"Ruh Üzerine Yazılar" içinde, Berk Özcangiller (ed.), Alfa Yayınları, 2021.

Both for Kant and for Nietzsche, aesthetics must not be considered as a systematic science based merely on logical premises but rather as a set of intuitively attained artistic ideas that constitute or reconstitute the sensible perceptions and supersensible representations into a new whole. Kantian and Nietzschean aesthetics are both aiming to see beyond the forms of objects to provide explanations for the nobility and sublimity of human art and life. We can safely say that Kant and Nietzsche used the (...) dualities of the beautiful/sublime and Apollonian/Dionysian to advocate their general philosophical worldview, and that the initial formation (in Observations and The Birth of Tragedy) and final dissolution (in the Critique of Judgment and Zarathustra and other later works) of these dualities are determined by the gradually established telos of their philosophical endeavor. Therefore, by observing the evolution of these so-called dualities, Kaplama gathers important clues as to how Kant’s and Nietzsche’s aesthetics transformed into different ways to affirm human art and life. On the one hand, Kaplama argues, the Dionysian came to be the heart and soul of Nietzschean aesthetics and ethics, and the Apollonian (or the formal drive of individuation) was reduced into a mere aesthetic criterion. On the other, Kant treats the sublime (which is originally an idea-producing feeling and/or judgment) as a mere appendix to his Critique of Judgment and aesthetic theory teleologically reducing it into its possible moral consequences. This is why Schopenhauer calls the sublime “by far the most excellent thing in the Critique of Judgment” which touches on the real problem of aesthetics very closely but does not provide a real solution for it. Kant’s forced teleological move is to make his theory of aesthetic judgment stand as a ‘reaffirmation’ of the earlier ethical justification he believed to have accomplished in the first two Critiques and the Groundwork where he defends an affirmation of human life through a teleological morality centered on the principle of free-will. In contrast, Nietzsche’s aesthetics (particularly the Dionysian) guides his ethics and metaphysics again through defining an ideal human nature without which ethos would be static and meaningless, lacking the ability to move and change and represent the tragic pathos of human life. (shrink)

Both Heraclitus and Democritus, as the philosophers of historia peri phuseôs, consider nature and human character, habit, law and soul as interrelated emphasizing the links between phusis, kinesis, ethos, logos, kresis, nomos and daimon. On the one hand, Heraclitus’s principle of change (panta rhei) and his emphasis on the element of fire and cosmic motion ultimately dominate his ethics reinforcing his ideas of change, moderation, balance and justice, on the other, Democritus’s atomist description of phusis and motion underlies his principle (...) of moderation and his ideas of health and measured life. In this series, particularly referring to the main principles of motion, moderation and justice, I attempt to describe a coherent pre-Socratic ethical perspective based on the Heraclitean and Democritean fragments. I explore the connections between their physics and ethics also borrowing from Nietzsche’s lectures and writings on the Pre-Socratics. I redefine such Heraclitean and Democritean concepts as harmony, order, perfection, health, self-control, contentment, cheerfulness, concord, sound judgment, wisdom, measure and balance and discuss them under the principles of motion (phusis), moderation (sophrosyne) and justice. In doing so, I also expose the relevance of the Heraclitean notion of logos (interpreting it as the underlying categorical principle of transition between phusis and ethos) in bringing together these ideas and principles. Finally, based on this pre-Socratic Weltanschauung, I assess the possibility of a coherent picture of humanity, its nature and conduct as extending from or fitting into or extending-from-when-fitting-into the cosmos of moving forces and atoms. (shrink)

Some artworks are called sublime because of their capacity to move human imagination in a different way than the experience of beauty. The following discussion explores how Van Gogh’s The Starry Night along with some of his other late landscape paintings accomplish this peculiar movement of imagination thus qualifying as sublime artworks. These artworks constitute examples of the higher aesthetic principles and must be judged according to the cosmological-aesthetic criteria for they manage to generate a transition between ethos and phusis (...) and present them in unity. Here, referring to Heraclitean, Kantian, Nietzschean and Heideggerian metaphysics and aesthetics, I propose that the principles of motion and transition be the new cosmologic-aesthetic categories for the judgment of sublime artworks as well as for the understanding of the world (Weltanschauung) they represent. (shrink)

Parmenides plays an important role in the first section of Hegel’s Science of Logic due to his definition of being as a pure thought-determination. This article investigates, first, how Hegel conceives the Parmenidean being. Secondly, by discussing Hegel's logical analysis of pure being and pure nothing, it aims to show why and how such conception of being, according to Hegel, provides a crucial insight into the function of the understanding.

