Berkeley doesn't use the Time-Gap Argument, as Leibniz does, to prove either that we immediately see only ideas or that we see physical objects mediately. It may be doubted whether he was even aware of the time-gap problem that gives rise to the argument. But certain passages in the Three Dialogues and elsewhere suggest that Berkeley would have had cogent answers to anyone who claimed that this argument, construed as being in aid of the conclusion that we only perceive ideas, (...) is unsound. Discussing points made by Bertil Belfrage, Len Carrier, John Foster, A. C. Grayling, Howard Robinson, A. D. Smith, Tom Stoneham, and Colin Turbayne, I try to show that the Time-Gap Argument can be expanded into a strong argument for Berkeleian Idealism. I also idnicate how the latter provides a solution to J. J. Valberg's "puzzle of experience" and disarms James Cornman's argument in Perception, Common Sense, and Science that Berkeley, too, faces a time-gap problem. (shrink)

The aim of the article is to develop the existing methodological approaches to assessing the military and economic capabilities of the country in conditions of war and peace. To achieve the purpose of the study, its decomposition was carried out and the following were investigated: existing approaches to assessing the military and economic potential of the country, the country's power and national power; the concept of critical load of the national economy is revealed; the generally accepted norms on financing of (...) defense needs are resulted; the experience of financing the needs of defense by the leading countries of the world - in the conditions of the Second World War is given; a methodical approach to assessing the military and economic capabilities of the country is proposed. The article proposes a methodical approach to assessing the military and economic capabilities of the country. According to the results of the research, the existing theory of military economy has been improved in the context of understanding the allowable burden on the country's economy in conditions of war and the development of methodological approaches to assessing the country's military and economic capabilities. The proposed methodological approach is the development of existing military-economic thought and capability-based military-economic planning. The proposed methodological approach allows to assess the ability of the national economy to meet military and economic needs in wartime by industry and type of military support, taking into account the critical load of the national economy, which will help simplify and improve the process of military policy decisions. The practical value of the study is that the proposed method of assessing the military and economic capabilities of the country allows to identify critical sectors of the economy, assess their ability to provide resources for military needs in wartime, based on which to form and make appropriate management decisions. The results of the study can be used in further studies of the development of military and economic potential of the country, balancing military and civilian economic needs in war, as well as military-economic planning based on capabilities. A limitation of the study is the use of publicly available sources. Future research is seen in the further development of methodological approaches to assessing and developing the military and economic potential of the country. (shrink)

The article identifies real losses of foreign economic activity of industrial enterprises of Ukraine under the influence of modern challenges. The main purpose of the study is to implement a scientific and methodological approach to assess the impact of modern challenges on the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises. A critical analysis of the content of scientific publications on the studied issues revealed the lack of an integrated approach to establishing the real losses of foreign economic activity of enterprises (...) under the influence of modern challenges. The urgency of solving a certain problem is due to the scale of the impact of modern challenges on the dynamics of foreign economic activity of industrial enterprises, which requires an assessment of such an impact for the further development of measures that will be aimed at minimizing the negative impact of modern challenges. The methodological basis is the system of methods used to obtain the results of the study: theoretical generalization and analytical methods ‒ to clarify scientific approaches in determining the impact of modern challenges on the development of foreign economic activity of enterprises; generalization, grouping and integral evaluation ‒ to determine the level of influence of modern challenges on the development of foreign economic activity of industrial enterprises in 2013‒2021; relative and absolute deviations, coefficient analysis of changes in foreign trade turnover ‒ to establish the volume of losses of foreign economic activity of industrial enterprises of Ukraine under the influence of modern challenges; logical generalization ‒ to obtain conclusions and develop recommendations based on research results. The object of research in the work is the foreign economic activity of enterprises. The article presents the results of assessing the impact of modern challenges on the development of foreign economic activity of industrial enterprises, which became possible due to the developed and implemented author's scientific and methodological approach. Analysis and logical generalization of the results of assessing the impact of modern challenges on the development of foreign economic activity of industrial enterprises became the basis for determining the real volumes of losses of their foreign trade turnover. The results of the study have practical value for the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine and the Entrepreneurship and export promotion office, because they can serve as the basis for developing a program of recommendations for activating the export initiative of industrial enterprises under modern conditions. (shrink)

