capture the experience of performing such skills. Drawing on examples of expert performance in sport and improvised music and dance, I argue that esoteric action, at its best, is marked by a distinct state of non-conceptual awareness- an experience of spontaneity, flow and ‘owned-ness’- that distinguishes it from the automaticity of everyday actions. (shrink)

In this reply to comments by Neera Badhwar and Barbara Montero, I examine more deeply the nature of cognitive engagement and how it is distinct from other forms of cognitive activity; revisit the distinction between interesting and boring experiences; and present an analysis of all-things-considered value that illustrates the contributions that the interesting makes. I conclude by considering what all-things-considered value becomes for patients with severe cognitive impairments.

Philosophers investigating the experiences of the dancing subject (Sheets-Johnstone 1980, 2009, 2011, 2012; Parviainen 1998; Legrand 2007, 2013; Legrand & Ravn 2009; Montero 2013; Foultier & Roos 2013) unearth vast variations of embodied consciousness and cognition in performing body experts. The traditional phenomenological literature provides us with descriptions and definitions of reflective self-consciousness as well as of pre-reflective bodily absorption, but when it comes to the states of self-consciousness dance philosophers refer to as thinking in movement and a form (...) of reflective consciousness at a bodily level – as well as to dancers’ re- ported experiences of being in a trance and yet hyper-aware – we are challenged in terms of terminology and precise descriptions. After empirical research on dancers’ experiences and studies of the above-mentioned philosophies of dance, aligning this material with Husserl, Zahavi and other phenomenologists’ descriptions of reflection and embodied self-consciousness, I find it plausible to acknowledge the existence of a third form of self- consciousness: embodied reflection, a reflective process experienced through and with the embodied and/or emotional self. In this article I aspire to capture the characteristics of this transcendence of the bodily self. (shrink)

The field of textbooks in philosophy of mind is a crowded one. I shall consider six recent texts for their pedagogical usefulness. All have been published within the last five years, though two are new editions of previously published books. The first three are authored monographs: by K. T. Maslin, Barbara Montero, and André Kukla and Joel Walmsley. I then review three anthologies, each with two editors: William Lycan and Jesse Prinz, Brie Gertler and Lawrence Shapiro, and Brian McLaughlin (...) and Jonathan Cohen. These six texts constitute a diverse bunch. Within each of the two groups (monographs and anthologies), each individual text differs significantly from the other two in its approach, scope, and thus suitability for various levels of teaching. (shrink)