This paper is founded on a close reading of Kant’s Opus Postumum in order both to explore the essential motivation that drove Kant to write a last comprehensive magnum opus and, by doing so, to show the essential link between his aesthetics and the idea of Übergang, the title of this last work. For this work contains not only his dynamical theory of matter defining motion as preliminary to the notions of space and time, and the advanced version of his (...) philosophy of natural science, but also his arguments for the phenomenal validity of the metaphysical foundations, his teachings on the aesthetic human faculties of judgment and Anschauung, and the discernment of the transcendental philosophy from Platonic idealism carrying it to a cosmological level, i.e. Kant’s insertion of the concept of cosmotheoros. Since the process of transition is an aesthetic process based on human senses, intuitions and judgments, the argument will follow that in order to explicate Übergang, we need to reconcile cosmology, as the oldest branch of philosophy dealing with the interactions between the cosmic forces and the ways they affect human life, with aesthetics, as the youngest branch of philosophy dealing with how we sense, intuit and judge the form and motion of matter. Therefore, in the last analysis, Übergang becomes rather a cosmologic-aesthetic principle similar to the Heraclitean logos. Another building block of the paper is the fruitful comparison between the Kantian sublime and Nietzschean Dionysian, which are going to be construed as the aesthetic theories on human understanding representing the transition from nature to art. For they are not only conceptual – aesthetic but also dynamic – cosmological theories due to their reference both to nature and to human nature. (shrink)

Le passage spéculatif de la catégorie du mauvais infini dans le véritable infini reste l’un des plus importants dans la Science de la logique. Comme il est bien connu, ce passage est expliqué par Hegel à travers sa théorie de l’idéalité du fini. Pourtant, du fait de sa structure complexe, le surgissement du véritable infini au sein du fini par l’idéalisation peut être considéré comme un processus abstrait, consistant seulement à supprimer la dualité de l’infinité. Cet article se propose donc (...) d’examiner pourquoi l’idéalisation de la véritable infini ne signifie ni une simple neutralisation de la catégorie de la finité ni une infinitisation extérieure de celle-ci, mais un processus dynamique qui s’infinitise en supprimant l’opposition statique du fini et de l’infini. (shrink)

This book is founded on a close reading of Kant’s Opus Postumum in order both to explore the essential motivation that drove Kant to write a last comprehensive magnum opus and, by doing so, to show the essential link between his aesthetics and the idea of Übergang, the title of this last work. For this work contains not only his dynamical theory of matter defining motion as preliminary to the notions of space and time, and the advanced version of his (...) philosophy of natural science, but also his arguments for the phenomenal validity of the metaphysical foundations, his teachings on the aesthetic human faculties of judgment and Anschauung, and the discernment of the transcendental philosophy from Platonic idealism carrying it to a cosmological level, i.e. Kant’s insertion of the concept of cosmotheoros. Since the process of transition is an aesthetic process based on human senses, intuitions and judgments, the argument will follow that in order to explicate Übergang, we need to reconcile cosmology, as the oldest branch of philosophy dealing with the interactions between the cosmic forces and the ways they affect human life, with aesthetics, as the youngest branch of philosophy dealing with how we sense, intuit and judge the form and motion of matter. Therefore, in the last analysis, Übergang becomes rather a cosmologic-aesthetic principle similar to the Heraclitean logos. Another building block of the book is the fruitful comparison between the Kantian sublime and Nietzschean Dionysian, which are going to be construed as the aesthetic theories on human understanding representing the transition from nature to art. For they are not only conceptual – aesthetic but also dynamic – cosmological theories due to their reference both to nature and to human nature. Finally, Cosmological Aesthetics employs the principles of transition and motion to analyze Van Gogh’s Starry Night in an excursus. (shrink)