Процес спілкування та співробітництва між православними та католицькою Церквами, що розгорнувся із середини 60-х років ХХ сторіччя, розглянуто як відповідь на глобальні виклики людству, в першу чергу на загрози війн і тероризму. Наукова новизна роботи полягає у тому, що автор на основі власного аналізу першоджерел – офіційних документів і промов лідерів православних і католицької Церков – розкриває особливості миротворчого потенціалу діалогу милосердя, як називають сучасну православно-католицьку комунікацію. У даному контексті показані основні організаційні форми міжцерковного діалогу та охарактеризовані особливості його змістовного (...) наповнення у ХХІ столітті. Автор стверджує, що ціннісними основами цієї комунікації виступають євангельські любов, милосердя та повага до кожної людини як Божого творіння, котрі слугують потужними духовними засобами у протистоянні злу і насильству. Він доводить, що подальше об’єднання зусиль християнських Церков сприятиме посиленню їхньої ролі у припиненні війн і перемозі над тероризмом. (shrink)

У статті досліджується стосунок києво-могилянських філософських курсів XVII–XVIIІ ст. до аристотелівської традиції. Спочатку виставлено критерії, за якими його можна оцінити. Виділено два основних типи критеріїв: суб’єктивні і об’єктивні. Відповідно до перших, могилянці чітко визначали свою філософію як аристотелівську, перипатетичну або ad mentem Aristotelis. Є багато аристотелівських елементів в змісті та в структурі курсів, що задовольняють об’єктивні критерії. Так, логіка і фізика структуровані відповідно до традиційного порядку книг Аристотеля з цієї тематики. Всі основні концепти (ens, essentia і existentia; actus і potentia; (...) materia і forma; чотири причини; 10 категорій тощо), на які спираються могилянські професори, походять від Аристотеля. У статті доводиться, що аристотелівські елементи прийшли в могилянські курси через схоластичну традицію, насамперед з єзуїтських філософських курсів того часу. Однак в окремих випадках, як-от лекціях Теофана Прокоповича, можна помітити глибшу обізнаність з творами Аристотеля. (shrink)

Стаття присвячена трактатам «Про виникнення і зникнення» викладеними у Києво-Могилянській академії у XVII–XVIIІ ст. як складова філософського курсу. Ці трактати мають історичну і тематичну прив’язку до однойменної книги Аристотеля і зосереджені на обговоренні виникнення, субстанційної і якісної зміни та зникнення. Однак деякі могилянські професори, як Стефан Яворський і Теофан Прокопович, включили сюди і теологічні питання. Яворський обговорює питання про транссубстанціацію св. Євхаристії, намагаючись з’ясувати, як ця субстанційна зміна відбувається і коли вона має місце на Божественній Літургії Східного обряду. Він доводить, (...) що транссубстанціація відбувається під час Слів Освячення, а не Епіклези. На його думку, так вчили найбільш авторитетні теологи Східної церкви. Обговорення цього питання у філософському курсі (1691–1693) найімовірніше було реакцією на Московський собор 1689 року, де було осуджено доктрину про транссубстанціацію під час Слів Освячення. Яворський, натомість, хотів захистити вчення, притаманне українській православній традиції (Петро Могила, Сильвестр Косов, Інокентівй Ґізель тощо). Інший професор, Теофан Прокопович, у своєю курсі (1707–09) звертається до питання про особливу збереженість мощей Києво-Печерських святих. Він доводить, що мощі, які покояться у Київських Печерах, зберігаються завдяки особливій Божій благодаті, і детально аналізує 16 аргументів противників, які це заперечують. На думку автора статті, введення теологічних тем у філософські курси було пов’язане з особливою соціальною значущістю цих питань у той час. (shrink)

The exploration of the current understanding the concept of Euro-Islam by researchers is the purpose of this study. To achieve this, we used such methods as analysis and phenomenology. The study analyzed works of the following authors: T. Ramadan, B. Tibi, N. AlSayyad, D. Davydova, L. Koroleva, A. March, A. Mykhal’ova, O. Roy, A. Sadykhova. We have shown that ideas of Euro-Islam have not received widespread support among Muslims in Europe quarter a century after they were expressed by Tariq Ramadan. (...) We also argued that the concept of Euro- Islam has a significant potential to reduce jihadist radicalism in Europe if it is perceived by European Muslims. We have shown that if this concept is adopted by Muslims in Europe, they will turn into a powerful force in the political and social life of Europe. (shrink)

Abstract: The study argues that there are four characteristic features of religious terrorism. Extremely high degree of fanaticism of these terrorists is the first feature. Pan-territorial activity of religious terrorists is the second one. The third feature expresses that religious terrorism activity is caused by the pathological psychological problems of those terrorists. Religious terrorists’ claim to the legitimacy of the violent acts is the fourth feature.