How should we understand the relationship between global justice and global democracy? One popular view is captured by the aphorism “No global justice without global democracy.” According to Dryzek and Tanasoca's reading of this aphorism, a particular form of deliberative global democracy is seen as the way to specify and justify what global justice is and requires in various contexts. Taking its point of departure in a criticism of this proposal, this essay analyzes how to best understand the relationship between (...) global justice and global democracy. The aim is not to offer a first-order substantial account of this relationship, but to theorize the normative boundary conditions for such an account; that is, the conditions that any plausible theory should respect. These conditions take the form of what is here called a “three-layered view,” which is specified through three claims. It is argued, first, that global democracy is best seen as a partial normative ideal; second, that global democracy must be grounded in fundamental principles of justice; and third, that global democracy is an ideal through which applied principles of distributive justice are formulated and justified in light of reasonable disagreement about what justice requires. (shrink)

Cette thèse porte sur la question du fini et de l’infini dans la philosophie de Hegel. L’objectif est double. En premier lieu, elle vise à retracer l’influence exercée par la philosophie antique (principalement Platon et Aristote) et par la philosophie moderne (pour l’essentiel Kant et certains postkantiens) sur l’élaboration hégélienne des catégories de la finité et de l’infinité. En second lieu, elle étudie le développement systématique de la logique de l’infinité hégélienne à la lumière de cette influence. Il s’agit d’étudier, (...) à travers une approche historique et critique, comment Hegel résout l’opposition traditionnelle du fini et de l’infini par sa théorie des deux infinis. A l’aune des conceptions de l’infinité-finie (la mauvaise infinité) et de l’infinité véritablement infinie (la véritable infinité), Hegel montre que le processus de la détermination du fini est un processus d’idéalisation qui supprime la contradiction du fini et de l’infini. Ainsi, l’enquête sur des concepts de finité et d’infinité permet de découvrir que l’idéalité spéculative est pour Hegel une réponse non seulement au problème traditionnel de leur articulation, mais aussi, plus généralement, aux problèmes soulevés par la caractérisation des idéalismes antiques et modernes. (shrink)

This paper explores a new and post-structuralist discourse on the relationship between Lacan’s theory of mirror stage and the story of Narcissus as a mythological narrative. According to this discourse, subject is a construction posterior to the ‘I’. Lacan suggests that in the mirror stage 6-18 months old infants discern the I as something distinct from and outside of themselves for the first time through a reflective surface. An infant comprehends the image they see in this reflective surface as a (...) being independent of their mother and an object belonging to themselves, and they greatly admire this independent object as an ideal-I. That is, by discerning their own being through an image, the infant achieves a feeling of unity via this image and perceives their own being as an admirable unity. This feeling of I and unity, however, is doomed to decay as to become subject by means of the elements of Lacanian reality, namely language and the laws of society. Within the reality, Narcissus – exactly like in the Lacan’s theory of mirror – lost the confrontation of perceiving the image he admired in his reflection. The I of Narcissus, which he has been holding on as an image in this world, is drawn and demised whilst going beyond the water mirror so as to become a subject. In other words, the I that Narcissus admired in the reflection of the water underwent an unsurmountable deformation and he paid the price with his life. In this study, from the perspective of the Lacanian theory of subject it will be argued that the tragic split between imaginary and symbolic order represented by the death of Narcissus is not only a psychopathologic fact, but it is also a fundamental narrative about the construction of subject in the history of philosophy. (shrink)

Kant makes a much-unexpected confession in a much-unexpected place. In the Criticism of the third paralogism of transcendental psychology of the first Critique Kant accepts the irrefutability of the Heraclitean notion of universal becoming or the transitory nature of all things, admitting the impossibility of positing a totally persistent and self-conscious subject. The major Heraclitean doctrine of panta rhei makes it impossible to conduct philosophical inquiry by assuming a self-conscious subject or “I,” which would potentially be in constant motion like (...) other thoughts. For it rules out the possibility of completely detached reasoning which necessitates an unchanging state of mind. In this paper, Kaplama uses panta rhei to critically examine the philosophical shortcomings and contradictions of Kantian and Enlightenment ethics. In his examination, he specifically focuses on the teleological nature of Kant’s principle of freedom and ideal of moral autonomy which have dominated the Enlightenment thought. By doing so, he argues that it is essentially inaccurate to posit Überlegenheit (the state of being superior to nature) as the foundation of philosophical inquiry mainly because this would contradict the Enlightenment’s claim to constitute a rupture from classic and medieval metaphysics and would render Enlightenment a mere extension of Christian metaphysics. As in Christianity, Überlegenheit presupposes two separate realms, the actual (contingent) and ideal (pure) realms of thought and assumes that the transcendence commences from the level of the late metaphysical/teleological construction of the ‘subject’ who is completely persistent, self-conscious and immune to change. He then substantiates these points with reference to the philosophical roots of ethnic prejudice displayed by the post-Enlightenment colonialists and the missionaries in Fiji and the Pacific. This brief critical examination of the post-Enlightenment ethnocentrism will be conducted under the following three points: a) On the Enlightenment’s teleological and universalistic understanding of humanity and the concept of progress versus the Fijian concepts of the continuity of life, regeneration, and reproduction b) On the Enlightenment’s ideal of the free-willing and independent individual subject versus the Fijian ideas of 'the cord', reciprocity, and vanua, and c) On the Enlightenment’s (and Christianity’s) strict dualism between physics and metaphysics, nature and human mind, body and soul versus the Fijian bio-centrism, the sanctity of vanua and the cosmological concept of mana. (shrink)