The research argued that in the second part of the 20th century, significant changes happened in the method-ology of religious studies. Firstly, active efforts were made to create a methodology that could provide the scien-tific character of the results of religious studies. Secondly, religious studies actively began to involve the methods of sociology, as well as the philosophical phenomenology of religion. The study showed that these changes had become an important, productive step in horizon of the challenges that the religious (...) studies faced in the 21st cen-tury. (shrink)

У монографії викладено результати дослідження автора щодо передумов та сутності радикального джихадизму в Європі початку ХХІ століття, а також осмислення наявних прогнозів щодо майбутнього цього явища. Для фахівців у галузі релігієзнавства, а також усіх, хто цікавиться дослі-дженням радикальних напрямків в ісламі.

The paper deals with visions of Kyiv in the writings of Russian and Ukrainian émigré writers during the interwar period. The city became a focal point of intensive intellectual debate whose participants regarded Kyiv not only as a place of a recent battleground but also as a sacral place and a highly symbolic image. Within the methodological framework of ethnic symbolism, this study attempts to explain how this physical/symbolic dichotomy was used to reinforce continuing claims for historical origin and cultural (...) heritage, thus serving the contemporary purpose of national identity and political legitimacy. It also deploys the concept of displacement as a complex process of negotiation between homeland and hostland within an émigré community — whose sense of loss and identity crisis creates additional impetus, though in different forms, for exploiting historical narratives. (shrink)

In modern conditions the questions of personnel management, including motivation, acquire new meaning. Particularly given the problems relevant to the service sector, where at the beginning of the XXI century employing more than 60% of the workforce in developed countries. These circumstances determine the need for a modern concept of material and immaterial motivation of service industries. Such factors determine the need for the development modern concept of material and immaterial motivation of service industries staff. To obtain indicated objective during (...) research analyzed the existing concepts and paradigm of staff motivation with highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The results obtained allowed to establish that scientific and expert community does not have the unified approach to the classification and identification of the most effective ones. Special attention is given to modern developments and approaches to the motivation problem. This fact caused the structure of follow studies, including three interlinked vectors: analysis of the essential content of the fundamental concepts in the field of staff motivation; defining features of employee motivation at the enterprises sphere of services; introduction to the key successful international practices which apply by service companies. In general, the results obtained enabled the author’s model of the modern concept of material and non-material motivation at the enterprises the service sector and the corresponding mechanism for the implementation. (shrink)

Willingness and readiness of people to do their jobs are among the key factors of a successful enterprise. In XXI century intellectual human labour is gaining unprecedented value and is being developed actively. The demand for intellectual labour calls forth an increasing number of jobs and professions that require an extensive preparation, a large number of working places, high level of integration of joint human efforts, growth of social welfare. These trends are becoming ever more pervasive and are spreading widely (...) in service industries, and that explains the rapid development of the latter when compared to the traditional areas of human activity. In its turn, it heightens the need for staff in service companies, supported by significant personnel turnover and a certain shortage of skilled professionals. These circumstances determine the need for developing a new concept of fostering staff motivation at the enterprises in the sphere of services. In order to reach the stated purpose while conducting our research into tourism and hospitality industry, as well as retail chains, we have examined the problems that arise in the process of staff motivation, and studied the foreign practice of motivating staff in hotels. The obtained analysis results enabled us to work out practical recommendations on improvement of the mechanism of tangible and intangible rewards in service companies, which are based on external and internal motivational factors. Additional attention in the article is paid to the statement that financial incentives should be based on key performance indicators (KPI). We give a detailed consideration to the classification of internal motivation incentives of the staff according to the terms of their realization, and give a schematic representation of the performance dynamics of the internal motivation model in service businesses. (shrink)