The being is derived by a difference in Lacanian ontology. This difference is the basic element in Lacanian theory that grounds the unconscious subject. Because according to Lacan, the existence of the subject can not be self-proclaimed and it is represented by a signifier. Lacan gives the name "object a" to this paradoxical being which is distinguished by this difference or lack, and uses some topological transformations in order to be able to explain the structural paradoxes in the psychological theory. (...) The aim of this study is to explore the ontology of these paradoxical situations and try to decipher the function of topology in Lacan's theory. (shrink)

This article discusses Christian Education based on national character insight. PAK is one of the pillars of character education. Character education will be realized if embedded in the spirit of insight of nationality in the students, therefore PAK is one of the supporting elements of the character of the protege. Through the design of the PAK material nationality students are taught that nationalistic deeds are evidence of faith as in the Bible.

Objective: microRNAs (miRNAs) have important potential as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG). This study investigated the relationship between preoperative (preop) and postoperative (post-op) cardiac parameters and miRNA expressions in CABG. -/- Methods: We analyzed a total of 94 individuals (CABG, n= 46 and healthy control, n=48). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT) was performed to determine plasma miRNA expressions (miR-21, miR-181a, miR-199a, miR-199b, and miR-320a-5p) in triplicates: before surgery, (...) 1 hour after surgery, and 24 hours after surgery. The target genes and pathways of miRNA were determined using bioinformatic analysis. The biomarker potentials of miRNAs were evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. -/- Results: All miRNAs were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Troponin I, LVEF, CPK, and CK-MB were found to be statistically significant for operation groups (p < 0.05). miRNA expressions and cardiac markers were associated with troponin I and/or CK-MB. In ROC analyses, miR-199a was a good diagnostic marker. CREBRF and ZNF704 genes may be a target for these miRNAs. -/- Conclusions: Downregulation of miR-199a has a regulatory role in ischemia/reperfusion. They may contribute to CABG pathology through these two genes involved in signaling cascades to turn on protein response and ion binding. (shrink)

Objective: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in adults. Anticoagulation significantly reduces stroke and related mortality in AF patients. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the top 50 most-cited articles in the literature on dabigatran, the first new-generation oral anticoagulant. -/- Methods: We searched the Web of Science for articles with dabigatran in the title. The top 50 most cited articles (T50) were selected. Characteristics of the articles (such as author, source, institution, country, scientific category, number (...) of citations, citation density, and citations per article) were analyzed. -/- Results: T50 had a total of 33,301 citations. The average number of citations per article was 666. The United States of America (USA) was the most prolific country in T50, with 36 papers and 26,043 citations. Wallentin Lars from Uppsala University was the most prolific author, with 14 articles and 13,532 citations. Circulation was the most prolific journal, with 11 articles. -/- Conclusions: We analyzed the classic publications on dabigatran, the first new-generation oral anticoagulant. The most prolific country was the USA, author was Wallentin, and journal was Circulation. Researchers and clinicians can easily access influential publications by reviewing our study. (shrink)

Does Normative Behaviourism Offer an Alternative Methodology in Political Theory?

Eva Erman and Niklas Möller have recently presented a trenchant critique of my (2015) argument that ideal normative theories are uninformative for certain practical purposes. Their criticisms are largely correct. In this note, I develop the ideas behind my earlier argument in a way that circumvents their critique and explains more clearly why ideal theory is uninformative for certain purposes while leaving open the possibility that it might be informative for other purposes.

Eva Erman and Niklas Möller have recently criticised a range of political theorists for committing a pragmatistic fallacy, illicitly drawing normative conclusions from politically neutral ideas abo...

In this rejoinder to Erman and Möller’s reply to our “Political Norms and Moral Values” we clarify the sense in which there can be specifically political values, and expound the practice-dependent notion of legitimacy adopted by our preferred version of political realism.

This is a response to Erman and Moller's response to our reply to their 'Political Legitimacy in the Real Normative World', both also in this journal.

The paper is an intervention in the dispute about the moralism of the recent realist trend in political philosophy. It is particularly focused on analysing the debate on this subject between Niklas Erman and Eva Möller (2015a; 2015b) and Robert Jubb and Enzo Rossi (2015a; 2015b). Examining the main arguments of both parties, I argue that realists (i.e., Jubb and Rossi) lost the debate, that realism is, in fact, moralism in disguise, and that its main methodological request – giving (...) up „pre-political” moral principles and values in political philosophy – is „unrealistic” (i.e., unfeasible). (shrink)

RELAÇÃO E EFEITOS BIOQUÍMICO-NUTRICIONAIS SOBRE A RETENÇÃO DE PLACENTA EM VACAS -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Departamento de Agropecuária – IFPE Campus Belo Jardim [email protected] ou [email protected] WhatsApp: (82)98143-8399 -/- •__1. Retenção de placenta -/- A retenção da placenta é uma anomalia reprodutiva de diferentes origens. Nos bovinos, caracteriza-se pela não expulsão dos anexos dos sacos placentários nas primeiras 12 horas após o parto. Os principais fatores que podem causar a retenção de placenta são: a) dificuldades no processo normal (...) do parto (distorcias, partos gêmeos, etc.), b) distúrbios hormonais, c) estresse intenso (subnutrição, falta de movimento, mau manejo do período de transição), d) doenças infecciosas, e) prolongamento do processo de gestação e f) fatores hereditários (KANKOFER, et al. 2005). Na apresentação das retenções de placenta considera-se a seguinte ordem: a primeira opção é de tipo infeccioso, portanto, deve-se descartar agentes indutores de aborto e de retenção infecciosa de placenta como: Brucella (principal causa de aborto), Leptospira, Neospora, etc. Logo, a causa mais frequente de retenções de placenta, corresponde a intervenções muito precoces na atenção do parto. Isto faz com que não haja descolamento normal da placenta, terminando o parto. Esta segunda causa seria de origem mecânica ou traumática ao induzir o rasgo incompleto da unidade cotilédone-caruncular. A terceira causa de retenção de placenta são desequilíbrios nutricionais (FRAZER, 2005; GORDON, 1996), entre os quais podemos citar: 1.1 Deficiência de energia Dentro do aspecto nutricional este é um dos fatores que tem grande importância devido à deficiência na dieta de energia, levando a um Balanço Energético Negativo (BEN), já que o animal se vê obrigado a mobilizar reservas (CONTRERAS, 1998). Alterações metabólicas que ocorrem, causam stress no animal, stress que é refletido em problemas reprodutivos como a retenção da placenta que é dada pelas alterações que levam ao não desprendimento do cotilédone das criptas carunculares ou por baixa resposta do endométrio que nos processos de contração produz isquemia temporária na carúncula. Outra razão associada é que quando têm-se uma baixa no consumo de energia também se reduz a produção de glicose, a médio prazo o colesterol não é sintetizado e, portanto, a produção de estrogénios diminui, uma vez que não haverá excedentes energéticos que possam sintetizar o precursor da hormona esteroide, que a mesma placenta segrega ocorrendo uma atonia uterina onde não haverá contratilidade do útero na hora do parto o que leva à retenção de placenta, como sequela imediata ao estresse do parto sob grave BEN. 1.2 Deficiências de minerais Uma das causas da retenção de placenta é o déficit de alguns nutrientes no pré-parto, dentro dos quais se encontram o iodo e o selênio. Por isso, um dos sinais que evidenciaria a deficiência de selênio seria a retenção da placenta. Talvez a forragem que se está oferecendo ao animal seja afetada pela estação do ano que determina os aumentos das deficiências nos meses de inverno, e a carência deve-se não só à disponibilidade na planta, mas também à disponibilidade e mobilidade do mineral no solo. A presença de altas concentrações de selênio em tecidos como o ovário, a placenta, a hipófise e as glândulas adrenais é uma manifestação da importância do conhecimento de uma possível deficiência do mesmo e suas consequências na área reprodutiva. A deficiência de selênio afeta a função da tireoide, uma vez que demonstrou-se que a concentração de tiroxina (T4), produzida pela tiroide em animais com deficiência de selênio, está aumentada no plasma enquanto a triiodotironina (T3) está diminuída. Isto deve-se à ação da enzima tipo I, iodotironina-5-deiodinase, que contém selênio na sua molécula, o que explica a diminuição da função hormonal da glândula tiroide que pode ser encontrada em animais com deficiência de selênio. Podem ser tomadas medidas preventivas para evitar problemas de retenção da placenta com a administração parentérica (IM) de 5 a 10 mg de selênio 1 mês antes do parto, podendo também evitar-se este fenômeno