The article analyses the impact of the sanctions of civilized countries on the Russian economy. Particular attention is paid to sectoral sanctions on the markets of oil and oil products, in the banking and financial sectors, as well as on the market of transport services. The authors analysed the prospects for expanding sanctions on the oil market for Russia in the context of setting a maximum price for the export of Russian oil by the main buyers. Conclusions are drawn not (...) only about the impact of sanctions on Russian oil production, but also about a possible decrease in prices for oil and other energy resources in the region. The authors positively assessed the US and EU anti-Russian sanctions in the financial sector. The impact of sanctions on the Russian banking system, insurance, and stock markets was studied. Particular attention was paid to the impact of disconnecting the banking system of the Russian Federation from the international payment system SWIFT. The authors also focused on the gradual division of the Russian economy under the influence of sanctions and trends in the energy market into the energy sector and the rest. It was found that the most affected by the sanctions were air transportation, mechanical engineering, and ferrous metallurgy sectors. Conclusions are drawn about the need to continue sanctions pressure on the Russian economy. High energy prices during the 200 days of the war with Ukraine allowed the Russian Federation to subsidize economic sectors that suffered from the war at the expense of the energy sector. A market reduction of the oil prices or their correction with the help of the sanctions policy should cause significant and irreversible damage to the Russian economy. (shrink)

The article examines the peculiarities and modern specifics of the formation of ecological and economic security in Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization. It was determined that the lack of dynamic growth, the violation of the optimal balance and balance of the ecological and economic system are caused by the depletion of raw resources, a decrease in the overall potential of the environment, and the irrational use of natural resources. It has been proven that in the conditions of digitalization, a (...) new challenge for all enterprises is to ensure the ecological and economic efficiency of their activities, which combines the principles of transparency and openness in their functioning. It has been proven that the strategy of environmentally-oriented economic development should be aimed at solving environmental problems and preserving biological diversity. (shrink)

The focus of this article is the global and European experience of the reception, assimilation, and social application of the Bible, reproduced in the works of a number of prominent Kyiv Theological Academy (KTA) representatives from the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The analysis specifically covers the works of professors Stefan Solskyi, Kharysym Orda, Nikolai Drozdov, Afanasii Bulgakov, Mykola Makkaveiskyi, Vasylii Pevnytskyi, Arsenii Tsarevskyi, Volodymyr Rybinskyi, Dmytro Bohdashevskyi, and Aleksandr Glagolev. The author uses the metaphor (...) of the Biblical world to describe the historically developed spiritual and cultural component of the European world, for which the Bible played the role of a normative and symbolic core. Affiliation with the Biblical world — as a way of broad social application of the Bible and assimilation of the norms and public behaviors sanctioned by this text — was and still is a stable symbolic marker as well as a cultural and ideological factor of integration with European civilization. The historical panorama of the reception of Biblical knowledge and the inculturation of Biblical morality by Christianized nations, reproduced in the writings of Kyiv academics, is presented as a field of centuries-old intercultural contacts and active inter-confessional interaction, and as an important ideological and moral factor of the socio-political integration and development of civil society. The issues addressed by Biblical studies in Europe and the rest of the world and considerations and solutions prompted by these issues proved to be fruitful for both the academic research and public practices in which academics of the Kyiv Theological Academy were engaged. The past and modern foreign experience related to the inculturation of the Bible was interpreted by the Kyiv researchers in the local context, more specifically, in the modernization attempts of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Therefore, the reflection of European and worldwide experience, though not fully implemented, was productive and was a potential factor that could have contributed to the European modernization of Kyiv cultural and religious life of the time and its integration into the global Biblical World. (shrink)

The paper analyzes a book written by Volodymyr Yarymovych, Oleksandr Bilyk, and Mykola Volynskyi, entitled Narys istorii ukrainskoi studentskoi hromady ta Ukrainskykh poselen v Espanii 1946–1996 (An Overview of the History of the Ukrainian Student Community and Ukrainian Settlements in Spain, 1946–1996), which tells about the Ukrainian students who arrived in Madrid in 1946 and formed part of the early Ukrainian Diaspora in Spain. The book proves to be an important source of information, previously unknown to scholars, which describes (...) the dramatic and controversial process of constructing Ukrainian identity in the aftermath of World War II. The authors of the study consider the historical and cultural context of the Ukrainian emigration in the second half of the 20th century, its connection with Francoist ideology, and its integral role in the Spanish-Ukrainian cultural dialogue. (shrink)

Українська академічна спільнота, незважаючи на значний теоретичний масив інформації, й далі перебуває у полоні ілюзій, шаблонів сприйняття та некоректних тлумачень концепта «український кордоцентризм». Філософська дискусія навколо цього концепта є конфліктом міфологій – протистоянням між міфом про унікальний етноментальний феномен та міфом про ілюзію наукової уяви. Водночас вона є конфліктом інтерпретацій – протистоянням між міфічною інтерпретацією класичної доби української філософії та її метафілософською інтерпретацією. Пропонована монографія ознайомлює із філософською позицією автора концепта «український кордоцентризм», його оцінкою цих конфліктів.