através da administração do selênio orgânico do tipo seleniometionina. Isto eleva o nível de enzima antioxidante glutationa peroxidase pelo menos por 3 meses, este tempo de proteção favorece a redução na retenção da placenta, uma vez que o parto é o momento de maior geração de radicais livres de oxigênio, cujo efeito nocivo é neutralizado pela glutationa peroxidase que é rica em selênio. A disponibilidade de selênio nas forrageiras brasileira é deficiente, uma vez que esse elemento encontrado no solo e em pouquíssimas quantidades é lixiviado pelas condições naturais. O selênio ainda possui funções essenciais no trato reprodutivo de touros e vacas, dentre as funções nós touros que mais se destacam estão a função antioxidante, que protege a membrana lipídica dos espermatozoides e também a função estrutural dos mesmos, uma vez que é estrutura fixa intermediária da membrana e das mitocôndrias dos espermatozoides. Quando há deficiência de selênio nos machos, a gametogênese fica comprometida e os espermatozoides apresentam-se com anormalidades em sua estrutura e elevam-se as porcentagens de oligozoospermia e de necrozoospermia. Nas vacas, a função do selênio também é antioxidante e sua ação evita o aparecimento dos cistos nós ovários, que são folículos que, por alguma intempérie, não ovularam naturalmente e normalmente. Estudos feitos por Julian et al., demonstraram que a inserção do selênio e a vitamina E na dieta das vacas gestantes reduziram indubitavelmente a incidência de retenção de placenta nas vacas (tabela 1). Foram testadas 193 vacas com quantidades variáveis de selênio divididas em grupo de controle e grupo tratado, os resultados demonstram que o selênio é essencial para que se reduza o número de placentas retidas por vacas. Tabela 1: Efeito do selênio e da vitamina E na prevenção de retenção de placenta -/- Selênio na dieta (mg/kg) Grupo de controle Grupo de tratamento* N° de vacas Placentas retidas % N° de vacas Placentas retidas % 0,04 39 16 41 53 6 11,3 0,02 23 12 52 37 4 10,8 0,035 9 7 77,7 14 0 0 — 9 6 66,7 9 0 0 Total 80 41 51,2 113 10 88 * Injeção IM de 50 mg de selenito de sódio e 600 UI de acetato de alfa-tocoferol. 40 – 20 dias ou 20 dias pré-parto. Fonte: JULIEN et al., 1976. Para oferecer alimentos ricos em selênio, basta que o criador utilize farelos/rações com ingredientes como a semente de girassol, o arroz ou o próprio trigo, desde que a quantidade presente na ração supra as necessidades e exigências dos animais para seus processos fisiológicos. Todavia, vale salientar que o selênio é um elemento químico encontrado no solo, e que a quantidade do mesmo nesses ingredientes implica no manejo correto do solo onde foram cultivados. Outro elemento muito importante é o iodo em si, já que sua deficiência influenciará sobre o comportamento sexual produzindo-se supressão ou depressão dos níveis de estrogênio, também pode diminuir a incidência de partos prolongados, cuja pior consequência é o aumento de placentas retidas. A importância de suplementar os animais com este mineral nas zonas afastadas do mar mostra uma notável melhoria nas taxas de concepção e redução da retenção de placenta. O iodo é efetivamente absorvido na circulação sanguínea, a partir do qual passa para a glândula tireoide ou é eliminado através da urina. A tireoide contém grande quantidade de iodo na forma de tiroglobulina. A partir das tironinas é sintetizado T3 e T4. A deficiência do mineral produz bócio que consiste em uma hipertrofia da tireoide, uma vez que o órgão tenta compensar a falta de iodo tornando mais eficiente seu mecanismo para captá-lo. A tireoide produz compostos hormonais que têm uma característica única no organismo, é que em sua composição entra o iodo. Isto é um fato importante, porque se o organismo não tiver iodo, a tireoide não pode produzir hormonas da tireóideas (T3 e T4). O iodo é um dos elementos essenciais. Poder-se-ia viver com um número limitado de elementos, é possível viver sem níquel, sem cádmio, mas impossível viver sem iodo. O iodo é um elemento químico encontrado no mar, sendo assim, os animais marinhos como peixes, moluscos, lulas, etc. são notadamente ricos em iodo. Para suprir as necessidades de iodo das vacas, bem como de quaisquer outra espécie doméstica, o criador poderá obter por oferecer uma ração industrial que contenha o iodo necessário que supra as necessidades e exigências das vacas, ou poderá optar pela utilização de farinha de peixe, por exemplo, como fonte de iodo sustentável e de baixo valor comercial. Uma deficiência de cobre e zinco nos níveis séricos pode causar a retenção de placenta, sendo assim, deve-se ter em conta a idade do animal, já que em menor idade há maior probabilidade de ocorrer o problema (AKAR, et al. 2005). Os hormônios da tireoide têm múltiplas funções. Atualmente sabe-se que a mais importante delas é intervir no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso, participa na calorigênese e na regulação do consumo de oxigênio, por essa razão, processos de elevada troca de oxigênio requerem elevados níveis circulantes de hormonas tireóideas, tal como acontece no parto, onde o miométrio e a musculatura abdominal sofrem constantes contrações para a expulsão do feto e da placenta. Por esta razão, deficiências de iodo gerarão menor síntese de T3 e T4, dando lugar a menor regulação da troca de oxigênio e, com isso, a uma provável retenção de placenta por esgotamento após a contração muscular. O cobre usado em quantidades adequadas nas rações dos animais de produção, pode ser um ótimo promotor de crescimento, sendo assim, é indispensável na dieta das vacas e quaisquer outros animais de criação, ele é encontrado em diversos cereais, sendo a aveia o maior destaque que o produtor pode obter para oferecer a seus animais, ou mesmo com uma ração balanceada. O zinco é um microelemento imprescindível na vida da vaca, pode ser oferecido através de ração, em pasto ou por meio de cereais como o amendoim ou a castanha do caju. Esses minerais supracitados (selênio, iodo, cobre e zinco), podem ser oferecidos, além do método mais tradicional que é por meio de alimentos concentrados (ração), por meio dos alimentos volumosos que são as forrageiras como os capins. Para tanto, o criador deve optar por uma variedade que consiga, por meio da sua fisiologia vegetal, apresentar quantidades aceitáveis desses minerais em sua matéria verde ou seca. As vacas, bem como as demais espécies de produção, possuem exigências específicas de minerais, vitaminas, carboidratos, proteínas, etc. como já supracitado. As quantidades dos minerais (tabela 2) presentes no alimento fornecido devem ser respeitadas para que não haja problemas maiores como Intoxicações. Tabela 2: Exigências minerais para vacas de corte e leite -/- Mineral Vacas de corte em gestação (mg/kg) Vacas leiteiras em transição (mg/kg) Vacas leiteiras em lactação (mg/kg) Selênio 0,10 0,3 0,3 Iodo 0,50 0,4 – 0,5 0,34 – 0,88 Cobre 10 12 – 18 9 – 16 Zinco 30 21 – 30 43 – 73 Fonte: BARBOSA & SOUZA, 2003. 1.3 Fitoestrógenos Outra possível causa da retenção placentária é a manifestação do chamado "Síndrome Hiperestrogênico", que pode resultar no consumo de grandes quantidades de fitoestrogênios provenientes da alfafa, trevos e outras plantas ricas em estrogênios de origem vegetal. Os fitoestrogênios, tais como cumarinas e isoflavonas, são substâncias que têm a capacidade de ligar-se aos receptores endógenos de estrogênios, provocando nos animais que os ingerem em grandes quantidades, alterações reprodutivas por hiperestrogenização. Nos bovinos foram observados casos de ninfomania, hiperemia vulvar, quistos ováricos, hiperplasia das mas e do útero, prolapsos da vagina, relaxamento dos ligamentos pélvicos e até a esterilidade. O fitoestrogênio encontra-se presente em maior quantidade na alfafa (coumestrol), que é 30 a 100 vezes mais potente do que outros fitoestrogênios presentes em vegetais como as isoflavonas. Estas substâncias encontram-se naturalmente em pequenas quantidades nas forragens e possuem efeitos antimicrobianos e fungicidas. A diferença com os estrogênios provenientes de ervas ou fitoestrogênios, representados pela genisteína, genistina e coumestrol presentes em muitas plantas leguminosas, e estrogênio endógeno, como 17-beta estradiol, estrona e outros compostos esteroides, é que os estrogênios endógenos são eliminados através da urina, das fezes ou são biologicamente desativados e não são armazenados como os fitoestrogênios. O possível efeito direto dos fitoestrogênios sobre a retenção da placenta, seria o bloqueio dos receptores para os estrogênios naturais, perdendo esta fonte de estímulo contrátil que resulta na expulsão da placenta. -/- REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -/- AKAR, Yaşar; YILDIZ, Hamit. Concentrations of some minerals in cows with retained placenta and abortion. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, v. 29, n. 5, p. 1157-1162, 2005. BARBOSA, Fabiano Alvim; SOUZA, G. M. Efeito dos microminerais na reprodução de bovinos. Belo Horizonte: Portal Agronomia, 2009. BOLAND, M. P. Efectos nutricionales en la reproducción del ganado. XXXI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2003. CONTRERAS, Pedro A. Síndrome de movilización grasa en vacas lecheras al inicio de la lactancia y sus efectos en salud y producción de los rebaños. Archivos de medicina veterinaria, v. 30, n. 2, p. 17-27, 1998. DA SILVA, Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro. Reprodução Animal: Fisiologia do Parto e da Lactação Animal. Disponível em:-. Acesso em: Março de 2020. DE LUCA, Leonardo J. Nutrición y fertilidad en el ganado lechero. XXXVI Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría, 2008. FRAZER, Grant S. Bovine theriogenology. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, v. 21, n. 2, p. xiii-xiv, 2005. GORDON, Ian. Controlled reproduction in farm animals series. Nova Iorque: CAB International, 1996. JULIEN, W. E.; CONRAD, H. R.; MOXON, A. L. Selenium and vitamin E and incidence of retained placenta in parturient dairy cows. II. Prevention in commercial herds with prepartum treatment. Journal of dairy science, v. 59, n. 11, p. 1960-1962, 1976. KANKOFER, M.; LIPKO, J.; ZDUNCZYK, S. Total antioxidant capacity of bovine spontaneously released and retained placenta. Pathophysiology, v. 11, n. 4, p. 215-219, 2005. -/- Emanuel Isaque Cordeiro da Silva Belo Jardim, 29 de março de 2020 . (shrink)

It is possible to talk about dominant concepts in modern political definitions. Among these concepts; power, violence, hierarchy, security and resource allocation are the prominent ones. For many, politics is how power and authority is distributed and used. When politics is defined in relation to pure power, violence appears to be one of the effective means of politics. Even, with a further extent, violence is seen as an expression of power. As said by C. W. Mills’ “politics is a struggle (...) for power, the ultimate kind of power is violence” or the way Mao Zedong puts it “politics is war without bloodshed, while war is politics with bloodshed” are the most typical examples of violence and politics together. It is inevitable for politics, which is defined as art of ruling, obtaining power and maximizing power, to see violence as legitimate. User of this formulation most commonly tend to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate violence. Making this distinction confirms the legitimization of violence as a political action. There are also criticisms of the dominant approach that defines politics through power and violence. These criticisms, by asking whether it is possible to provide a different definition, try to emerge an alternative understanding of politics. Hannah Arendt is one of the prominent thinkers of this current. Through distinguishing the fake and authentic politics, she places action at the center of authentic politics. Action is the ability to initiate and interrupt processes that enables people to realize themselves, make them authentic and live with other humans. In this respect, politics is the act of living together, discussing public issues and taking action for the common world. Acting in the public sphere before their peers causes the person to show uniqueness. In this respect, equality and plurality are the condition of politics. Arendt places not only action, but also “speech” at the center of politics. For Arendt, political life is based on action. The association of politics with the speech clearly excludes violence. According to Arendt, violence is mute and never has the ability to initiate and be creative of the process caused by action, which is the center of politics. The aim of this paper is to rethink politics through Arendt’s views and discussing the possibility of a new definition for politics. (shrink)